The Paradox of Apophatic and Kataphatic in Kierkegaard and Nietsche

The Paradox of Apophatic and

Cataphatic in Kierkegaard and Nietsche

by R.E. Slater & ChatGPT

Here, I thought to explore the paradoxes between the philosophical existentialists Kierkegaard and Nietzsche as they sought inner meaning from their observations and heavy criticisms of Christianity's "plastic / artificial" displays of faith, temper, actions, and morality in their day.

I then conclude this "reflective" exercise through the lense of process philosophy and theology ending it with several paradoxical observations even as I began with the same.

If there is any correlation with maga/trumpian evangelicalism it is but a byproduct of this discussion without any intentional attention meant to be drawn to it except as is drawn to it by the organizations themselves.

R.E. Slater

June 4, 2025

"Life can only be understood backwards; but it must be lived forwards."

- Søren Kierkegaard, from his journals (circa 1843)

"He who fights with monsters should look to it that he himself does not become a monster. And if you gaze long into an abyss, the abyss also gazes into you."

- Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, Aphorism 146

Here are two famous saying by two famous philosophers. One was Danish, the other German. Both were existentialists and wrote about existentialism. One focused on ethics and morality, the other self-overcoming and value-making. One wrote about subjective becoming and the other about existential rupture and re-creation.

REFLECTIVE / THOUGHTFUL LIVING

Above, Søren Kierkegaard's quote highlights the idea that while reflecting on past experiences and learning from them is valuable, one must also move forward with purpose. By this he suggests that by examining our past we may gain insight into the meaning and connections of our life experiences. We may perhaps see patterns, understand how our decisions led to certain outcomes, and learn valuable lessons.

Moreover, in so doing one must then move forward... reflecting on the past is important, but it is also crucial to live our lives actively and with purpose by embracing our unknown future while making choices which may shape our future trajectory.

Hence, Soren's observation implies a balance between understanding our past so as to inform our present that we may move forward with intention and a hopeful outlook. We can learn from past our mistakes, acknowledge our successes, and thereby use that knowledge to create a meaningful future.

These actions then can give to us purpose and destiny by encouraging a positive outlook and focusing on personal goals and ultimate destiny. By reflecting on the past and then refocusing on the future, we can base our actions on our aspirations and values.

In summary, the Danish existentialist and theologian was deeply concerned with an individual's inner life, faith, and the paradoxes of human existence. His famous quote comes from his reflections on time, selfhood, and meaning, and is widely regarded as one of his most profound insights.

• First, life is “Understood backwards…” - that is, understanding comes after the fact - as humans, we often fail to grasp the meaning of our experiences until we reflect on them. And yet, in retrospect, we can connect dots. Example: suffering might yield wisdom, missed opportunities might reveal values, and pivotal decisions may uncover purpose.

• Secondly, “…But lived forwards.” - meaning, we don’t get to know the future; we must act, decide, and live without knowing outcomes. This tension between reflection and action defines much of Kierkegaard’s existential thought — especially the idea of the leap of faith.

Aspect	Looking Backward	Living Forward
Meaning	Interpretation, insight, understanding	Action, risk, decision-making
Emotional Tone	Reflective, contemplative	Courageous, hopeful, uncertain
Temporal Relation	Past-focused	Future-focused
Philosophical Link	Memory, narrative, identity	Will, freedom, responsibility

TRANSFORMATIVE OVERCOMING

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche's aphorism "He who fights with monsters should look to it that he himself does not become a monster. And if you gaze long into an abyss, the abyss also gazes into you" warns against the dangers of confronting evil or dark aspects of reality. It suggests that engaging with monsters or exploring the abyss can corrupt or transform the one who does so.

In essence, his quote cautions against:

• Becoming what you fight: "When you engage in conflict with evil or monsters, you risk becoming similar to them in nature and behavior."

• Being consumed by the depths: "Exploring the darkness or the abyss can have a reciprocal effect, influencing your own perspective and potentially pulling you into its depths."

• The importance of self-awareness: "It highlights the need to be mindful of one's own moral compass when dealing with difficult situations."

The quote can be interpreted in various ways, including:

• The dangers of obsession: Focusing solely on the negative aspects of reality can lead to a distorted worldview and even self-destruction.

• The potential for empathy and understanding: Gazing into the abyss can offer insights into the nature of evil and the human condition.

• The importance of maintaining one's identity: When confronting darkness, it's crucial to remember your own values and principles.

In his book, Beyond Good and Evil, Nietzsche explored the concept of the abyss as a metaphor for the depths of human suffering, the struggle between good and evil, and the potential for both creation and destruction. Essentially it was a philosophical critique of traditional morality and the domas of past philosophers.

In this text, he distinguishes between:

• Monumental history – looking to the past for great moments to inspire.

• Antiquarian history – preserving the past lovingly.

• Critical history – judging and rejecting the past.

Too much backward-looking of the wrong kind, he argues, can become burdensome and stifle the "will to life" or creativity.

COMPARING KIERKEGAARD V NIETZSCHE

🔹 Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855)

Focus: Faith, individuality, and the inward journey of becoming before God

Aspect	Description
🧭 Core Concern	The individual's subjective relationship to truth, especially in relation to God and faith
🙇 Primary Struggle	How to live authentically in a world of despair, anxiety, and paradox
✝️ View of Religion	Deeply Christian — saw faith as a passionate, paradoxical “leap” beyond reason
💔 Key Themes	Despair, anxiety, dread, becoming a true self, authenticity before God
🧩 Truth	Subjective truth is central: “Truth is subjectivity”
🔄 Philosophical Method	Used pseudonyms and indirect communication to explore different life views (aesthetic, ethical, religious)
🌱 Goal	Transformation of the individual soul through repentance, passion, and faith

“The self is a relation that relates itself to itself… in relating itself to itself, it relates itself to another — that is, to God.”

---

🔸 Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900)

Focus: Power, values, and the overcoming of nihilism in a post-Christian world

Aspect	Description
🔥 Core Concern	What happens when God is dead — the collapse of religious and moral absolutes
🛠️ Primary Struggle	Creating new values in the face of nihilism and cultural decay
🚫 View of Religion	Fiercely critical of Christianity, seeing it as life-denying and rooted in weakness
💣 Key Themes	Will to power, eternal recurrence, overman (Übermensch), ressentiment, revaluation of values
📉 Truth	Denied absolute truth; saw “truth” as historically and culturally conditioned
🧪 Philosophical Method	Aphoristic, poetic, polemical — sought to shock, awaken, provoke
🧗 Goal	The overcoming of man — the birth of a noble, life-affirming individual who can create meaning

“Become who you are.”
“He who has a why to live can bear almost any how.”

---

KEY DIFFERENCES SUMMARIZED

Theme                           Kierkegaard                        Nietzsche

Orientation                    Theistic / Christian               Atheistic / Anti-Christian
Existential Problem       Despair before God             Nihilism after the “death of God”
Central Goal                  Authentic faith & selfhood   Creative self-overcoming & value-making

Tone                              Reflective, devotional,         Bold, critical, prophetic, iconoclastic

                                      paradoxical
Audience Concern        The “single individual”         Culture, society, and the modern psyche

                                      before God

click to enlarge

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PROCESS-BASED CONTRAST & SYNTHESIS

Here I turned to ChatGPT to complete my conjectures:

RES

Let's unfold the processual contrast and potential synthesis of Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche using a Whiteheadian process framework that views reality as becoming, relation, and creative transformation.

ChatGPT

Kierkegaard focuses on inward, subjective becoming through the process of divine relation. Similarly, Nietzsche focuses on existential rupture and re-creation, challenging stagnant forms and calling for new modes of processual becoming via personal power.

Process-based Contrast & Synthesis between Kierkegaard & Nietzsche

✦ Kierkegaard's Legacy:

• Invites the depth of self-awareness, the necessity of subjective truth, and the acknowledgment of despair as part of the human condition.

• Faith becomes the rhythm of interior becoming, an opening to Divine persuasion and existential grounding.

✦ Nietzsche's Legacy:

• Invites the courage of transformation, the necessity of disrupting decaying systems, and the will to shape meaning from the abyss.

• Power becomes the rhythm of forward motion, an energizing force of self-transcendence and creative novelty.

🌀 In Process Terms:

• Kierkegaard embodies the prehensive inwardness of process: each moment gathers up memory, faith, dread.

• Nietzsche embodies the creative advance: each moment disrupts, challenges, and moves toward self-overcoming.

---

🕊️ Synthetic Frame (Process View):

“The true self must reflect deeply enough to encounter the abyss and still create forward with faith and courage.”

Stage              Process-Integrated View

1. Despair       Kierkegaard: Facing the hollowness of the self without God
2. Rejection    Nietzsche: Refusing imposed truths and collapsing values
3. Crisis          The abyss opens: nihilism, dread, ungrounding
4. Decision     Kierkegaard leaps to faith; Nietzsche leaps to creation
5. Becoming   Process: Becoming is both relational (K) and creative (N)
6. Harmony     Faith and Power united as co-creative lures toward greater wholeness

🌿 A Poetic Fusion:

The self stands trembling on the cliff’s edge -
One eye cast inward, one flung sunward.
The dark calls for surrender, the light cries for creation.
But only in the twining dance of both
Do heart and soul become.

A LAST OBSERVATION

RES

Would Kierkegaard qualify broadly as a kataphatic philosopher as versus Nietzsche as an apophatic philosopher? (sic, cataphatic = kataphatic)

ChatGPT

That’s a profound and nuanced question — and your instinct is insightful. While neither Søren Kierkegaard nor Friedrich Nietzsche fits cleanly into classical theological categories like kataphatic and apophatic, we can draw a meaningful metaphorical parallel using those terms in a broadened, philosophical sense.

---

🧭 Philosophical Use of Kataphatic vs. Apophatic

Term	Theological Meaning	Broader Philosophical Metaphor
Kataphatic	Affirming what God is (e.g., “God is love”)	Affirming values, purpose, or presence
Apophatic	Denying what God is not (“God is beyond all”)	Denying fixed meaning, embracing unknowability, void, or negation

---

🧍‍♂️ Applying to Kierkegaard and Nietzsche

Thinker	Kataphatic or Apophatic?	Why?
Kierkegaard	Broadly Kataphatic	Though he wrestled with despair, paradox, and mystery, Kierkegaard ultimately affirmed the existence of God, the self, and meaning. His philosophy moves toward faith, subjective truth, and a personal relationship with the Divine.
Nietzsche	Broadly Apophatic	Nietzsche’s approach is profoundly negational: he critiques God (“God is dead”), traditional morality, metaphysics, and fixed meaning. His “yes” comes only after an abyssal “no.” His “apophatic” rupture clears space for revaluation and creative becoming.

---

🌀 But There’s a Twist…

• Kierkegaard’s “leap of faith” is apophatic in method (it involves paradox and the limits of reason), but kataphatic in outcome (he affirms God and the self).

• Nietzsche’s “revaluation of values” is apophatic in substance (denying inherited values), but can feel kataphatic in spirit (his yes to life, affirmation of power and creation).

---

⚖️ Process-Theological Insight

In process philosophy, both thinkers participate in the dialectic of becoming:

• Kierkegaard seeks meaning through Divine relationality, a kataphatic lure emerging from apophatic darkness.

• Nietzsche seeks freedom through destruction, an apophatic clearing that becomes kataphatic creativity.

---

✨ Poetic Framing

Kierkegaard says:
“I descend into the silence of paradox, and find a voice that says yes.”

Nietzsche says:
“I shatter the idols of meaning, so I might dance unchained beneath the stars.”

5- CHRISTIAN EPISTEMOLOGY

CATAPHATIC VS APOPHATIC THEOLOGY

by the Nepal Academy of Fine Arts

Existentialism in Education: Themes, Philosophers, Pros and Cons

Existentialism in Education:

Themes, Philosophers, Pros and Cons

article link

by ismbook

Existentialism is a philosophical movement that emphasizes individual freedom and choice, and the inherent meaninglessness of life. It has been a popular topic in academic circles for many years but has only recently begun to make its way into mainstream education.

This is due to the fact that existentialism can be seen as a response to existential angst – a feeling of anxiety and despair that comes from the realization of our own mortality.

In this blog post, we will explore existentialism in education, discussing the themes and philosophers associated with it. We will also look at the pros and cons of existentialism in the classroom.

Themes of existentialism

There are several existentialist themes, including freedom, choice, and responsibility. These themes are often explored through literature and philosophy, two subjects integral to existentialist thought.

One of the central themes of existentialism is freedom. Existentialists believe that humans are free to choose their own paths in life and that they are responsible for their own choices.

Another central theme of existentialism is choice. Existentialists believe that humans have the power to choose their own lives and that they are responsible for their own actions. This theme is often explored in literature, where characters must make difficult choices that determine their fate. In philosophy, existentialists focus on the concept of choice, and how it relates to human existence.

A third central theme of existentialism is responsibility. Existentialists believe that humans are responsible for their own choices and actions. This theme is often explored in literature, where characters must face the consequences of their decisions. In philosophy, existentialists focus on the concept of responsibility, and how it relates to human existence.

Famous existentialism philosophers

Existentialism is a philosophical movement that emphasizes individual freedom and choice, and the inherent meaninglessness of life. It was born out of the existential crisis of the 20th century, which was marked by two world wars, the Holocaust, and other tragedies.

Famous existentialist philosophers include Jean-Paul Sartre, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Martin Heidegger. These thinkers have had a profound influence on existentialism in education.

Jean-Paul Sartre was one of the most famous philosophers of the 20th century. He was a leading figure in existentialism and Marxist theory. He argued that humans are free and responsible for their own choices and that there is no inherent meaning in life.

Friedrich Nietzsche was another important philosopher of the 20th century. He believed in the concept of “the will to power,” which holds that humans are driven by a desire to dominate and control their environment. He also argued that there is no objective truth, only interpretations that vary from person to person.

Martin Heidegger was a German philosopher who is considered one of the founders of existentialism. He developed the concept of “being-in-the-world,” which holds that humans always exist in relation to their surroundings. He also argued that existence precedes essence, meaning that people do not inherit predetermined roles or identities, but must create their own meanings in life.

What existentialism teaches us

Existentialism can be seen as a liberating philosophy, as it emphasizes individual freedom and choice. It allows us to take control of our own lives and gives us the power to create our own meaning. This can be an empowering prospect, especially when we feel lost or overwhelmed.

Existentialism also encourages us to face death and our own mortality head-on. This can be a daunting task, but it can also be liberating. It helps us to realize that life is precious and that we should make the most of it while we can.

Finally, existentialism teaches us that life is ultimately meaningless. This may seem like a negative thing, but it can actually be quite freeing. It means that we are not bound by tradition or convention – we can create our own meaning in life, based on our own values and beliefs.

Existentialism in education

Though existentialism has been around for quite some time, it has only recently begun to make its way into mainstream education. This is due to the fact that existentialism can be seen as a response to existential angst – a feeling of anxiety and despair that comes from the realization of our own mortality.

Many people find existentialism to be a helpful philosophy when it comes to making sense of life. It allows us to confront the fact that life is ultimately meaningless, and yet we still have the power to create our own meaning. This can be a liberating realization, as it puts the responsibility for our lives squarely on our own shoulders.

Existentialism can also be helpful in terms of understanding our own emotions and motivations. It teaches us that we should not necessarily try to suppress or ignore our feelings, but rather should face them head-on and try to understand what they are telling us.

Overall, existentialism can be a valuable tool for both educators and students. It can help us to better understand ourselves and the world around us, and it can provide us with a framework for creating our own meaning in life.

Conclusion

So, what is existentialism? In short, it’s a philosophical movement that emphasizes individual freedom and choice, and the inherent meaninglessness of life.

It has been a popular topic in academic circles for many years but has only recently begun to make its way into mainstream education. This is due to the fact that existentialism can be seen as a response to existential angst – a feeling of anxiety and despair that comes from the realization of our own mortality.

Although there are many different interpretations of existentialism, all variants share one common belief: that humans must create their own meaning in life, as there is no inherent meaning given by God or nature. Some people view this as a bleak outlook on life, while others see it as an opportunity for liberation and growth.

What are your thoughts on existentialism in education? Do you think it offers students a valuable perspective on the world? Or do you think it’s too nihilistic and depressing?

America is First "A Land of Rights and Freedoms" Before it ever was a Christian Nation

Under MAGA'ism America is become torn apart... - re slater

Before America was ever a Christian nation it was First and
Foremost a Land for Individual Rights and Liberties. - re slater

AMERICA - A LAND OF RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS

by R.E. Slater

When reading the CNN article further below I came across some apt commentary on the Internet which I will use here, by rearranging it and re-applying it. It comes from an essay, I found on Bartleby.com entitled, "Failure to Learn from History in George Orwell's treatise, Animal Farm."

To being, let me refer to an old adage which we all have grown up with but seems especially relevant for our present lives at this time. It goes like this...

“Those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it.” This was most likely spoken by the writer and philosopher George Santayana who originally wrote, “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.”

Meaning that there is a truism to the memorable quote that if we do not learn from our failures and errors in the past then we are condemned to repeat those same lessons again and again until they are learned.

In the neo-conservative and hardliner Trump's case - along with his MAGA republican party and ardent White evangelical adherents - Trump's divisive White Christian Nationalist planks speaks to Santayana's adage.... That every dictatorship or a tyrannical government eventually had led to a deeply unsettling revolution....  And in this case, just about every revolution which places "total power" into the hands of a single ruler will always lead to an authoritarian, autocratic rule....

Consequently, popularly supported but unfiltered propaganda and misinformation when embraced and institutionalized, will always create cycles of reinforcing "positive" feedback which are difficult to reverse by their implications and divisive content.... Moreover, as that same propaganda encourages violent behavior it will in turn create weaker, less responsible civil societies.

Accordingly, authoritarian institutions which are funneling the majority of corruptible wealth into the hands of a politically elite and corrupt minority will never progress towards societal equality and fairness....

More rather, these (MAGA) elitist power centers will run downhill becoming more and more craven, despotic, and totalitarian, towards those who originally placed them into power by supporting the (MAGA) autocratic movement away from an openly civil democracy towards forms of controlling, neo-fascism. And when done, will be very difficult - if not impossible - to break up, or up-end, as the world recently discovered again under Hitler's Nazification of monarchal Germany (1933-1945).

History Is Brimming With Great Accomplishments And Great Mistakes

Thomas Edison once replied when asked why he continued working after so many failures, “I didn 't fail," he said. "I found 10,000 ways that didn 't work.” This contrary view to Santayana's insightful adage above simply repeats in reverse the saying that one is "condemned to repeating the past" when not learning from the horrific past history of others.

People who remember their failures and errors; who contemplate in what ways they could have made things better; who familiarize themselves with their past; simply will not make the same mistakes again.

Why? Because they now know how NOT to accomplish their goals. Their "hindsight has become 20/20"... when re-capturing their acknowledgement that mistakes were made in the past but then they will no longer remain ambiguous as to why those mistakes had occurred and under what circumstances.

More simply, those same errors in thinking and judgment will not be made again under similar future events.

Power Corrupts... And it Corrupts Completely

This is something our MAGA-ridden government needs to take heed, because they are the ones repeating history at present. By teaching the angry "mis-versions" of America's religious history - that it began as a Christian nation and is intended to remain a Christian nation - they are creating situations for violent response.

Especially when forgetting that America first-and-foremost was a safe haven and refuge to the oppressed unwanteds of foreign lands.... That the first American colonies grew and expanded because they offered places to worship and think independently to non-national (protesting) reformists... and away from the well-entrenched and established Catholicized or State-based Christian faiths in Central Europe.

That the reformationists to the Catholic Christian faith had fundamentally left the state-supported Catholic Church to establish protesting (aka, Protestant) Christian faiths of various ilks and sorts in America's newborn colonies.

Consequently, such a national history as America's thereby attests more to the fact that America was born out of the necessity to live somewhere where individuals and families could live apart from religious oppression, inquisition, loss of wealth and life.

As Massachusetts went, so did the rest
of Colonial America... - re slater

America is First "A Land of Rights and Freedoms" Before it ever was a Christian Nation

Thus and thus, America is a land of individual rights and freedoms before it ever was a breakoff Christian state where European reformists might come and worship how they wished and by what standards they wished to embrace.

Which beggars the question, how is America any different today from it's Colonial history?

Firstly, we are continually blessed with religious, anti-statist, faithful migrants from around the world. Those peoples who have left unsafe local communities in their former countries to live in an America better known for it's blended families of migrants than for what it has more recently become as unwanting fleeing migrants from impoverished, criminally corrupt local governments blinded to the individual rights and freedoms of individuals and families, friends and neighbors.

Moreover, these same global migrants who are fleeing their homes to come to America's Lands of Reformists are first-and-foremost seeking security and protection to their individual and familial rights and interests.

Which is why America is first an Open Democracy before it is anything else, such as an acclaimed Christian Land.

If anything, because of America's Christianizing ideals of equality, fairness, and freedom, all other Christian and non-Christian faiths may now enter into America to find a promising community lifestyle of peace, toleration, and amiability with one another.

Spoken another way, America is becoming what it had always been birthed as... as a "Land where differents and difference is welcomed, accepted, and embraced" (except for those poor Native Americans inhabiting North, Central, and South America first).

Hence, America's enculturated differences are its biggest strength. That it's union of dissimilars is it's highest priority... and NOT it's division into competing racist groupings.

Power Corrupts Absolutely in George Orwell's Animal House...
Click here to read of Animal House's Character List

In George Orwell’s Animal Farm, one of the major themes was power. And how absolute power corrupts absolutely.

To the animals, Drunk Farmer Jones was a tyrant, always mistreating and abusing them, until one day Old Major (Pig) told them of a dream he had, where the animals will be able to live in a utopia, and lead lives of peace. After the rebellion occurred the animals overthrew Jones and in his place Napoleon Pig soon came to power. He promised the animals lives of prosperity, and for a while Animal Farm was a blissful place, however after a while Napoleon's reign became a tyranny, one very similar to Jones, if not worse.

George Orwell's Indictment Of Totalitarianism

Earlier promises were retracted, and the avowed commandments which once were irrevocable are changed to meet the needs of Napoleon Pig and his “henchmen.” 

Napoleon begins to engage in trade with Pilkington, a former "easy-going" partner of Mr. Jones who runs the neighboring farm of Foxwood. This results in a situation which is little different from the original farm of Mr. Jones which the animals had revolted against in years prior. It also repeated their former reality in which man and pig could not be differentiated:

“The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig…it was impossible to say which was which.” (Orwell, 141)

This statement demonstrates the incongruous nature of totalitarianism. Regardless of whatever ideals a totalitarian leader may endorse, the end product of a totalitarian state, whether it be a “capitalist” or “communist” one, does not vary much—if at all.

A State of Ignorance in George Orwell's Animal Farm

Ignorance is the most fatal flaw in human nature. In George Orwell’s Animal Farm, he expressed through his characters the motif that ignorance is the worst of all flaws.

Each of the animal characters in the book, symbolize specific characteristics that are found in humans. Mollie Mare, Benjamin Donkey, and the sheep are the main animals that have the greatest ignorance and can bring the greatest harm into the farm.

Similarities Between Animal Farm and Joseph Stalin's Russia

Throughout history, dictators of many nations have all shared similar traits; whether they be stubborn, power-hungry, or just callous, they are all corrupted and built constitutionally in nearly the same way.

This holds true in both reality and in fiction, through the analyzation of Josef Stalin, the Soviet dictator of Russia, and Napoleon Pig, the dictator of Animal Farm. 

George Orwell meant for Animal Farm to be a satire of the Russian Revolution, and he succeeded. In Animal Farm, Napoleon Pig is a blatant representation of Josef Stalin, ruling by fear, paranoia, and who are tyrannical, ultimately leading to their  separate falls.

Is Animal Farm Better Than Farmer Jones's Time?

Animal Farm by George Orwell can directly relate to George Santayana's quote, “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.”

This quote means we are prone to repeat ourselves if we cannot remember our mistakes from the past.... Nor learn from them. And by the time we notice our error as a repetition in history, it is already too late to repair the circumstances we find ourselves in.

The animals in Animal Farm are not able to tell if their situation is better or worse than Jones's time because they cannot remember their life in the past:

"There were times when it seemed to the animals that they worked longer hours and fed no better than they had done in Jones’s day. On Sunday mornings Squealer Pig, holding down a long strip of paper with his trotter, would read out to them lists of figures proving their chaining bondage.

The Characteristics Of Lying In Animal Farm by George Orwell

“A lie told often enough becomes the truth,” this is a quote from the Soviet Union dictator, Vladimir Lenin.

This quote is a perfect example of Napoleon in the book Animal Farm. Herein, Napoleon Pig has become a very controlling, manipulative and extremely self-absorbed leader - not unlike Joseph Stalin.

Thus, the underlying idea is signified when revealing the truth that the most harmful people in society are people who lie so often to themselves, and to those who are willing to listen to them, that they forget what was in exchange for what they pretend things to be....

How George Orwell Use the Theme of Power In Animal Farm

Power can be recognized as the most dangerous weapon to use against a civilization.

In George Orwell’s work of fiction Napoleon takes personal (sovereign) supremacy in a communist/totalitarian animal society, and becomes corrupted by the power  he usurped when applying (state-based) cruelty to the other animals when disobeying the commandments they had acclaimed to observe.

Cruelty then is used with one's usurped privilege of power whenever an autocratic leader forming an autocratic state applies such means of power to the people who placed him into power.

As such, when Napoleon removes Snowball Pig (aka, Leon Trotsky in real life) from the animal farm using his predator dogs, the other farm animals finally perceive who the dogs really are:

“They were the puppies whom Napoleon had taken away from their mothers and raised privately [to be his own].” (Orwell 53).

The Rise Of Nazi Power

In summation,

“One of the most important reasons for studying history is that virtually every stupid idea that is in vogue today's present societies have been tried before and proved disastrous before, time and again.” (Sowell) - aka, the essayist

An abridged commentary,

by R.E. Slater

December 17, 2023

 Related Articles

• Has the MAGA Church Pushed America Into an Anocracy?

• What Is In a Christian Label? Examining Conservative, Progressive & Processual Christianity

• America is First "A Land of Rights and Freedoms" before it ever was a Christian Nation

• Women Speak up for America and Against MAGA!

• Napolean and France's Struggle for a People's Democracy

* * * * * * * *

Author Jon Ward: "The idea that America is a Christian nation
is actually not faithful to historic Christianity."Lawrence Jackson

He left his White evangelical bubble.

Here’s what he says it would take

for others to do the same

article link

by John Blake, CNN

November 6, 2023

CNN —

If you don’t realize how powerful White Christian evangelicals have become, consider this:

A White Christian evangelical, who has been described as “the embodiment of White Christian nationalism in a tailored suit,” is now second in line to the presidency.

Rep. Mike Johnson, the new Speaker of the House, is a White evangelical. His ascension represents one of the greatest political ironies of our time. White evangelical Protestants make up only about 14% of Americans, and that number has been steadily shrinking. But White evangelicals have amassed more political power than ever. They helped inspire the US Supreme Court to overturn Roe v. Wade last year, and their steadfast support of former President Trump could return him to the White House.

Yet there is still widespread misunderstanding of White evangelical subculture. The media tends to depict White evangelicals as foaming-at-the-mouth Christian insurrectionists like some of those who stormed the US Capitol on January 6, 2021.

One former evangelical, though, has done something rare: He’s written a new memoir that illustrates how White evangelicals were led astray by their thirst for political power but also depicts many of them as earnest spiritual strivers who still retain “immense power for good.”

The book is titled “Testimony: Inside the Evangelical Movement That Failed a Generation,” and it’s by Jon Ward, the chief national correspondent at Yahoo! News. Ward describes being raised in a Christian bubble where watching secular television shows like “Sesame Street” was forbidden. He attended churches where people were “slain in the spirit” while singing songs with choruses such as, “all of us deserve to die.”

The son of a pastor, Ward would go on to become a White House reporter, traveling the world on Air Force One with former Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama. Ward recounts in his brutally honest memoir how his family, like others, were torn apart by the rise of Donald Trump.

“I felt abandoned by my own father,” he writes about his dad, who led an influential evangelical church and who he declines to name in the book. He and his father had argued about Trump describing the media as “the enemy of the people,” Ward said.

“But it helped me understand how good people could stand by and make excuses for bad people in power,” he wrote. “They couldn’t not see past their own resentments and bias, even when people they loved were hurting or scared.”

CNN talked to Ward about why he thinks White evangelicals remain misunderstood, why he’ s leery of using the term “Christian nationalist,” and what it would take for White evangelicals to abandon Trump. Ward’s remarks were edited for brevity and clarity.

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The new speaker of the house is a White Christian evangelical and is second in the line for the presidency. Does this inspire or concern you? Or maybe a bit of both?

I think that with his (Johnson’s) sort of surprise ascent into such a position of power so close to the presidency, there’s a lot more attention now on the kind of conservative Christian beliefs that have been common among millions of evangelicals for decades. What’s unusual about Johnson is that while his views are fairly common, it’s uncommon to have somebody get so high in a position of power with his views because usually they have to go through much more vetting. His views about America being a Christian nation are a pretty telling marker of what a lot of experts call “Christian nationalism.”

That’s a term that gets thrown around a lot. I’m wary of using it because I think it’s used as a caricature. There are people who are trying to weaponize Christian nationalism. And I don’t think that that’s most evangelicals. I think it’s people who are associated with the former president’s attempt to overturn the last election. These beliefs have been common for a long time. But this, at this moment, they’re merging with a strain of anti-democratic apocalyptic forms of Christianity that have already shown a willingness to throw out respect for the Constitution and democracy.

I think most evangelicals probably have a mix of views. And one of them is that America is a Christian nation, and they don’t have a lot of implications that flow out from that. When you categorize everybody as an extremist just because they hold these views, I think it pushes more evangelicals towards the bad actors who are trying to bring people into an anti-democratic movement.

Newly elected Speaker of the House Mike Johnson takes his oath of office in the
US Capitol. Johnson is an evangelical Christian. | Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images

You seem leery of using the term ‘White Christian nationalism.’ Am I correct?

Yeah, because first of all, most people don’t call themselves Christian nationalists. When you call somebody something that they say, ‘Hey, I’m not one of those,’ I think that’s not great. In many cases, it’s just going to make people more defensive and turn them off and push them away from you. And secondly, there are fully built-out forms of Christian nationalism. But in many cases, it’s just a very amorphous thing. I think many of them are just normal patriotic Americans.

And again, there are a small group of extremists who want to use these ideas to drag people into an anti-democratic movement. And I think the more you sort of say to people, “You’re one of them,” I think the more you leave them little room, and you’re pushing them towards those extremists.

Christian nationalism is not actually faithful to Christianity. In churches, pastors, they’re the ones who are going to be crucial to pushing back against the forces of extremism because they’re the ones who need to speak to their neighbors, friends and church members about the idea that America is a Christian nation is actually not faithful to historic Christianity.

You tell a story about a former colleague in the fall of 2016 who emailed you saying he was alarmed to see Christian evangelical leaders endorsing Trump. And then he became one of Trump’s most ferocious defenders. Why did he and others make a similar shift?

I don’t know what was in their motivation or their hearts. I think a lot of people in those early days of the Trump presidency were known as anti-anti-Trump. They might have been anti-Trump at first, but then they got fed up with the criticism of Trump and the backlash against Trump. And they’re like, I’m now done being anti-Trump. I’m anti-anti-Trump. And so that was part of it. I think that was in large part a rationalization for getting to where their audiences were. When your audience wants more pro-Trump stuff, that often ends up leading people around by the nose.

Members of what was once called the Jesus Movement sing at a Los Angeles
building in 1971. Ward says his parents came out of a movement of Christians during
that decade who were disenchanted with the mainstream church. | George Brich/AP

You’ve said, ‘I still believe in evangelicals, but I don’t believe in evangelism.’ What does that mean?

It means that there’s a lot of really great people in these evangelical churches, all over the country and in the world. Just fantastic individuals and families. But there’s a whole culture of political beliefs and cultural practices that have been added on to the faith that I was indoctrinated in. It’s taken me decades to unpack all the assumptions that were layered on to my worldview by these teachings.

You say you were taught what to feel, what to believe, but not how to think. Can you elaborate?

When you’re in that kind of place where all the answers to life’s questions start with a very firm set of beliefs that are based on a text that is interpreted and read in a way that is actually not even the way that the Bible has been read for most of Christianity’s history, then you’re backed into a corner when it comes to asking questions. You can ask them up to a certain point. But once you bump up against any of the "answers that are set in stone", the answers start to become labeled as dangerous, sinful, or evil.

What shifted your beliefs from the way you were raised?

If I had to put it on one thing, it would be given the permission to ask questions and follow the truth wherever the facts lead.

Who or what gave you that permission?

Becoming a journalist.

Are you still an evangelical, or do you call yourself something else?

I don’t think I would use that label. I think I would just call myself a Christian.

Faith leaders pray over President Donald Trump during an "Evangelicals for Trump"
campaign event on January 3, 2020, in Miami, Florida. | Joe Raedle/Getty Images

Is there anything that could cause former President Trump to lose the allegiance of the White evangelicals who support him?

I think it would have to be something more pragmatic and political than theological or moral. If it got down to him versus Nikki Haley (the former South Carolina governor and 2023 Republican presidential contender), and it was clear in the polling that Trump would lose to a Democrat and Haley would beat the Democrat, many evangelicals would switch their support to Haley because they would want a Republican to win the presidency. People are often looking for some revelation that’s going to get people to stop supporting him (Trump) but I think we’re beyond that in most cases.

If Trump wins a second term, what will the impact be on the White evangelical world?

You would see adulation from a lot of evangelicals. You would see a minority of evangelicals peeling away not just from Trump, and not just from Republican politics, but away from evangelicalism. But that’s probably the minority. The word “evangelical” has become more and more wobbly over the last decade because the Trump movement has been able to bring in a lot of people to this style of fusing religion and politics. That attracts a lot of people who are not even really churchgoers.

How has your father reacted to your book?

We spent several hours one day talking about it. He expressed some positive feelings about parts of the book, but his overwhelming response was negative. It may have been a surprise, the level of disagreement that I have with him. It has to be really hard for your son to write anything that’s not praising you.

I went back to him later and I walked him through every moment in the book that he’s mentioned and pointed out that 75% of those mentions are very positive. I was grateful for his love and for his place in my life and for the person he is. Through our conversations, we’ve come to a better place.

Time will tell whether that holds, I guess. It was good for us to talk it out rather than let a lot of stuff fester.

*John Blake is the author of “More Than I Imagined: What a Black Man Discovered About the White Mother He Never Knew.”