Quotes & Sayings


We, and creation itself, actualize the possibilities of the God who sustains the world, towards becoming in the world in a fuller, more deeper way. - R.E. Slater

There is urgency in coming to see the world as a web of interrelated processes of which we are integral parts, so that all of our choices and actions have [consequential effects upon] the world around us. - Process Metaphysician Alfred North Whitehead

Kurt Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem says (i) all closed systems are unprovable within themselves and, that (ii) all open systems are rightly understood as incomplete. - R.E. Slater

The most true thing about you is what God has said to you in Christ, "You are My Beloved." - Tripp Fuller

The God among us is the God who refuses to be God without us, so great is God's Love. - Tripp Fuller

According to some Christian outlooks we were made for another world. Perhaps, rather, we were made for this world to recreate, reclaim, redeem, and renew unto God's future aspiration by the power of His Spirit. - R.E. Slater

Our eschatological ethos is to love. To stand with those who are oppressed. To stand against those who are oppressing. It is that simple. Love is our only calling and Christian Hope. - R.E. Slater

Secularization theory has been massively falsified. We don't live in an age of secularity. We live in an age of explosive, pervasive religiosity... an age of religious pluralism. - Peter L. Berger

Exploring the edge of life and faith in a post-everything world. - Todd Littleton

I don't need another reason to believe, your love is all around for me to see. – Anon

Thou art our need; and in giving us more of thyself thou givest us all. - Khalil Gibran, Prayer XXIII

Be careful what you pretend to be. You become what you pretend to be. - Kurt Vonnegut

Religious beliefs, far from being primary, are often shaped and adjusted by our social goals. - Jim Forest

We become who we are by what we believe and can justify. - R.E. Slater

People, even more than things, need to be restored, renewed, revived, reclaimed, and redeemed; never throw out anyone. – Anon

Certainly, God's love has made fools of us all. - R.E. Slater

An apocalyptic Christian faith doesn't wait for Jesus to come, but for Jesus to become in our midst. - R.E. Slater

Christian belief in God begins with the cross and resurrection of Jesus, not with rational apologetics. - Eberhard Jüngel, Jürgen Moltmann

Our knowledge of God is through the 'I-Thou' encounter, not in finding God at the end of a syllogism or argument. There is a grave danger in any Christian treatment of God as an object. The God of Jesus Christ and Scripture is irreducibly subject and never made as an object, a force, a power, or a principle that can be manipulated. - Emil Brunner

“Ehyeh Asher Ehyeh” means "I will be that who I have yet to become." - God (Ex 3.14) or, conversely, “I AM who I AM Becoming.”

Our job is to love others without stopping to inquire whether or not they are worthy. - Thomas Merton

The church is God's world-changing social experiment of bringing unlikes and differents to the Eucharist/Communion table to share life with one another as a new kind of family. When this happens, we show to the world what love, justice, peace, reconciliation, and life together is designed by God to be. The church is God's show-and-tell for the world to see how God wants us to live as a blended, global, polypluralistic family united with one will, by one Lord, and baptized by one Spirit. – Anon

The cross that is planted at the heart of the history of the world cannot be uprooted. - Jacques Ellul

The Unity in whose loving presence the universe unfolds is inside each person as a call to welcome the stranger, protect animals and the earth, respect the dignity of each person, think new thoughts, and help bring about ecological civilizations. - John Cobb & Farhan A. Shah

If you board the wrong train it is of no use running along the corridors of the train in the other direction. - Dietrich Bonhoeffer

God's justice is restorative rather than punitive; His discipline is merciful rather than punishing; His power is made perfect in weakness; and His grace is sufficient for all. – Anon

Our little [biblical] systems have their day; they have their day and cease to be. They are but broken lights of Thee, and Thou, O God art more than they. - Alfred Lord Tennyson

We can’t control God; God is uncontrollable. God can’t control us; God’s love is uncontrolling! - Thomas Jay Oord

Life in perspective but always in process... as we are relational beings in process to one another, so life events are in process in relation to each event... as God is to Self, is to world, is to us... like Father, like sons and daughters, like events... life in process yet always in perspective. - R.E. Slater

To promote societal transition to sustainable ways of living and a global society founded on a shared ethical framework which includes respect and care for the community of life, ecological integrity, universal human rights, respect for diversity, economic justice, democracy, and a culture of peace. - The Earth Charter Mission Statement

Christian humanism is the belief that human freedom, individual conscience, and unencumbered rational inquiry are compatible with the practice of Christianity or even intrinsic in its doctrine. It represents a philosophical union of Christian faith and classical humanist principles. - Scott Postma

It is never wise to have a self-appointed religious institution determine a nation's moral code. The opportunities for moral compromise and failure are high; the moral codes and creeds assuredly racist, discriminatory, or subjectively and religiously defined; and the pronouncement of inhumanitarian political objectives quite predictable. - R.E. Slater

God's love must both center and define the Christian faith and all religious or human faiths seeking human and ecological balance in worlds of subtraction, harm, tragedy, and evil. - R.E. Slater

In Whitehead’s process ontology, we can think of the experiential ground of reality as an eternal pulse whereby what is objectively public in one moment becomes subjectively prehended in the next, and whereby the subject that emerges from its feelings then perishes into public expression as an object (or “superject”) aiming for novelty. There is a rhythm of Being between object and subject, not an ontological division. This rhythm powers the creative growth of the universe from one occasion of experience to the next. This is the Whiteheadian mantra: “The many become one and are increased by one.” - Matthew Segall

Without Love there is no Truth. And True Truth is always Loving. There is no dichotomy between these terms but only seamless integration. This is the premier centering focus of a Processual Theology of Love. - R.E. Slater

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Note: Generally I do not respond to commentary. I may read the comments but wish to reserve my time to write (or write off the comments I read). Instead, I'd like to see our community help one another and in the helping encourage and exhort each of us towards Christian love in Christ Jesus our Lord and Savior. - re slater

Showing posts with label Bible - the Jewish Torah. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Bible - the Jewish Torah. Show all posts

Tuesday, August 20, 2013

Reviews of Konrad Schmid's "A Literary History of the Old Testament" - How the OT was Compiled

 
 
When did the Old Testament become the Old Testament?
(a crash course in the form of a chart)
Author: Konrad Schmid
* * * * * * * * * *
 
 
A Review of:
The Old Testament: A Literary History
Written by Konrad Schmid
Translated by Linda M. Maloney
 
 
by Trent C. Butler
Gallatin, Tennessee
 
RBL 08/2013
 
Schmid is professor of Old Testament Studies and Jewish History at the University of Zurich. Fortress Press has served Old Testament studies a great favor by issuing this translation of a book that should be in every theological library and on the reading list of every person doing research in the field of Hebrew Bible. Schmid’s literary-history approach builds on only a few predecessors, as he shows in his history of research section.
 
Schmid sets out his task and purpose quite clearly. “Literary history is an attempt to present and interpret literary works not simply in themselves but in their various contexts, linkages, and historical development” (1). He “deals with the presuppositions, backgrounds, processes, and intertextualities making up the literary history of the Old Testament.” (xi) To do so, he sets himself an even more arduous task, working with whatever consensus recent scholarship, at least European scholarship, has reached in dealing with pentateuchal origins, the unifying elements of the Book of the Twelve, the nature of scribal or literary prophecy, and the questioning of the Deuteronomistic History, to name a few.
 
Literary history explores the linkages among texts both as contemporary dialogue partners and as tradents interpreting the diachronic interpretations of tradition. Following the literary history rather than the canonical order differentiates literary history from introduction to the Old Testament.
 
Methodologically, Schmid isolates three layers of work: (1) literary-historical epochs (pre-Assyrian, Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian, Ptolemaic, and Seleucid); (2) literary types (cultic\wisdom, narrative, prophetic, legal); and (3) concrete literary works. Much of the literary material has both oral and written prehistories as well as posthistories, since the material is basically “traditional literature.” No longer does one point to a JEPD Pentateuch but rather to limited sources dealing with Abraham and Lot, Jacob, Joseph, and Moses. These limited narrative horizons were joined together into the larger theological narratives only in the exilic or early postexilic period. Similarly, prophetic studies have turned to a literary posthistory of the sayings, with redactors seen as writing prophets whose work needs to be studied in its own right. Finally, Psalms study has also turned to the written book whose arrangement shows theological emphases in “a carefully structured literary whole” (29).
 
Corollary to this for Schmid is that “not a single book of the Bible has come down to us in its pre-exilic form.”(12) Beyond this, the Old Testament preserves only a portion of Israel’s literary output, limiting one’s material for comparison and conversation. In reality, “the literary history of the Old Testament  treats those texts that survived as texts available for use in the Jerusalem Temple school that later were recognized as sacred Scripture.” (15)
 
Schmid’s literary history begins, then, with a quite different piece of literature than either evangelicalism or classic critical scholarship has advocated. The Old Testament books have (1) no salvation history frame, (2) no “early source,” (3) a new understanding of Deuteronomism, (4) a new convergence between Israel’s monarchic religion(s) and that of their neighbors, (5) new importance of literary shaping in the exilic and postexilic eras, and (6) roots in scribal interpretation rather than in individual religious geniuses (29–30). With this understanding of the available text, Schmid chooses to deal with a text in the period of its first literary formation.
 
Texts were products of ninth-century and later writers who belonged to a narrow circle able to write, the majority of the population being illiterate. Very few copies of a book were produced, with the Jerusalem library being important in production and preservation. Scribes wrote the Old Testament literature for scribes: “the audience was essentially identical with the authors themselves.” (38)
 
Schmid begins the actual literary history by looking at Israelite literature’s beginning at the time of the Syro-Palestinian city-states in the tenth to eighth centuries. Schmid erases the Davidic/Solomonic empire and its great literary creations. That the historical David and Solomon produced written documents is no more than probable. Israel began “extensive literary production” in the ninth century and Judah in the eighth (51).
 
A history of biblical literature begins under the Assyrians, giving Israel its own cultural and religious identity. The reign of Manasseh (696–642) becomes the flowering of Old Testament literature. Josiah (639–609) apparently gave Judah control of the Bethel traditions. (68) Four theological streams emerged:

(1) accusing king and people, not God, for defeats (prophets and kings);
(2) literary legends of origins without a king (Moses/exodus, judges);
(3) upholding the ideal of the monarchy (Psalms, wisdom); and,
(4) anti-Assyrian concepts transferred loyalty against Assyria and to God (Deuteronomy covenant).

Written law as in the Book of the Covenant was differentiated from ethics and gave rise to written wisdom. Narrative literature in Samuel and Kings focused on individual figures. God’s intervention becomes dependent on the right action of kings. This is expressed in language akin to Deuteronomy, a linguistic style reaching down to Daniel and Baruch. Israel’s ongoing written prophecies stand without parallel and appear under the monarchy whose messenger forms they use.
 
We are stimulated and challenged to new study by this approach to study of the Hebrew Bible. If only the work could incorporate and enter into conversation with a wider range of scholars outside Europe and outside those so totally devoted to Europe’s form of redaction criticism. We look forward to updated forms of this literature pioneer.
 
Schmid organizes by chapters, each one after the opening introductions and historical reviews follows the same pattern. The chapter title is a time period each with historical backgrounds and theological characteristics followed by a classification of the literature first developing in that time period. The literature is divided by types: cult and wisdom, narrative, prophetic, and legal. The following table attempts to summarize his analysis.
 
 
 

Friday, November 30, 2012

A Jewish Perspective of the Bible

My Bible – A Jew’s Perspective (RJS)

http://www.patheos.com/blogs/jesuscreed/2012/11/29/my-bible-a-jews-perspective-rjs/
 
by RJS
November 29, 2012
Comments
 
The first essay in the new book by Marc Zvi Brettler (Brandeis University), Peter Enns (Eastern University) and Daniel J. Harrington (Boston College), The Bible and the Believer: How to Read the Bible Critically & Religiously, is by Brettler. In this essay he reflects on the development and diversity of Jewish engagement with the Scripture and what this means for the believing Jewish scholar.
 
The picture to the right is of a fourth or fifth century synagogue at Bar’am National Park in Israel. It was long thought to date a couple hundred years earlier, but new investigations have demonstrated that it was built later using the remains of an earlier second or third century (probably pagan Roman) structure.
 
I found Brettler’s essay fascinating for several reasons: the sketch of the history of Jewish thought, the similarities and differences in the approach to scripture, and the insight it provides into modern Jewish thinking. Many, perhaps 20%-25%, of my colleagues are Jewish ranging from orthodox through the variations to thoroughly secular. About the only group not represented to the best of my knowledge are the ultra-orthodox.
 
Rather than try to summarize the whole of Brettler’s essay, I will instead point to two of the themes he develops. The first relates to torah or Torah, and the second to the Bible as history and science (a topic of concern in many of my posts).
 
 
[The Bible as] Torah
 
In looking to the Old Testament or Hebrew Scriptures Brettler chooses to focus on the Torah or Law because this is the central document for the Jewish faith. Brettler builds a case that there was a development through the biblical texts from torah as teachings and laws, lower case, plural (torot), including parts of the Pentateuch, to the view of single divine Torah. The view of a single divine Torah was accepted in the late books of the Old Testament, especially Ezra-Nehemiah and Chronicles.
The absence of this term [the torah of Moses] in earlier prophetic material bolsters the idea that the notion of a Mosaic Torah, identical with the Pentateuch, only developed in the Second Temple period.
 
Once this idea of a Mosaic Torah arose, it stuck. Thus, over a dozen times the Dead Sea Scrolls (second century BCE-first CE) refer to “the Torah of Moses,” alongside less frequent references to “the Torah of God/the LORD.” … The New Testament, written in the same period, also likely assumes in places that the Torah is Mosaic (see, for example, Matt 19:8; Mark 12:26) (p. 30-31)
The notion that parts of the Pentateuch are divine revelations to Moses dates from the earliest documents – the idea of the Torah as a single document of divine revelation developed later.
The knowledge that the Torah was composite in its origin was likely lost shortly after its redaction or compilation into a single document, and, thereafter, there was no prevarication involved in speaking of the Torah, or God’s [Torah], or Moses’ Torah, as a unified document. This belief, developed in the Second Temple period, reached the classical rabbis and through them Maimonides and other theologians. Yet I will suggest that it is constructive to return to this “lost” knowledge about the Torah’s complex composition. (p. 31)
Maimonides (1135-1205) took this general belief in a single unified Mosaic Torah and enshrined it for years to come. His shortened eighth and ninth principles read (p. 25):
 
I believe with perfect faith that the entire Torah we now possess is the one given to Moses our teacher – may he rest in peace.
 
I believe in perfect faith that this Torah will never be changed …
 
The long forms are even clearer stating that the whole Torah was given from God “through Moses who acted like a secretary taking dictation” and “this Torah was precisely transcribed from God.” (p. 34)
 
Brettler suggests however, that tradition aside, a more complex view of the origin of the Torah is warranted both by the internal evidence of the text itself and the external evidence in the earlier rabbis and teachers. This is not to deny either revelation or inspiration. A revelation through a variety of sources complied into a unified document is still a revelation from God. The Torah can be better appreciated, even by the faithful, when it is viewed through the lens of critical study. An alternative view is that “the sanctity of the text derives from the redactor, or from the community as a whole. (p. 39)
 
That the inspiration of scripture derives, at least in part, from the work of the Spirit in the redaction of the text we have received is one that should resonate with Christians. Although the Jewish believer, of course, does not attach the Spirit to the process the way the Christian does.
 
Brettler also notes a bit later when considering the authorship of books in the Hebrew Bible that “canonicity involves authority, not inspiration.” (p. 56) [Consequently,] the Christian view of inspiration, while having roots and parallels in Jewish thought, should not be imposed on the Jewish view of scripture.
 
 
[The Problem of ] Literalism: The Bible as History and as Science.
Jewish tradition is much less concerned with the literal truth and the historical accuracy of the biblical text than is the Protestant tradition. This is true with respect to what would typically be categorized as history and as science. (p. 52)
History proves a somewhat malleable form of truth telling. Chronicles is “a creative revision of Genesis-Kings” and the plague narratives of Exodus are recounted differently in later books. The differences do not discount the work of God in history, but display an attitude that doesn’t assign significance to the precise details.
This is because in ancient Israel, as in other premodern societies, the facts themselves or the historical events were not primary – [but] what could be learned from the stories was primary. (p. 52)
Debates continue about what should and should not be read literally – inside and outside the Torah. But in Jewish thought there is “broad consensus … that the Bible should not always or primarily be read literally.” (p. 53) The book of Genesis was not viewed as “natural history” but as “about morality and our relationship to God.” The primary meaning is not the surface meaning. Within Judaism therefore, even among devout Jews, scientific views of evolution and the age of the earth cause relatively little trouble. The inferences drawn by some (especially those intent on promoting ontological natural or scientific materialism) are at odds with Jewish belief – but the scientific theories themselves are not.
 
Does the history sketched by Brettler surprise you?
 
What authority should we attach to the Second Temple view of the Torah as a unified Mosaic document?
 
Do the references in the New Testament to the books of Moses carry separate authority or could they reflect an (inaccurate) common view of the time?
 
 
If you wish to contact me directly you may do so at rjs4mail[at]att.net
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