tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-55059877967459472112024-03-18T10:55:53.996-04:00Relevancy22: Contemporary Process Christianity: Post-Evangelic Topics and TheologyR.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.comBlogger2996125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-91085649354473533272024-03-18T10:53:00.003-04:002024-03-18T10:55:21.444-04:002024 Interview on Sustainability between Pando, John Cobb, and Mary Elizabeth Moore<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEimOkcOnDoiPurRWxnTzPr2ciJL-STo5VDOcvOud6IgW_S8k_JdkGR2gspAPrnTZSlQ-Kl3Elg2sjUUma2U66UnhwrIGbdwBo3_zJ172OPI3eYTUlueKdtH1TjTppm_dJNAXdBNuKoGQCdl2SM1Osc8MN9ipo9LwS_J3AFeRF_GlRehsV4sbVbwmaQ72sTX" style="font-size: large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img height="502" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEimOkcOnDoiPurRWxnTzPr2ciJL-STo5VDOcvOud6IgW_S8k_JdkGR2gspAPrnTZSlQ-Kl3Elg2sjUUma2U66UnhwrIGbdwBo3_zJ172OPI3eYTUlueKdtH1TjTppm_dJNAXdBNuKoGQCdl2SM1Osc8MN9ipo9LwS_J3AFeRF_GlRehsV4sbVbwmaQ72sTX=w640-h502" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #010101; font-style: italic; text-align: left;"></span><blockquote><span style="background-color: white; color: #010101; font-style: italic; text-align: left;">“The Temptation of St. Anthony,” Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516). Fire threatens to rage over the landscape in a scene populated by strange and eerie creatures. Image courtesy of the </span><a href="https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/my/collections/121000--dickv/jeroen-bos-hieronymus-bosch/objecten#/SK-A-1795,0" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #010101; font-style: italic; text-align: left;">Rijks Museum</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #010101; font-style: italic; text-align: left;">.</span></blockquote><span style="background-color: white; color: #010101; font-style: italic; text-align: left;"></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">Living in strange times</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://pandopopulus.com/blog/living-in-strange-times/"><span style="font-family: arial;">article link</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">by <a href="https://pandopopulus.com/author/admin/">Pando Populus</a></span><span style="font-family: arial;"> | Jan. 21, 2024</span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">We try to sit down with Pando’s founding Chair John Cobb as often as we can to talk about the big ideas related to creating a more sustainable world. This time we invited Mary Elizabeth Moore to the conversation. Held over Zoom, and edited for clarity and length, this discussion focuses on doing purposeful work in difficult times, and the philosophical assumptions it implies.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>John Cobb</b> has been called the most significant philosophical theologian of our time and is the leading authority on the philosopher Alfred North Whitehead. He is a member of the <i>American Academy of Arts and Sciences</i> and chair of Pando’s Board of Directors.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Mary Elizabeth Moore</b> is Professor Emerita of Theology and Education and Dean Emerita of the School of Theology, Boston University. She is vice chair of the Cobb Institute Board of Directors, in Claremont, CA where she lives in retirement.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">———————————-</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Pando:</b> If I had an artist’s gift, I’d paint our reality today like Hieronymus Bosch painted his five centuries ago, only more bizarre and twisted.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">We live in frightening times. How should this affect the work in sustainability that we do? How can it not? At any rate, at what point is it only prudent to give up on change-making and hide under a rock?</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>I don’t want to sound unduly pessimistic, but who can read the newspaper without asking these questions?</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>John Cobb:</b> Every year as things get worse, more people say we must act. At this moment, I think our responsibility is to fulfill our calling to do what we feel is right.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">For example, last year, I felt called to do something about US-China relations. I believe that there is no possibility of making the changes that need to be made in the human relationship to the planet, physical planet, unless the United States and China work together. It’s about the cooperation of the two major countries.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Mary Elizabeth, your thoughts?</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Mary Elizabeth Moore:</b> I appreciate the way John approaches the question through the China-U.S. relations lens and the larger geopolitical situation. For many, however, the demands for survival are so immediate that looking at the large geopolitical picture is challenging and can lead downhill to despair that undercuts any kind of movement toward ecological justice.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>We hear the term “ecological justice” a lot, but what do you mean by it?</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">I’m not only talking about justice for poor communities that are affected by ecological damage. I’m also talking about justice for the trees and the rivers and the rocks. I think to be drawn into that, we need a radical cultural change. My own attention has been focused on cultural change of this kind.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">I believe that if we’re going to give our best to reversing and repairing and protecting what’s left, we need to work in several directions at one time and I think what John’s proposing is a very important direction.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Where do you put your own energies with an ecological justice focus in mind?</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">I have cast my energies into working on smaller projects and cultural change in local communities – taking that route for larger and global impact.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Describing the beginnings of the environmental movement, Vandana Shiva wrote that when small communities around the world started to take note of and discover other small communities working towards similar goals around the globe, the environmental movement really took off.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Local work can seem small potatoes. But the idea of communities of communities linking together can create serious impact.</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Yes, and this is why I find the work Pando does to be so extremely hopeful. It may not be changing the world in an instant, but it does spread ideas and projects which are networked together and have the effect of building a new kind of culture. I’m convinced that that is one very important way to go.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Do you think that the local approach to change-making has had much of an effect on how this kind of work is done?</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Yes, and we can see this even in the work of the United Nations. Instead of the United Nations taking their own experts around, as they used to do so much of, they are beginning to bring the local experts together to present to one another. And then they work on problems together. And to me, that is an extremely important reversal of culture. Expertise is being drawn from people who are passionate and are working on ecological protection and change and reparation in their own communities. And they’re learning from one another how to do it, and so the work they’re doing is spreading. It’s very effective.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">I think that a big part of this approach is that it’s only in local settings that we learn to listen and observe and touch and feel all of creation. So it’s not just learning from diverse human communities what we need to do, but it’s also learning from the trees and the ants and the other animals and the ways they work together, collaborate.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>But, if we ignore a more global approach, can’t we get lost in just caring for our own survival? Surely, even at a local level, we need to maintain a global outlook.</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">I think it’s too easy to separate the local and global – even in drawing from the wisdom of plants and animals.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">I know this is a little far out, but take in the fact that ants are the largest species in the world. Collectively, the weight of ants is more than half of the weight of all other animals, including humans, put together. And, they’re spread all over the world.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">I use that as an example because to learn from ants is to attend to the global phenomenon of ants, not just the local. Everything, including what’s done locally, is affected by policies that are not only local but global.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">My concern is to develop and to learn from the diverse local communities and aspects of creation in order to develop policies that are protective and reparative as much as possible.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>And then where the, where things fail at the policy level, and the threats just seem insurmountable, then I think you’re also saying that a local focus at least forms a foundation for resilience – community resilience – to some extent, right?</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">And it provides a site for mourning. Mourning is a very important part of what needs to happen. If we don’t feel the destruction, we’re not going to be inspired to do anything about it. It’s important.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>John, let’s get you back in on this.</b> There was an issue brought up by Alfred North Whitehead at the Apostles club when he was a student at Cambridge in the 19th century. The club was for intellectual discussion, with different topics each week. The topic for one week was, “Shall we beat our heads against brick walls?” and Whitehead answered yes. And then defended it.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Whenever I think of the work any of us are doing on these issues, I think of beating our heads against brick walls. It can feel that way.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">But are we really called to beat our heads against brick walls? If so, how do you defend it to everyone who doesn’t want to end up with a very sore head?</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>John Cobb:</b> Living in history and taking a moral stand inevitably means you’re going to wind up with a sore head one way or another. What that means is that you have to ground a notion of going up against great odds with some sense that in doing so, you’re on the side of what’s right and good and beautiful – and that those values are actually meaningful and real. It’s hard to maintain the courage you need without some sense that the universe is on your side – that “the arc of the moral universe is long but it bends toward justice,” as the Rev. Martin Luther King put it.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">I think that the modernization of the university is one of the major causes of our having lost the ability to think about important matters and ground them. The university holds the ideal of value-free education, but in the absence of values, money fills the void – and education becomes just a tool to make more money. Where that’s the case, it becomes divorced from its true mission – which is serving the common good and trying to do something about the problems that loom on the horizon.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>You make this critique as a person whose life was in the university, as a professor. This is true for both of you, of course.</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">When I single out the university for criticism I am really trying to focus on some key issues that might make a difference quickly because I don’t think we have much time,historically speaking. And on a positive note, I think that the universities are more open to being transformed than they have been for a long, long time.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">If the university system were to collectively decide that its job is to save the world, it can go beyond what any other institution of civil society has done. If the enormous resources of the university were rightly used, it could make a rather quick difference.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">So that if we have five or ten years before we have to say it really is too late on many important fronts, the transformation of the university may be what we should be working on.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Mary Elizabeth, I’m sure you’d love to break in here.</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">As John knows, my views of the university are different from his. I have the same ideals, but I see much more of those ideals being embodied in universities than he does.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">I have been in higher education for 40 years now and in actual universities for 20. I see what universities are doing that matches what John is saying. And not just in the last two or three years, but I’ve seen it for the 20 years that I’ve been in universities, and before that as well. I’ve had very few colleagues who value learning just for the sake of learning or as its own endpoint, but see higher education as a powerful engine for good.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>I would love to go a step further and say, what are the metaphysical assumptions that really are necessary for us to make in order to, as Whitehead put it, continue to hit our heads against brick walls in an effort to bring about change?</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>I am fearful that we’re in a culture in which even talking about those metaphysical assumptions is so out of fashion. But we’re living in a time when, in fact, without making those assumptions and without discussing them explicitly, we’re really handicapped in our ability to respond to the historical situation we’re in.</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>I’m curious how either one of you would both respond to that.</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">The modern dominant metaphysics is a major obstacle. Even so, nobody believes it. I haven’t found anybody who really thinks they are robots.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>You’re talking about a materialistic view of the universe where the purposes and meanings we experience and the values we treasure aren’t given the status as being really real — but something we add onto reality, like some sort of decoration to an otherwise material world. But if these things aren’t really real, then it’s hard to think of ourselves as being more than an assemblage of nuts and bolts — or zombies or robots, as you put it, at the end of the day.</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">But unfortunately, that’s what we teach for the most part.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>You’re referencing the fact that metaphysics has no place generally speaking in a discussion of physics at the university.</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">And physics holds the status as defining what’s most real among academic disciplines.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>One approach is to confront the matter head-on, as philosophy might do. Or…</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">If we can talk about the world as one in a crisis that human beings have contributed to making happen, and then focus our attention on what needs to be done, I think we still have hope. And, I am seeing this hope in Pando and beyond.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>How so?</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Well, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences has recognized that, because climate change is so urgent, we should no longer be neutral when discussing it.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>This is a very prestigious academic association, of which you’re a member, saying that education should not be value-free when it comes to the climate.</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">I also was very interested when the announcement was made of the new president of Columbia University. It was said she had just written a book about values. I have no idea what’s in that book. But the simple fact of it said to me, the climate in higher education is changing. Writing a book about values is now a good thing for an academician to do. Even for getting a good job. I was writing on ethics at a time when doing so kept you at the margins.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">So, I’m really hopeful that we can say we made a mistake in thinking that reason – which is simply the accumulation of facts and arguments from facts about facts – could be separated from questions of purpose, value, and life.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Education should grow out of human experience, and experience doesn’t separate facts from values but embraces the whole of life.</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Mary Elizabeth?</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">I would add that the ability to have those conversations has been fueled by years, even decades, of action in that direction. And, I think the kinds of projects that Pando does, the kinds of projects that local communities do – these are actions that often are what open people to talking about the issues in a larger form and writing about values and higher education and so forth.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">In the ‘90s, Jay Lifton discovered that the people who were least depressed and least ready to give up on peace were those who were active in the peace movement in some form. And some research has taken place over the years since then has reinforced what Lifton discovered. And that is the kind of action that needs to happen in order for people to have avenues to express their passions and their concerns, and also avenues for people to be open to and explore the metaphysical questions.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>I love the connection between action and hope. But Mary Elizabeth, how do you ultimately ground your hope? Action is presumably part of that, but what metaphysical grounding keeps you from just, you know, giving up?</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Mary Elizabeth: </b>First, I understand hope is a choice, not an attitude. Optimism is an attitude, but hope is a decision to look for the possibilities.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">I’m very much influenced by Alfred North Whitehead and the understanding that the world is always in relationship and is always in process. It is always moving so that no moment is the endpoint, and we’re never going to reach an endpoint. But every moment contributes to the potential of the next moments that are coming, and that potential is so important for the salvation of the world.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">You cannot guarantee what the future is going to be. But you can contribute to the potential for flourishing, the potential for justice, the potential for the well-being of all creation.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">And I think that is our duty as beings, not just as human beings. Animals and plants have their duties that come out of their natural ways of being.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Each of us doing our part to build potential, where we can. It’s a beautiful articulation you’ve offered.</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">I will add one other thing. The theologians who’ve written on hope have almost always written on that subject out of dire circumstances. Out of having been in life and death circumstances where not only would their lives personally be threatened, but they saw the whole world or the whole culture being threatened. And the urgency that that brought led them to seek hope.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Jurgen Moltmann is an example. But there are so many examples of this. Hope has been a major theme among Latin American liberation theologians. It’s been a major theme among many feminist, womanist, Mujerista, theologians and so forth. Because it’s a necessity in order to seek ways that open possibilities for something better.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>John, you’re a philosopher and philosophical theologian, how do you ground the work you do?</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>John Cobb:</b> I will talk specifically about God.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">I think that if reality as a whole has no values, no preferences, and if nothing contributes intentionally to the survival of valuable things or cares about the increase of values and so forth and so on, then I think it is very difficult to find grounds for hope or to ground any of the work we aim to do.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">But if we believe that there is that which favors values – and I think there’s all kinds of scientific evidence actually today that the universe favors life – I think that gives some assurance that even if we humans have a very hard time imagining how we can get from where we are to where we need to be, that there is something else working in that direction.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">If we can really open ourselves to its guidance, we have no way of knowing what’s possible. So to me, that’s very important.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">To the contrary, I think that value-free thinking of the kind that so much of education has tried to encourage, accompanied by the notion that everything that happens is predetermined in a material world, is not a context in which hope can emerge or be sustained for long.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>A final question for you both, given all you know about the state of the world and what you’ve said above: if you were the parent of a young child working for the common good in a major metropolitan area, or would you pick up and flee – to some nice, quiet place? Or would you stay put? If the world were going to hell anyway, why not try to carve out a pleasant niche someplace where it’s not quite as bad?</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">I haven’t given that any thought. I think I’d just stay with the world as it went to hell.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">If there are possibilities of helping a city become more self-sufficient, I think that’s very important. And smaller cities probably have a better shot at that, than the bigger ones.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Frankly, even though I talk about surviving a lot…</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Planetary survival, civilizational survival, species…</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">…yes, at this juncture in my life, I personally have no interest in surviving. I’m ready to go.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Mary Elizabeth, how do you respond?</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">I think it’s a wonderful question – do we head for the hills or do we stay and do the work we feel called to do, with hope? And I think it begs another question, Why? Why would you head for the hills or why would you stay where you are if you’re in a city? Or why would you move to a big city if you’re not already there? I think the why is the bottom line question, and you framed it originally in terms of rearing children.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">I think that a family might ask, in what environment can we contribute the most and can we help our children grow in the most thoughtful and full ways to love the Earth and all the peoples and creatures on it? And, I think you can do that in the middle of a city, and you can do it in a rural area, and you can abuse it in either. I think it’s really a matter of calling and preferences, but the real question is, how can we live in this place in a way that contributes to flourishing?</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">I have friends who, when they retired, moved and a couple who before they retired, moved into a rural area and are developing the capacity to live off the grid. Some have already accomplished that and I completely admire that. It hasn’t been my calling but I think it’s beautiful when people do that. I also see how people live in cities, crowded cities, in ways that are really caring for the earth and other peoples and are really making a difference in the world.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">And I think maybe the best example is the indigenous people who choose to live in their tribal communities, or their nation’s communities, because that keeps them in touch with their roots, their traditions, their ways of life that are more conducive to the survival and thriving of the planet.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">And I think those are all good decisions and different people will make different ones. If it were not for those people, the indigenous people who make those choices, we would be impoverished as a nation in terms of thinking ecologically, because of what comes out of those communities. So for those people who’ve made that choice, that is just a huge gift to the rest of us.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">I would hope that people who make other choices are making a similar kind of gift out of their own choices, because cities can be extraordinarily humane. And they can also be extraordinarily destructive. They’re usually a mix of everything. But you can make a good life for the planet and the beings on it in the middle of a very busy city, as well as in the countryside.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>It was truly a pleasure. Thank you both.</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">See further - <b>Pando Sustainability Awards</b> - <a href="https://pandopopulus.com/pando-awards/" target="_blank">link here</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">More articles by Pando - <a href="https://pandopopulus.com/author/admin/" target="_blank">link here</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></div>R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-87804419599647065182024-03-18T10:32:00.007-04:002024-03-18T10:35:39.581-04:00Recommended Read: Surviving God: Through the Eyes of Sexual Abuse Survivors<span style="font-family: arial;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtmvorJrAGwCgmasZN4is4CA-d9BFHhEASPBBCKsOpc9bfNN9fo2pYTq_MP1GMEP1w6z4mkX5Cmet2iQqWzqzJX91UKWBdyBNP9ijs7IYqcNo_FoCgs60UN9ew9al4E8WJI5BHCfnZMEFfFvWP3JQL6WZm8oAkX7_X3CsDCDPJgd5CcWKljoSm4tbdFZxX/s1500/Surviving%20Sexual%20Abuse.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="970" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtmvorJrAGwCgmasZN4is4CA-d9BFHhEASPBBCKsOpc9bfNN9fo2pYTq_MP1GMEP1w6z4mkX5Cmet2iQqWzqzJX91UKWBdyBNP9ijs7IYqcNo_FoCgs60UN9ew9al4E8WJI5BHCfnZMEFfFvWP3JQL6WZm8oAkX7_X3CsDCDPJgd5CcWKljoSm4tbdFZxX/w259-h400/Surviving%20Sexual%20Abuse.jpg" width="259" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0CBNGVK18?ref_=pe_89657980_850389630_clc_nr_af&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.BZOg-IdUXUEt_FgBA3MYugJCbFcCMy1XfBKoj-U9SK-k-RAiGE-3HR6ICtGjNe2zrMe67hD75j5yDwpzA7XhfQ.ImCwIdfTL-FCPGTHB4vnIGILM0l285un3ekOczHp1wk&dib_tag=rs&pd_rd_i=B0CBNGVK18&pd_rd_w=zq0uM&content-id=amzn1.sym.7b558e0f-a5f3-41f7-925a-7dbf93bab616&pf_rd_p=7b558e0f-a5f3-41f7-925a-7dbf93bab616&pf_rd_r=null&pd_rd_wg=r3P84&pd_rd_r=4ef9daec-6e78-4e04-a685-f45e8d191192" target="_blank">amazon link</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Surviving God: A New Vision of God through the Eyes of Sexual Abuse Survivors,</b> by Grace Ji-Sun Kim (Author), Susan M. Shaw (Author)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Who is God when we see God through the eyes of survivors? Many books have dealt with sexual abuse scandals in the church and the role of pastoral care for survivors. Others have provided liberatory readings of biblical texts to support survivors of sexual violence.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Surviving God takes a new approach, centering the voices of sexual abuse survivors while rethinking key Christian beliefs. Starting from experiences of oppression, beliefs that contribute to oppression are challenged, and new, hopeful, and healing beliefs take their place.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Groundbreaking theologians Grace Ji-Sun Kim and Susan M. Shaw, each a survivor herself, demonstrate how traditional ways of thinking about God are highly problematic, contribute to the problems of sexual abuse, and are not reflective of the God of love and justice at the heart of the gospel.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">These long-held theologies often perpetuate the problem of sexual abuse and fail to promote healing for survivors. Drawing from their own experiences and the experiences of other survivors, and centering the ways gender intersects with race, sexuality, class, and religion, Kim and Shaw lead us to deep healing and a transformed church that no longer contributes to the devastation of sexual abuse. In these inspiring pages, you will discover new ways of thinking about God that are surprising, challenging, and empowering.</span></div></blockquote><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">* * * * * * *</div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img height="147" src="https://www.notinourchurch.com/uploads/1/1/9/5/119540910/niocgif.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="320" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.notinourchurch.com/statistics.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: small;">article link</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.notinourchurch.com/" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></a></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;">"Any church leader who feeds themselves</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;">rather than feeding the sheep is a counterfeit shepherd.</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;">Anyone in a position of power within the body of Christ</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;">who abuses a lamb or hides the abuse</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;">done to the one the Good Shepherd knows and calls by name</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;">has profaned the name of our God."</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="text-align: justify;">- </span><span style="text-align: justify;">Diane Langberg, PhD</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.questionpro.com/t/ATkzmZoRPX" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ADULT CLERGY SEXUAL ABUSE SURVEY</span></a></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Over 7,000 claims of sexual abuse by church staff, congregation members, volunteers, or the clergy were made to just three insurance companies over a 20-year period (Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 2007). Recently, a study of over 300 alleged child sexual abuse cases in protestant Christian congregations found the overwhelming majority took place on church grounds, or at the offender’s home, most frequently carried out by Caucasian, male clergy or youth pastors (Denney, Kerley, & Gross, 2018).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><a href="https://socialwork.web.baylor.edu/executive-summary"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">More than 3% of women who had attended a congregation in the past month reported that they had been the object of CSM at some time in their adult lives; 92% of these sexual advances had been made in secret, not in open dating relationships; and 67% of the offenders were married to someone else at the time of the advance.</span></a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="https://socialwork.web.baylor.edu/executive-summary"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In the average American congregation of 400 persons, with women representing, on average, 60% of the congregation, there are, on average of 7 women who have experienced clergy sexual misconduct.</span></a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="https://socialwork.web.baylor.edu/executive-summary"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Of the entire sample, 8% report having known about CSM occurring in a congregation they have attended. Therefore, in the average American congregation of 400 congregants, there are, on average, 32 persons who have experienced CSM in their community of faith.</span></a></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Clergy-Sexual-Misconduct-Prevention-Intervention/dp/0983271305/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1458618266&sr=8-1&keywords=clergy+sexual+misconduct"><span>51% of pastors say that Internet pornography is a possible temptation for them Approximately</span></a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Clergy-Sexual-Misconduct-Prevention-Intervention/dp/0983271305/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1458618266&sr=8-1&keywords=clergy+sexual+misconduct"><span>20% of the monthly calls to Focus on the Family’s Pastoral Ministries Division are because of sexual misconduct and pornography</span></a>. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Clergy-Sexual-Misconduct-Prevention-Intervention/dp/0983271305/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1458618266&sr=8-1&keywords=clergy+sexual+misconduct"><span>More than 30% of pastors are functionally addicted to Internet pornography</span></a>. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Clergy-Sexual-Misconduct-Prevention-Intervention/dp/0983271305/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1458618266&sr=8-1&keywords=clergy+sexual+misconduct"><span>More than 15% of pastors engage in sexual behavior that they consider inappropriate</span></a>. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Clergy-Sexual-Misconduct-Prevention-Intervention/dp/0983271305/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1458618266&sr=8-1&keywords=clergy+sexual+misconduct">10-14% of pastors have sexual contact with someone other than their spouse while employed as a minister</a>.</span></li></ul><ul><li><a href="https://archives.gcah.org/bitstream/handle/10516/2313/9090333.htm?sequence=1"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">A survey of 6,000 United Methodists found: Half of all laywomen and one-third of laymen witness or are victims of some degree of sexual harassment or misconduct in their congregations, from inappropriate comments by the pastor or laity in leadership to physical assault and stalking.</span></a></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://baptistnews.com/article/baylor-study-clergy-sexual-misconduct-with-adults-widespread/"><span>Clergy sexual misconduct with adults</span></a> <a href="https://baptistnews.com/article/baylor-study-clergy-sexual-misconduct-with-adults-widespread/"><span>is a huge problem,</span></a> <a href="https://baptistnews.com/article/baylor-study-clergy-sexual-misconduct-with-adults-widespread/"><span>prevalent across all denominations,</span></a> <a href="https://baptistnews.com/article/baylor-study-clergy-sexual-misconduct-with-adults-widespread/"><span>all religions,</span></a> <a href="https://baptistnews.com/article/baylor-study-clergy-sexual-misconduct-with-adults-widespread/"><span>all faith groups,</span></a> <a href="https://baptistnews.com/article/baylor-study-clergy-sexual-misconduct-with-adults-widespread/">all across the country.</a> <a href="https://www.snapnetwork.org/psych_effects/soul_stealing_1.htm"><span>Rev. Pamela Cooper-White, former director of the Center for Women and Religion at the Graduate Theological Union in Berkeley, California, and currently Ben G. and Nancye Clapp Gautier Professor of Pastoral Theology, Care, and Counseling at Columbia Theological Seminary in Decatur, Georgia, estimates that of the vast majority of victims of sexual exploitation by clergy, more than 95 percent, are women.</span></a></span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2018/september/metoo-domestic-violence-sexual-abuse-pastors-lifeway-2018.html"><span style="font-family: arial;">One in 8 Protestant senior pastors say a church staff member has sexually harassed a member of the congregation at some point in the church’s history. One in 6 pastors say a staff member has been harassed in a church setting.</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span></li></ul></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img height="267" src="https://www.notinourchurch.com/uploads/1/1/9/5/119540910/ben-white-148430-unsplash_orig.jpg" width="400" /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><a href="https://lifewayresearch.com/2018/09/18/pastors-more-likely-to-address-domestic-violence-still-lack-training/"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">More pastors say they are addressing sexual and domestic violence from the pulpit. Still, half say they lack training in how to address sexual and domestic violence.</span></a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2018/11/16/churchtoo-how-can-we-prevent-abuse-women-clergy"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">According to the late A. W. Richard Sipe, the sexual exploitation of women by priests is not uncommon. Other researchers have argued that misconduct by clerics toward women is even more prevalent than their sexual abuse of children. According to research cited in When Pastors Prey, a publication of the World Council of Churches, 90 to 95 percent of victims of clergy sexual exploitation are women. This book also cites a 1984 survey of clergy in various Protestant denominations that found that 39 percent admitted to having sexual contact with a congregant and 12.7 percent had had sexual intercourse with a congregant.</span></a></li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span>According to this </span><a href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-church-shootings/">article</a><span>, there are 2.7 church shootings a year. There are an estimated </span><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jssr.12330/epdf?author_access_token=6TIAJ0plWmfoT8CKXywoOYta6bR2k8jH0KrdpFOxC64MqjczIASPsUhKK26SvkbhsyE2e7kPD7R5ARZtNTKTgqA0DSGuI7VEqdYWfpHAD5r-ulyLlGbeH3eaMrTFqqcF">378,000 congregations</a><span> in the United States, which means the likelihood of any congregation being involved in a shooting in any year is approximately one in 126,000 or 0.0000079 percent.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span>You are more likely to be abused </span><span>by someone in the church, </span><span>than your congregation </span><span>being involved in a shooting. </span><span>Joshua Peace says in this </span><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2018/05/31/feature/the-epidemic-of-denial-about-sexual-abuse-in-the-evangelical-church/?utm_term=.3a7f82c40e4c">article</a><span>, "Diagnosing the scope of the problem [sexual abuse in church] isn’t easy, because there’s no hard data. The most commonly referenced study </span><a href="https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2007/06/18/80877.htm">shows</a><span> how difficult it is to find accurate statistics. In that 2007 report, the three largest insurers of churches and Christian nonprofits said they received about 260 claims of sexual abuse against a minor each year. Those figures, though, exclude groups covered by other insurers, victims older than 18, people whose cases weren’t disclosed to insurance companies and the many who, like Denhollander, never came forward. In other words, the research doesn’t include what is certainly the vast majority of sexual abuse." </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><a href="https://religionnews.com/2014/01/09/startling-statistics/"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">There are studies that demonstrate that the faith community is even more vulnerable to abuse than secular environments. The Abel and Harlow study revealed that 93% of sex offenders describe themselves as “religious” and that this category of offender may be the most dangerous. Other studies have found that sexual abusers within faith communities have more victims and younger victims.</span></a></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.soulshepherding.org/pastors-under-stress/"><span>50% of pastors</span></a> <a href="https://www.soulshepherding.org/pastors-under-stress/"><span>admit to using pornography</span></a> <a href="https://www.soulshepherding.org/pastors-under-stress/"><span>and</span></a> <a href="https://www.soulshepherding.org/pastors-under-stress/"><span>37% report inappropriate sexual behavior</span></a> <a href="https://www.soulshepherding.org/pastors-under-stress/">with someone in the church</a>.</span></li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img height="351" src="https://www.notinourchurch.com/uploads/1/1/9/5/119540910/published/lennon-cheng-1264413-unsplash.jpg?1552510191" width="400" /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.soulshepherding.org/the-pastors-wife/"><span>40% of married pastors have</span></a> <a href="https://www.soulshepherding.org/the-pastors-wife/"><span>had an extramarital affair (clergy abuse)</span></a> <a href="https://www.soulshepherding.org/the-pastors-wife/"><span>while serving as a pastor</span></a>.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://religionnews.com/2014/01/09/startling-statistics/"><span>Abel Harlow Child Molestation Prevention Study:</span></a> <a href="https://religionnews.com/2014/01/09/startling-statistics/"><span>This study found that pedophilia molesters average 12 child victims and 71 acts of molestation. An earlier study by Dr. Abel found that out of 561 sexual offenders there were over 291,000 incidents totaling over 195,000 total victims. These are enough victims to fill 2 ½ Superdomes! This same study found that only 3% of these sexual offenders have a chance of getting caught.</span></a></span></li></ul><ul><li><a href="https://religionnews.com/2014/01/09/startling-statistics/"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In her book, Dr. Anna Salter revealed that her own interviews of sexual offenders found them admitting to having perpetrated between 10 and 1250 victims. She also writes that every offender she interviewed had been previously reported by children, and the reports were ignored.</span></a></li></ul></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://religionnews.com/2014/01/09/startling-statistics/"></a></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span>Study: </span><a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Child-Sexual-Abuse-in-Protestant-Christian-%3A-A-of-Denney-Kerley/d15a42997832ad0ccb6eefffededcf8b76a14e0f?tab=abstract&citingPapersSort=is-influential&citingPapersLimit=10&citingPapersOffset=0&year%5B0%5D=&year%5B1%5D=&citedPapersSort=is-influential&citedPapersLimit=10&citedPapersOffset=0">Child Sexual Abuse in Protestant Christian Congregations </a><span>Utilizing data from 326 cases of alleged child sexual abuse that occurred at or through activities provided by Protestant Christian congregations between 1982 & 2014.The overwhelming majority of identified offenders were male. Specifically, male offenders were represented by 98.8%. </span><span>Specifically, offender ages at the time of the alleged sexual abuse ranged from 18 to 88 years of age.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The overwhelming majority (80.1%) of offenders were employed in an official capacity within their respective churches with a substantial minority (19.9%) being volunteers. Pastor 34.9% - Youth Minister 31.4% - Youth Volunteer 8.3% - Associate Pastor 5.4% - Music Minister 4.8% - Volunteer 3.2% - Sunday School Teacher 2.9% - Deacon 2.2% - Church Member 2.2% - Church Camp Worker 0.6%. The most frequent male offender role was a Pastor at 34.9%</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Five specific location-types of at the church, the offender’s home, off-site, off-site church-sponsored activity, and the victim’s home emerged.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://jliflc.com/2014/06/report-pastors-views-sexual-domestic-violence-us/"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">An overwhelming majority of the pastors surveyed (75%) underestimate the level of violence experienced within their congregations.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img src="https://www.notinourchurch.com/uploads/1/1/9/5/119540910/published/kyle-glenn-350542-unsplash.jpg?1553109747" /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://jliflc.com/2014/06/report-pastors-views-sexual-domestic-violence-us/"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Additionally, two out of three (66%) pastors speak once a year or less about the issue — and when they do speak out, the poll shows they may be providing support that does more harm than good.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://jliflc.com/2014/06/report-pastors-views-sexual-domestic-violence-us/"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And though 81% of pastors said they would take appropriate action to reduce sexual and domestic violence if they had the training and resources to do so, the "Broken Silence" report generated from this research highlights--at best--a significant blind spot within our churches in recognizing, responding to, and preventing gender-based sexual violence.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://socialwork.web.baylor.edu/research">In 2015 the first national survey of adult survivors of clergy perpetrated sexual abuse was conducted (March-May 2015). 280 survivors participated in the study. We are so grateful to the courageous survivors who agreed to participate. This project was directed by David Pooler, Ph.D., LCSW. Below you will find a summary of some of the salient findings.</a><a href="https://socialwork.web.baylor.edu/research">65% of survivors were married</a> <a href="https://socialwork.web.baylor.edu/research"><span>88% of perpetrators were married</span></a>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://socialwork.web.baylor.edu/research"><span>Only 4% of perpetrators were prosecuted</span></a>.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://socialwork.web.baylor.edu/research"><span>Only 8% Agree or Strongly Agree that their church supported them after the abuse occurred</span></a>.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://socialwork.web.baylor.edu/research"><span>8% Agree or Strongly Agree that the perpetrator apologized to them</span></a>.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://socialwork.web.baylor.edu/research"><span>50% Agree or Strongly Agree that their experience with the church after the abuse negatively affected their relationship with God</span></a>.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://socialwork.web.baylor.edu/research"><span>80% Agree or Strongly Agree that their experience with the church after the abuse negatively affected their spiritual life</span></a>.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://socialwork.web.baylor.edu/research"><span>7% Agree or Strongly Agree that their church had a policy in place to help support them</span></a>.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://socialwork.web.baylor.edu/research"><span>9% Agree or Strongly Agree the church was helpful when they reported the abuse</span></a>.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://socialwork.web.baylor.edu/research"><span>15% Agree or Strongly Agree that their church/denomination thoroughly investigated the report</span></a>.</span></li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://theaquilareport.com/crouching-at-every-door/"><span>A 1984 Fuller Seminary survey of 1,200 ministers showed</span></a> <a href="https://theaquilareport.com/crouching-at-every-door/"><span>1 in 5 theologically conservative pastors admitted to some sexual contact with a church member outside of marriage.</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://theaquilareport.com/crouching-at-every-door/"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">More than two-fifths of “moderate” pastors and half of “liberal” ones acknowledged the same.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://theaquilareport.com/crouching-at-every-door/"><span>A 1993 survey showed 6 percent of Southern Baptist pastors acknowledging</span></a> <a href="https://theaquilareport.com/crouching-at-every-door/">sexual contact outside of marriage with someone in the congregation.</a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Websites devoted to reporting about clergy sexual abuse of both children and adults.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><a href="http://thewartburgwatch.com/"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The Wartburg Watch</span></a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="http://watchkeep.blogspot.com/"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Watchkeep</span></a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="http://stopbaptistpredators.org/index.htm"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Stop Baptist Predators</span></a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="http://noedenelsewhere.com/"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">No Eden Elsewhere</span></a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="https://www.bishop-accountability.org/AbuseTracker/"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Bishop Accountability - Abuse Tracker</span></a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="https://baptistaccountability.org/"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Baptist Accountability Database Site</span></a></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">A crowd-sourced database for Baptist predators and their enablers.</span></li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Other Important Articles</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://world.wng.org/2018/08/crouching_at_every_door"><span>Crouching at Every Door</span></a> - <span>Sexual Abuse is a problem in both Catholic and Protestant churches -- </span><span>Here are three environments in which Protestants are particularly vulnerable,</span><span>by by Marvin Olasky, Sophia Lee, Emily Belz -- <i>World Magazine.</i></span></span></li></ul><ul><li><a href="https://www.qualitativecriminology.com/pub/osa148h6/release/2"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Child Sex Abusers in Prominent Christian Churches: An Offender Typology</span></a></li></ul><div><br /></div></div>R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-91667330584065214362024-03-04T19:47:00.003-05:002024-03-04T19:49:48.028-05:00Thomas Jay Oord - Barbie and Our Purpose<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGB0pKqQM3Z6WG-AHxi-xuBGjh5aTrQ_4nH1Lv8yUpcL4epYZlJXvBsPReQUgZmht5PHh_gK-N3RBCPID32c4HfzsaL9d0VxUC2YGIA-aa-LkNzBCgauM550WyP32u9LemqmyfOxEZyDOVrCbdSngoLaSWEXNxAa8-BBXoig2dRavymZ0hQtG35_3XoQaz/s1152/Barbie.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1152" data-original-width="1152" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGB0pKqQM3Z6WG-AHxi-xuBGjh5aTrQ_4nH1Lv8yUpcL4epYZlJXvBsPReQUgZmht5PHh_gK-N3RBCPID32c4HfzsaL9d0VxUC2YGIA-aa-LkNzBCgauM550WyP32u9LemqmyfOxEZyDOVrCbdSngoLaSWEXNxAa8-BBXoig2dRavymZ0hQtG35_3XoQaz/w640-h640/Barbie.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Barbie Main Trailer</span></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">by Warner Bros. Pictures</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">May 25, 2023</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pBk4NYhWNMM" width="320" youtube-src-id="pBk4NYhWNMM"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Billie Eilish - What Was I Made For? </span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">(Official Music Video)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiGm_E4ZwYSHV3bcW1pnSeQ">Billie Eilish</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/cW8VLC9nnTo" width="320" youtube-src-id="cW8VLC9nnTo"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">* * * * * * * *</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Barbie and Our Purpose</span></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://thomasjayoord.com/index.php/blog/archives/barbie-and-our-purpose" style="text-align: justify;">article link</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">by Thomas Jay Oord</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;">February 25th, 2024</span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Tripp Fuller and I have written a book called <i>God After Deconstruction</i>. It will be available in April 2024.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Among the issues we discuss is how to think about purpose after the traditional God is deconstructed. Here’s an excerpt from the book, which builds on the Barbie movie.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>What Was I Made For?</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In the blockbuster movie Barbie, we find the world-renown doll and diverse friends in roles their maker has chosen. The toys dance and sing, party, and live according to the determinations of their manufacturer, Mattel.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In a moment of questioning, however, Barbie ponders life beyond what has been decided for her. She wonders what the real world might be like. So she visits Weird Barbie and is presented with a choice: go “back to the way your life was” or “know the truth about the universe.”</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">At first, Barbie chooses what’s safe and familiar: Barbie Land. “I’m not Adventure Barbie,” she explains, “I’m Stereotypical Barbie.”</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">With a little coaxing, she opts to learn the truth. So she departs Barbie Land for an adventure. To her delight, Barbie finds the real world thrilling; her newfound autonomy gives joy. But this liberation raises questions about who she is, the customs of her past, and the desires of her friends, especially Ken. Barbie realizes that the restrictions of the status quo, especially patriarchy, cause harm.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Near the end of the movie, Barbie talks with corporate leaders at Mattel. In a conversation with a CEO, Barbie admits to being confused: “I’m not really sure where I belong anymore.” Billie Eilish expresses this angst beautifully in the Grammy Award-winning song written for the movie: “What Was I Made For?”</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Barbie then interacts with Ruth, the woman who originally imagined her as a doll for her daughter. “I want to be part of the people that make meaning, not the thing that’s made,” Barbie says, “I want to be the one imagining, not the idea itself.”</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">“You don’t need my permission,” Ruth replies.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">“But you’re The Creator,” says Barbie. “You control me.”</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">“Ha!” says Ruth. “I can’t control you any more than I could control my own daughter!”</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>God’s Role in Purpose and Meaning</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">After the God of traditional theology is deconstructed, questions arise: What is our purpose? Does life have meaning? What’s the point?</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The God of traditional theology is like the patriarchy at Mattel… but even more controlling. This deity predetermines the actions of all, so we’re dolls playing predestined roles. Rather than agents with autonomy, we dance and sing, enjoy and suffer, bleed and die according to our Maker’s will.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">When God is imagined as one who foreordains and/or foreknows, questions about purpose and meaning have simple answers. Life’s purpose is whatever God determines, and it means whatever God decides. When God is in control, it all makes sense…</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">at least at first.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Like Barbie, however, we who deconstruct begin to imagine life outside systems that confine us. We realize we make free actual choices, and our lives matter. So we embark on an adventure to discover a world beyond what’s expected. We grow.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Once we — like Barbie — recognize our autonomy, it becomes difficult to imagine a controlling God. When we suffer needlessly or encounter evil in the world, we begin to doubt God has a pre-selected blueprint. Unjust systems make us wonder about an omnipotent God’s purposes; pointless pain causes us to question whether life has ultimate meaning. We encounter the restrictions of controlling systems and the restricting gods required to manage them.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Barbie movie answers these questions by saying the purpose of life is in the living of it. The movie’s last moments show Barbie imagining experiences of various types. The message seems to be that we find meaning in whatever happens. That has a measure of truth, but isn’t there something more?</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">How might we think about God, purpose, and meaning after traditional theology?</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></span>R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-89967654064951839552024-02-27T17:17:00.000-05:002024-02-27T17:18:44.023-05:00The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuMJj54hMCVeiSNHMq0zgRW2Bm73jqfsmTPZbWi-tDrMAsgClkqQ1Av5XOsgTzC4fzZQG0SsgeQOfTNP3EnYNlT9977r3D2hnD9UwiHXXAfqHHTKCIJ4eXr0usuGGyLBs_Hbcqe07GU_LyEh706j7fpRBD_Oj1V5tf0MV8cmjerXy4vMkq9imS_Rbt7PRK/s1080/test%202.jpg" style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuMJj54hMCVeiSNHMq0zgRW2Bm73jqfsmTPZbWi-tDrMAsgClkqQ1Av5XOsgTzC4fzZQG0SsgeQOfTNP3EnYNlT9977r3D2hnD9UwiHXXAfqHHTKCIJ4eXr0usuGGyLBs_Hbcqe07GU_LyEh706j7fpRBD_Oj1V5tf0MV8cmjerXy4vMkq9imS_Rbt7PRK/w640-h426/test%202.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Given the history of brutality when Israel and Palestinian extremist groups have fought in the past, international groups quickly expressed concern for the safety of civilians in Israel and the Palestinian territories as well as those being held hostage by militants in Gaza. In the first month of fighting, approximately 1,300 Israelis and 10,000 Palestinians were killed. Increasing loss of life is of primary concern in the conflict.</span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>R.E. Slater</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>February 27, 2024</i></div></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><i></i></div><div style="text-align: center;">* * * * * * *</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-2tTY2i_kurJ_nfKLAYO6FBryj9yEq7yRKmzrbVSukQdGvlom5xR0IiNCEG_PjbtZHZ0sSJEptIH301N52QO8ZDEgcDDzU2nbypdpMCTPDchwYjGmUyMvKY8tOj-Nukml8uC-xQYNYsQMtoV2PlI6qADBdVQQDd-09Nt50bFqzyeA7lTYHZJz3e4xv-Vn/s1080/test1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1080" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-2tTY2i_kurJ_nfKLAYO6FBryj9yEq7yRKmzrbVSukQdGvlom5xR0IiNCEG_PjbtZHZ0sSJEptIH301N52QO8ZDEgcDDzU2nbypdpMCTPDchwYjGmUyMvKY8tOj-Nukml8uC-xQYNYsQMtoV2PlI6qADBdVQQDd-09Nt50bFqzyeA7lTYHZJz3e4xv-Vn/w640-h426/test1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Israeli-Palestinian Conflict</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="Israeli-Palestinian Conflict By the Center for Preventive Action Updated February 09, 2024 icon_expand Background" target="_blank">article link</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">by the <a href="https://www.cfr.org/programs/center-preventive-action">Center for Preventive Action</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;">Updated February 09, 2024</div></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b535d; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On January 7, Israel announced it had successfully destroyed the fighting force of Hamas in northern Gaza and is shifting its focus to the central and southern parts of the territory. Almost two million Gazans, more than 85 percent of the population, have <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-20415675" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">fled</a> their homes since Israel began its military operation. Attacks on medical infrastructure and a lack of basic supplies have reduced the number of functioning hospitals to only nine, all of which are in the south, and the World Health Organization has <a href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/01/1145317" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">warned</a> of disease spread in addition to mounting civilian casualties. Meanwhile, the United States is <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/three-months-deaths-mount-diplomats-vie-stop-gaza-wars-spread-2024-01-07/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">conducting</a> shuttle diplomacy amid simmering regional tensions. Israel has <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-strike-lebanon-kills-senior-commander-elite-hezbollah-unit-security-2024-01-08/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">killed</a> Hezbollah fighters in Lebanon, and <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-strike-lebanon-kills-senior-commander-elite-hezbollah-unit-security-2024-01-08/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">increased</a> its air strikes against alleged Iran-linked targets in Syria. Iran-backed groups have <a href="https://apnews.com/article/iraq-iran-us-gaza-israel-hamas-0b99659922bf1174f86e390808e5bfde" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">launched</a> dozens of attacks on U.S. military positions in Iraq and Syria, and Yemen’s Houthi rebels have <a href="https://apnews.com/article/houthis-drone-ships-navy-missile-79aca676da82a61ce4a8151951727973" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">targeted</a> missiles at Israel and commercial ships in the Red Sea.</span></p><div class="content-navigation" id="Background-0" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #3d454e; font-size: 27px; line-height: 33px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: -75px; padding-top: 75px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Background</b></span></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b535d; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The <a href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-us-policy-israeli-palestinian-conflict" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Israeli-Palestinian conflict</a> dates back to the end of the nineteenth century. In 1947, the United Nations adopted <a href="https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-208958/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Resolution 181</a>, known as the Partition Plan, which sought to divide the British Mandate of Palestine into Arab and Jewish states. On May 14, 1948, the State of Israel was created, sparking the first Arab-Israeli War. The war ended in 1949 with Israel’s victory, but 750,000 Palestinians were displaced, and the territory was divided into 3 parts: the State of Israel, the West Bank (of the Jordan River), and the Gaza Strip. </span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b535d; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Over the following years, tensions rose in the region, particularly between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. Following the <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/focus/arabunity/2008/02/200852517304630655.html" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">1956 Suez Crisis</a> and Israel’s invasion of the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, Jordan, and Syria signed mutual defense pacts in anticipation of a possible mobilization of Israeli troops. In June 1967, following <a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Six-Day-War" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">a series of maneuvers</a> by Egyptian President Abdel Gamal Nasser, Israel preemptively attacked Egyptian and Syrian air forces, starting the Six-Day War. After the war, Israel gained territorial control over the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip from Egypt; the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan; and the Golan Heights from Syria.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b535d; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Six years later, in what is referred to as the Yom Kippur War or the October War, Egypt and Syria launched <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2017/10/23/the-fog-of-certainty-learning-from-the-intelligence-failures-of-the-1973-war/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">a surprise two-front attack</a> on Israel to regain their lost territory; the conflict did not result in significant gains for Egypt, Israel, or Syria, but Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat declared the war a victory for Egypt as it allowed Egypt and Syria to <a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Yom-Kippur-War" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">negotiate over previously ceded territory</a>. Finally, in 1979, following a series of cease-fires and peace negotiations, representatives from Egypt and Israel signed the <a href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/camp-david" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Camp David Accords</a>, a peace treaty that ended the thirty-year conflict between Egypt and Israel. </span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b535d; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Even though the Camp David Accords improved relations between Israel and its neighbors, the question of Palestinian self-determination and self-governance remained unresolved. In 1987, hundreds of thousands of Palestinians living in the West Bank and Gaza Strip rose up against the Israeli government in what is known as the first intifada. The 1993 <a href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1993-2000/oslo" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Oslo I Accords</a> mediated the conflict, setting up a framework for the Palestinians to govern themselves in the West Bank and Gaza, and enabled mutual recognition between the newly established Palestinian Authority and Israel’s government. In 1995, the <a href="https://peacemaker.un.org/israelopt-osloII95" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Oslo II</a> Accords expanded on the first agreement, adding provisions that mandated the complete withdrawal of Israel from 6 cities and 450 towns in the West Bank. </span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b535d; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In 2000, sparked in part by Palestinian grievances over Israel’s control over the West Bank, a stagnating peace process, and former Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon’s <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/sep/29/israel" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">visit</a> to the al-Aqsa mosque—the third holiest site in Islam—in September 2000, Palestinians <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/09/12/the-oslo-accords-at-25-the-second-intifada-at-18/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">launched</a> the second intifada, which would last until 2005. In response, the Israeli government approved the <a href="https://apnews.com/article/politics-middle-east-jerusalem-israel-west-bank-2ce5d9956b729ad6169c880d00068977" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">construction of a barrier wall</a> around the West Bank in 2002, despite <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/07/israel-separation-wall-endures-15-years-icj-ruling-190709104626363.html" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">opposition</a> from the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court. </span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b535d; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Factionalism among the Palestinians flared up when <a href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-hamas" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">Hamas</a> won the Palestinian Authority’s parliamentary elections in 2006, deposing longtime majority party Fatah. This gave Hamas, a political and militant movement inspired by the Palestinian Muslim Brotherhood, control of the Gaza Strip. Gaza is a small piece of land on the Mediterranean Sea that borders Egypt to the south and has been under the rule of the semi-autonomous Palestinian Authority since 1993. The United States and European Union, among others, did not acknowledge Hamas’ electoral victory, as the group has been considered a terrorist organization by western governments since the late 1990s. Following Hamas’ seizure of control, <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/5/4/timeline-hamas-fatah-conflict" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">violence broke out</a> between Hamas and Fatah. Between 2006 and 2011, a series of failed peace talks and deadly confrontations culminated in an agreement to reconcile. <a href="https://www.cfr.org/blog/fatah-hamas-gaza-palestinian-unity-agreement" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">Fatah entered into a unity government</a> with Hamas in 2014.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b535d; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the summer of 2014, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-palestinians/suspected-israeli-revenge-killing-of-palestinian-triggers-clashes-idUSKBN0F70AD20140702" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">clashes</a> in the Palestinian territories precipitated a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/07/15/world/middleeast/toll-israel-gaza-conflict.html" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">military confrontation</a> between the Israeli military and Hamas in which Hamas fired nearly three thousand rockets at Israel, and Israel retaliated with a major offensive in Gaza. The skirmish ended in late August 2014 with a <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/26/gaza-ceasefire-israel-palestinians-halt-fighting" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">cease-fire</a> deal brokered by Egypt, but only after 73 Israelis and 2,251 Palestinians were <a href="https://www.ochaopt.org/content/key-figures-2014-hostilities" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">killed</a>. After a wave of violence between Israelis and Palestinians in 2015, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas of Fatah <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/01/world/middleeast/mahmoud-abbas-palestinian-authority-un-speech.html" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">announced</a> that Palestinians would no longer be bound by the territorial divisions created by the <a href="https://www.cfr.org/explainer-video/oslo-accords-history-lessons" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Oslo Accords</a>.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b535d; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In March of 2018, Israeli troops <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIOPT/Pages/Report2018OPT.aspx" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">killed</a> 183 Palestinians and wounded 6,000 others after some Palestinians stormed the perimeter fence between the Gaza Strip and Israel and threw rocks during an otherwise peaceful demonstration. Just months later, Hamas militants fired over one hundred rockets into Israel, and Israel <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/israel-and-palestinian-trade-fire-on-gaza-border-amid-cease-fire-talk/2018/05/30/6be5a5de-637d-11e8-81ca-bb14593acaa6_story.html" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">responded</a> with strikes on more than fifty targets in Gaza during a twenty-four-hour flare-up. The tense political atmosphere resulted in <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/9/21/why-fatah-and-hamas-wont-reconcile" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">a return to disunity</a> between Fatah and Hamas, with Mahmoud Abbas’ Fatah party controlling the Palestinian Authority from the West Bank and Hamas <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">de facto</em> ruling the Gaza Strip.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b535d; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The Donald J. Trump administration reversed longstanding U.S. policy by <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-administration-to-end-us-funding-to-un-program-for-palestinian-refugees/2018/08/30/009d9bc6-ac64-11e8-b1da-ff7faa680710_story.html" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">canceling</a> funding for the UN Relief and Works Agency, which provides aid to Palestinian refugees, and <a href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/statement-president-trump-jerusalem/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">relocating the U.S. embassy</a> from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. The Trump administration also helped broker the <a href="https://www.state.gov/the-abraham-accords/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Abraham Accords</a>, under which Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates normalized relations with Israel, becoming only the third and fourth countries in the region—following Egypt in 1979 and Jordan in 1994—to do so. Similar deals followed with <a href="https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Joint-Declaration-US-Morrocco-Israel.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">Morocco</a> [PDF] and <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/israeli-foreign-minister-heads-delegation-discuss-sudan-normalisation-2023-02-02/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">Sudan</a>. Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas of Fatah <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/09/stab-palestinians-condemn-israel-bahrain-deal-200911182327985.html" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">rejected</a> the accords, <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/9/12/palestinians-rally-against-bahrain-israel-normalisation" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">as did Hamas</a>.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b535d; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In early May 2021, after a court <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/1/what-is-happening-in-occupied-east-jerusalems-sheikh-jarrah" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">ruled</a> in favor of the eviction of several Palestinian families from East Jerusalem properties, protests erupted, with Israeli police <a href="https://www.ynetnews.com/article/ByoR2nlUO?utm_source=ynetnews.com&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=twitter&utm_term=ByoR2nlUO&utm_content=Video" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">employing</a> force against demonstrators. After several consecutive days of violence, Hamas, the militant group which governs Gaza, and other Palestinian <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-gaza-fighting-enters-its-second-week-2021-05-16/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">militant groups</a> launched hundreds of <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinian-rocket-fire-israeli-air-strikes-gaza-2021-05-11/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">rockets</a> into Israeli territory. Israel responded with artillery bombardments and airstrikes, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-airstrikes-kill-20-gaza-palestinians-say-after-militants-fire-rockets-2021-05-10/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">killing</a> more than twenty Palestinians and hitting both <a href="https://apnews.com/article/gaza-israel-middle-east-israel-palestinian-conflict-9f55fcb62af8224b954632b9e3edc2a0" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">military</a> non-military infrastructure, including residential buildings, <a href="https://apnews.com/article/israel-middle-east-business-israel-palestinian-conflict-fe452147166f55ba5a9d32e6ba8b53d7" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">media headquarters</a>, and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/15/world/middleeast/an-israeli-airstrike-killed-at-least-10-members-of-a-family-in-a-gaza-refugee-camp.html" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">refugee</a> and <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/israel-unleashes-airstrikes-gaza-strip-deadliest-single-attack/story?id=77731209" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">healthcare facilities</a>. After eleven days, Israel and Hamas agreed to a <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-57195537" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">cease-fire</a>, with both sides claiming victory. The fighting <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-truce-between-israel-hamas-begins-mediated-by-egypt-2021-05-20/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">killed</a> more than 250 Palestinians and at least 13 Israelis, wounded nearly 2,000 others, and <a href="https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/un-there-is-no-safe-place-in-gaza-72000-people-displaced-668489" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">displaced</a> 72,000 Palestinians. </span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b535d; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/22/world/middleeast/israel-netanyahu-government.html?action=click&algo=bandit-all-surfaces-time-cutoff-30_impression_cut_3_filter_new_arm_5_1&alpha=0.05&block=more_in_recirc&fellback=false&imp_id=273451210&impression_id=29a2bc24-87b3-11ed-b984-1fa3695edda2&index=4&pgtype=Article&pool=more_in_pools%2Fmiddleeast&region=footer&req_id=515306421&surface=eos-more-in&variant=0_bandit-all-surfaces-time-cutoff-30_impression_cut_3_filter_new_arm_5_1" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">most far-right and religious government</a> in Israel’s history, led by Benjamin ‘Bibi’ Netanyahu and his Likud party and comprising two ultra-Orthodox parties and three far-right parties, was inaugurated in late December 2022. The coalition government <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/israel-new-netanyahu-government-vows-to-expand-settlements/a-64228466#:~:text=Benjamin%20Netanyahu's%20incoming%20far%2Dright,Israel's%20ties%20with%20the%20US." style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">prioritized</a> the expansion and development of Israeli settlements in the occupied West Bank, <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-12-25/ty-article/netanyahus-far-right-allies-doctors-could-refuse-treatment-on-religious-grounds/00000185-48e7-d75d-a5d5-6aef3d370000" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">endorsed discrimination</a> against LGBTQ+ people on religious grounds, and voted to <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/11/world/middleeast/israel-protests-judicial-overhaul.html" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">limit</a> judicial oversight of the government in May 2023 after a <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/netanyahu-israel-judicial-reforms-engulf-gallant-protests-rcna76759" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">delay</a> due to nationwide protests in March. </span></p><div class="content-navigation" id="Concerns-1" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #3d454e; font-size: 27px; line-height: 33px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: -75px; padding-top: 75px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Concerns</b></span></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b535d; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Following the outbreak of war between Israel and Hamas on October 7, 2023, President Joe Biden made a <a href="https://www.voanews.com/a/biden-reiterates-support-for-israel-un-security-council-to-meet-sunday-/7301235.html" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">strong statement of support</a> for Israel. On the same day that Israel declared war against Hamas, the United States announced that it would send renewed shipments of arms and move its Mediterranean Sea warships closer to Israel. While the UN Security Council called an emergency meeting to discuss the renewed violence, the members <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/un-security-council-meets-on-gaza-israel-but-fails-to-agree-on-statement" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">failed to come to a consensus</a> statement. Given the history of brutality when Israel and Palestinian extremist groups have fought in the past, <a href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142012" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">international groups quickly expressed concern</a> for the safety of civilians in Israel and the Palestinian territories as well <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/hamas-hostages-israel-video.html" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">as those being held hostage</a> by militants in Gaza. In the first month of fighting, approximately <a href="https://www.economist.com/briefing/2023/10/12/hamass-attack-was-the-bloodiest-in-israels-history" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">1,300 Israelis</a> and <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/pressure-israel-over-civilians-steps-up-ceasefire-calls-rebuffed-2023-11-06/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">10,000 Palestinians</a> were killed. Increasing loss of life is of primary concern in the conflict.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b535d; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">While the United States <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/blinken-says-no-direct-evidence-iran-was-involved-hamas-attack-israel-rcna120110" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">said</a> there was “no direct evidence” that Iranian intelligence and security forces directly helped Hamas plan its October 7 attack, Iran has a <a href="https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/irans-support-against-israel-bolsters-hamas" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">well-established patronage relationship</a> with Hamas and other extremist groups across the Middle East. Israel has exchanged artillery fire with Iran-backed <a href="https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/political-instability-lebanon" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">Hezbollah</a> almost daily and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/conflict-syria" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">struck</a> Syrian military targets and airports, prompting concern that the war could expand north. To the south, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/war-yemen" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">Yemen’s Houthi rebels</a> have launched multiple rounds of missiles at Israel as well. Meanwhile, the Islamic Resistance of Iraq, a coalition of Iranian-backed militias, has <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/773a50d5-8693-445f-9219-73e3961a34f4" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">claimed responsibility</a> for dozens of attacks on U.S. military targets in Iraq and Syria since the war began.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b535d; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">A 2023 effort by the United States to help broker a normalization accord between Israel and Saudi Arabia was <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/saudi-israel-gaza-war.html" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">thrown into chaos</a> by the October conflict. Saudi Arabia has long advocated for the rights and safety of Palestinian Arab populations in Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza. Especially in Gaza, those populations are now in the path of IDF operations, jeopardizing the progress the Israelis and Saudis made toward a common understanding. However, the United States <a href="https://www.axios.com/2023/10/31/saudi-megadeal-normalization-israel-biden" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">says</a> the Saudis have indicated they are still interested in the deal.</span></p><div class="content-navigation" id="RecentDevelopments-2" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #3d454e; font-size: 27px; line-height: 33px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: -75px; padding-top: 75px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Recent Developments</b></span></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b535d; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In early October 2023, war broke out between Israel and Hamas, the militant Islamist group that has <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-conflict-timeline.html" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">controlled Gaza</a> since 2006, in the most significant escalation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in several decades. Hamas <a href="https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">fighters</a> fired rockets into Israel and stormed southern Israeli cities and towns across the border of the Gaza Strip, <a href="https://www.economist.com/briefing/2023/10/12/hamass-attack-was-the-bloodiest-in-israels-history" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">killing</a> more than 1,300 Israelis, injuring 3,300, and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/article/israel-hostages-hamas-explained.html" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">taking</a> hundreds of hostages. The attack took Israel by surprise, though the state quickly mounted a <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-retaliates-after-hamas-attacks-deaths-pass-1100-2023-10-09/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">deadly retaliatory operation</a>. One day after the October 7 attack, the Israeli cabinet formally <a href="https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-gaza-attack-10-08-23/h_ab82e86a3ee54772589cce034430b017" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">declared war</a> against Hamas, followed by a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/09/world/israel-gaza-war-hamas?smid=url-share" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">directive from the defense minister</a> to the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) to carry out a “complete siege” of Gaza.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b535d; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Since then, the two sides have traded daily rocket fire, and Israel <a href="https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-war-c8b4fc20e4fd2ef381d5edb7e9e8308c" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">ordered</a> more than one million Palestinian civilians in northern Gaza to evacuate ahead of a <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/eu-calls-humanitarian-pauses-gaza-aid-israel-raids-enclave-2023-10-26/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">ground invasion</a> that began on October 28. Israeli forces have <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/02/world/middleeast/israeli-troops-encircle-gaza-city.html" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">encircled</a> Gaza City, cutting it off from southern Gaza and squeezing Hamas. Hundreds of thousands of civilians <a href="https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231104-%F0%9F%94%B4-live-un-chief-slams-israeli-strike-on-gaza-ambulance-convoy" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">remain</a> in the city. Gazan health officials say the war has <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/pressure-israel-over-civilians-steps-up-ceasefire-calls-rebuffed-2023-11-06/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">killed</a> 10,000 Palestinians, including more than 4,000 children. The territory is also desperately low on water, fuel, and supplies as Israel has <a href="https://apnews.com/article/abbas-blinken-palestinians-israel-hamas-gaza-1139f6e433fa489fbf3bc4c41bc2d52d" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">rejected</a> humanitarian pauses and <a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-agreed-to-allow-100-trucks-of-humanitarian-aid-into-gaza-each-day-official/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;" target="_blank">limited</a> the amount of aid that can enter.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b535d; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The displacement of millions more Palestinians presents a <a href="https://apnews.com/article/palestinian-jordan-egypt-israel-refugee-502c06d004767d4b64848d878b66bd3d" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">dilemma</a> for Egypt and Jordan, which have absorbed hundreds of thousands of Palestinians in the past but have resisted accepting anyone during the current war. They fear that Gazans, many of whom were already displaced from elsewhere in Israel, will not be allowed to <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/13/egypt-gaza-border-palestinian-refugees-israel/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">return</a> once they leave. Egypt also <a href="https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/10/29/as-the-gaza-war-rages-egypt-fears-for-its-stability" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">fears</a> that Hamas fighters could enter Egypt and trigger a new war in the Sinai by launching attacks on Israel or destabilizing the authoritarian regime of Abdel Fattah el-Sisi by supporting the Muslim Brotherhood. So far, negotiations have resulted in only 1,100 people <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/live-updates-israeli-warplanes-hit-refugee-camps-gaza-104651446" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">exiting</a> Gaza through the Rafah border crossing to Egypt. The other 1.5 million displaced Gazans—70 percent of the territory’s population—have <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/13/nowhere-go-gaza" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f25d27; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.4s ease 0s;">nowhere to go</a> and face increasingly dire living conditions and security risks.</span></p>R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-66662645056292145922024-02-27T17:07:00.009-05:002024-02-27T22:37:42.648-05:00The History of Jerusalem since its Destruction<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="381" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3iQvoXZObYEppEK4EgYaNU3Uz5KNNyxT9BexxKq5T32qx3vYc3SXmMZmZF-qxd1jUFnrHl3jMV3FHpENjRzTwK7D7IPvM4KenI4KsSVseeyQTrG4oSTDqMQVgEla81g4Xk6swuBtyHZDeGmvCV0s-nv_JQM3-L3BASzAmj6WPZeCzBe6QLOI0OMIfipyR/w640-h381/Assalam_u_Alaikum_11_NewAge.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: justify;"></span><blockquote><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-align: justify;">The Greeting – <i>As Salaamu Alaykum</i>, <i>Peace Be Upon You</i>: Is Altruistic Salaamism since It Implies<i> ‘I am Responsible for Your Safety</i>’ | </span><a href="he Greeting – As Salaamu Alaykum, Peace Be Upon You: Is Altruistic Salaamism Since It Implies ‘I am Responsible for Your Safety’ source: click here The History of Jerusalem since its Destruction by R.E. Slater" style="text-align: justify;" target="_blank">source</a></span></blockquote><a href="he Greeting – As Salaamu Alaykum, Peace Be Upon You: Is Altruistic Salaamism Since It Implies ‘I am Responsible for Your Safety’ source: click here The History of Jerusalem since its Destruction by R.E. Slater" style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;" target="_blank"></a></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3iQvoXZObYEppEK4EgYaNU3Uz5KNNyxT9BexxKq5T32qx3vYc3SXmMZmZF-qxd1jUFnrHl3jMV3FHpENjRzTwK7D7IPvM4KenI4KsSVseeyQTrG4oSTDqMQVgEla81g4Xk6swuBtyHZDeGmvCV0s-nv_JQM3-L3BASzAmj6WPZeCzBe6QLOI0OMIfipyR/s585/Assalam_u_Alaikum_11_NewAge.jpg" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></a></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>The History of Jerusalem</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>since its Destruction in 70 AD</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">by R.E. Slater</span></span></div></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A friend observed that Palestinians never owned Israel's land. That the land of Canaan has been theirs since Moses, when dying, left Josua in charge to lead Israel's 12 tribes into Canaan (aka, <i>the Promised Land</i>) which God Promised to the Jews since Abraham.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">However, if dispossession is wrong at all times then:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(1) did God sin by acting evilly upon the Canaanites?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Or, (2) if God is a God of love can we say Israel's kind of God acted more like the warring Semitic kingdoms around Israel... or even,</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(3) That Israel itself used the <i>God-card</i> to justify their warring actions of seizure and removal?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">But then (4) people cry foul and exclaim, "Canaan's sin lost their lands!" And with that argument we could all point fingers at each other and nation after sinful nation whose sin should be met by God's vengeance.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I think then, we need to back up and rethink our flat statements and unethical religious dogmas which appear more self-righteous and self-justifying than fair and loving...</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> - res</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><u><b><span style="font-size: medium;">My Response</span></b></u></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">After Rome decimated Jerusalem there were very few Israelis who remained. The last 2000 years have seen awave after wave of regional wars between Europeans and Muslims which has led to the state of Palestine today (2024).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This legendary centuries-old enmity between two monotheistic brothers (Esau and Jacob, who stole Esau's birthright by trickery) has gone unresolved and is currently tearing the Middle East apart leaving hundreds of innocents on both sides to suffer harm and loss.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">As the horrific European Crusades genocidally removed whole regional populations in Europe, and then in the Middle East, Christianity's claim of radical love was shown to be mere words without action no less today as parts of the Christian Church continues to forment civil rebellion into the United States and institutionalized-initiated strife through support of hard line governments across Europe (Hungary, Italy) and the Middle East (Israel's current administration) and into South America (Brazil).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">By and by Israel's claim became severely nullified under Lenin's pograms and Hitler's Nazism making Israel returned to the land inevitable, and by Jewish thinking, a necessary reclamation in lieu of purposeful genocide. That is, having no where to, dispossed Jews returned either to Palestine or to free democracies in Europe, America, Australia, India, and so forth.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Personally, I do not know if Israel took Palestinian land (most possibly) or paid for it (probably not; they were unorganized, without an official government, and had nothing as refugees). So part of the rub is how fleeing refugees dispossed landed Palestinians (themselves with a weak or negligible government) when reclaiming a land removed from them since Rome's extermination in 70 AD.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Secondly, unlike how the United States attempts to welcome and reverence refugees fleeing to America's shores - though the rightwing church is making assimilation extremely difficult and is forcing citizens to forcifully execute naturalization or to prevent it altogether under inhumane white nationalism and supremacy) - Israel may not have wanted to assimilate with Islam and vice versa.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Hence, there may not have been any effort of goodwill on either side so racism and cultural discrimination went both ways. Then over the years Israel bullied Palestine and Palestine responded in kind. And all this might be blame on British control of the region as its churches attempt a forced resurrection of Israel to its Promised lands based upon a God of Moses stating it was there's due to Canaan's sin.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Neither side has been innocent... and when reading of Palestine's treatment over the years by Israel it's hard to not have sympathy upon the loss of their own land to flering refugees feeling a deep terror to their own lives and fighting for whatever chance of survivorship they could find.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">And so we watch two stubborn monotheistic religions fighting it out between one another as brother to brother. Both are stubborn. Both unyielding. Both reciprocating ill upon ill upon the other. Both sure of their human rights. And both sure of their claims.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Firstly, the God they each claim as become a sour God of violence and damnation. I do not recognize this God nor do I understand how this God intended for Moses to enter Canaan without some form of injustice to its acclaimed "wicked" inhabitants to Israel's own acts of wicked dispossesseion in the books of Joshua, Judges, 1 and 2 Samuel, etc.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Further, the grievances of the ancient past must be put to bed. Today's unholy wars are displeasing to humanity and discontinuous with this false God of War as acclaimed in the bible. Certainly we all want justice both religious and non-religious. But war, grievance, and theft is not tge way for two mature religious brothers to act towards one another.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nor do we wish these brothers to further harm each other. I, personally, am grieved by their enmity and unforgiving spirit each harming the other in displays of hatred and evil. We would plead for the brothers to reconsider each other in other terms than avenging judgment. To revise their faiths and the God they follow.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We would propose Rewriting their faith history in loving terms and Rewriting their violent god as a false god not worthy of the Loving, redeeming God whom Jesus envisioned and perhaps Muhammad had envisioned too, though I do not know my Muslim history as well on this point nor how the Koran could be interpreted.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">But what I suspect Christians with their Holy Bible, and Jews with their vast assortments of Torah interpretation, and the brotherhood of Muslims with their Holy Koran, must do is to reform their religion as religions of love and not enmity. I would suggest setting each faith upon a process theology of love as begun by A.N. Whitehead in his process philosophy of how nature works. And by this common philosophic theology reset each religious faith around love and not vengeance.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I might also suggest various forms of restitution to so many who have been harmed or killed by their own religion or another's. Peace must be made. The scornful and strivings put away. Tools of war turned to plowshares and plowshares but to work to revive, renew, reclaim, redeem, and resurrection the many injustices placed upon the brotherly lands Abrahamic progeny.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Let then peace become each nation's faith marked in goodwill and restitution. Let these ancestral hatreds cease and remove all elements who speak against peace and love. Let their be brotherly love unlike the rivalry of Jacob and Esau of years and years and years ago.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Shalom Aleichem (Jewish)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">As-Salaam-Alaikum (Islamic)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">“Peace be with you.” (Christian)</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><i>R.E. Slater</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>February 27, 2024</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">* * * * * * *</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH4BUNqe5baUMVVxK6JYyXCTFSgEL7-qAs_KEFnQuH6mcUMEMaglMUVgJUpDswda5qmmdMw8zWaO2jwaM-zgSaBHlaZiyB9_PwjR_E01SBfU2nLqy8Jp1FgbiftqmOl-BLNsYXDz1vs6ng9J7wAwmtKWKQo2LKHx-wrRhHRflwls6hD7qcVj_rnefHt3Hj/s2002/3cbe4ee1ef30169085256b98006f540d_image0.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2002" data-original-width="1111" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH4BUNqe5baUMVVxK6JYyXCTFSgEL7-qAs_KEFnQuH6mcUMEMaglMUVgJUpDswda5qmmdMw8zWaO2jwaM-zgSaBHlaZiyB9_PwjR_E01SBfU2nLqy8Jp1FgbiftqmOl-BLNsYXDz1vs6ng9J7wAwmtKWKQo2LKHx-wrRhHRflwls6hD7qcVj_rnefHt3Hj/w356-h640/3cbe4ee1ef30169085256b98006f540d_image0.gif" width="356" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="234" src="https://drivethruhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/History-of-Jerusalem-since-its-Destruction-featured.jpg" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">OCTOBER 20, 2016 BY <a href="https://drivethruhistory.com/author/randallniles/">RANDALL NILES</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">History of Jerusalem since its Destruction</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://drivethruhistory.com/history-of-jerusalem-since-its-destruction/?fbclid=IwAR1XlxEuoir1f30Rw9WXnT558f7tUF77yHDaJmMIKwLRysH-LZkynb5E3X4" target="_blank">article link</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">History of Jerusalem since its Destruction in the First Century</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></span><article aria-label="History of Jerusalem since its Destruction" class="post-3142 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-dth-blog category-the-gospels entry" style="border-bottom: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div class="entry-content" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; counter-reset: footnotes 0; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 660px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Here is a brief history of Jerusalem since its destruction in AD 70:</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">After the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus in AD 70, the city lay dormant and unoccupied except for a few Roman military camps. Jerusalem was so thoroughly destroyed that much of the rubble was left in place. But eventually, new buildings were built on top of the old. This cycle has repeated itself many times. As a result, the ground level of Jerusalem has been raised significantly over the last 2,000 years. For example, some of the exposed streets that go back to the Roman period are more than 10 feet below the level of the current city streets.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/drivethruhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/History-of-Jerusalem-since-its-Destruction.jpg?ssl=1" style="background: 0px 0px; border-bottom: 0px solid rgb(35, 37, 37); box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><img alt="history-of-jerusalem-since-its-destruction" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-3144" decoding="async" height="360" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" src="https://i0.wp.com/drivethruhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/History-of-Jerusalem-since-its-Destruction.jpg?resize=1200%2C675&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/drivethruhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/History-of-Jerusalem-since-its-Destruction.jpg?w=1200&ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/drivethruhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/History-of-Jerusalem-since-its-Destruction.jpg?resize=670%2C377&ssl=1 670w, https://i0.wp.com/drivethruhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/History-of-Jerusalem-since-its-Destruction.jpg?resize=768%2C432&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/drivethruhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/History-of-Jerusalem-since-its-Destruction.jpg?resize=610%2C343&ssl=1 610w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin-bottom: 12px; max-width: 100%;" width="640" /></span></a></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">After tearing the city apart, Roman Emperor Hadrian rebuilt it on a Roman plan. This included the usual cardo (or “main street”), which went north and south, a forum, Roman temples, etc. He also expanded the city walls to extend further north. These walls reached several blocks beyond the northern boundary of the “Old City” walls we see today.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Another huge change to the city occurred after Roman Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity. He began to pour resources into the region. This started what is now known as the Byzantine era. During the Byzantine era, the population of Jerusalem increased. Many new buildings, including churches, were constructed during the 4th through 6th centuries. The most famous of these churches include the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, the Church of the Apostles, and the Nea Church. But all of these churches suffered damage or destruction in later invasions by Persians and Muslims.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">History of Jerusalem since its Destruction</span> – <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Last Thousand Years</span></b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">While much of Jerusalem suffered destruction from these later attacks, the outline of the walls remained about the same. Eventually, the walls were rebuilt and the city was well fortified when the Crusaders came to retake Jerusalem from the Fatimid Islamic rulers in 1099. Following the Crusader takeover of Jerusalem, the size of the walled city shrank considerably—even smaller than the Old City walls of today. This was due to the smaller population, more limited resources, and need to rebuild the fortifications to guard against impending attack.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/drivethruhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/History-of-Jerusalem-since-its-Destruction-1-.jpg?ssl=1" style="background: 0px 0px; border-bottom: 0px solid rgb(35, 37, 37); box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><img alt="history-of-jerusalem-since-its-destruction-1" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-3145" data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" height="360" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" src="https://i0.wp.com/drivethruhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/History-of-Jerusalem-since-its-Destruction-1-.jpg?resize=1200%2C675&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/drivethruhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/History-of-Jerusalem-since-its-Destruction-1-.jpg?w=1200&ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/drivethruhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/History-of-Jerusalem-since-its-Destruction-1-.jpg?resize=670%2C377&ssl=1 670w, https://i0.wp.com/drivethruhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/History-of-Jerusalem-since-its-Destruction-1-.jpg?resize=768%2C432&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/drivethruhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/History-of-Jerusalem-since-its-Destruction-1-.jpg?resize=610%2C343&ssl=1 610w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin-bottom: 12px; max-width: 100%;" width="640" /></span></a></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jerusalem was re-conquered by the Islamic Ayyubid dynasty under Saladin in 1187 and some rebuilding was done. Then, over the next three centuries, Jerusalem suffered from various attacks and conquests by the Tartars, Muslims, Crusaders, and probably even suffered from the bubonic plague. During this period, there were various building projects, but no significant expansion of the walls.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Eventually, the Ottoman Turks took the city in 1517 under Suleiman the Magnificent. He rebuilt the city walls, and his layout is what we see today around the “Old City.” These walls continued to be repaired and rebuilt over the 400-year period of Ottoman rule. Today, certain sections of the walls give a visual history of Jerusalem reaching back over 2,000 years.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: center;">So, that’s a brief history of Jerusalem since its destruction during the first century AD. All of these events have left their mark on the “Old City” of Jerusalem you see today. Jerusalem is like no other city in the world with regard to its historical significance. Everywhere you look, there is a story to tell.</span></p><div class="arve" data-mode="normal" data-provider="youtube" id="arve-youtube-f-puhswciuu65de59a8c4bec529666696" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; max-width: 900px; width: 627.604px;"><span class="arve-inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span class="arve-embed arve-embed--has-aspect-ratio" style="aspect-ratio: 16 / 9; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin: 0px; max-height: 100vh; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 627.604px;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" class="arve-iframe fitvidsignore" data-arve="arve-youtube-f-puhswciuu65de59a8c4bec529666696" data-src-no-ap="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/F-pUHSWCIuU?iv_load_policy=3&modestbranding=1&rel=0&autohide=1&playsinline=0&autoplay=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-presentation allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox" scrolling="no" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/F-pUHSWCIuU?iv_load_policy=3&modestbranding=1&rel=0&autohide=1&playsinline=0&autoplay=0" style="border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; bottom: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: 353.021px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 0px; width: 627.604px;"></iframe></span></span></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">History of Jerusalem since its Destruction</span></p></div></article>R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-59874725716610271952024-02-27T16:49:00.005-05:002024-02-27T17:18:53.320-05:00Israel-Palestine conflict: A brief history in maps and charts<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2_56f2iLoZpLB6NR5g_vcD-FbXmbT-uAI3VM4dUwmjadI9_1-zo2_J984dT3yh1k_P0ow3-bSVZhO8PAK-Kqv4Huxl6reYe_FkFKHHnnIUSL2I_yhv7Fc5iB696LunHHOOF_HzRPqshyphenhyphen029HGOPVMOqZGGrvEDO1WqGzfrcfUeiiUYKss1I08FWuPk-8I/s512/Logo%20-%20Aljazera.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2_56f2iLoZpLB6NR5g_vcD-FbXmbT-uAI3VM4dUwmjadI9_1-zo2_J984dT3yh1k_P0ow3-bSVZhO8PAK-Kqv4Huxl6reYe_FkFKHHnnIUSL2I_yhv7Fc5iB696LunHHOOF_HzRPqshyphenhyphen029HGOPVMOqZGGrvEDO1WqGzfrcfUeiiUYKss1I08FWuPk-8I/w200-h200/Logo%20-%20Aljazera.png" width="200" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: var(--main-grey-color); font-family: Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4375rem; font-weight: 700;">EXPLAINER</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: var(--main-grey-color); font-family: Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4375rem; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #595959; display: inline !important; font-family: Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.1875rem; line-height: 1.68; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">News</a>| <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/27/palestine-and-israel-brief-history-maps-and-charts?fbclid=IwAR1XlxEuoir1f30Rw9WXnT558f7tUF77yHDaJmMIKwLRysH-LZkynb5E3X4" style="background-color: white; font-family: Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.1875rem;" target="_blank">Israel War on Gaza</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #595959; font-family: Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.1875rem;"> <-- article link</span></div><p></p><header class="article-header" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 10px 0px 0px; position: relative;"><h1 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 2.5rem; line-height: 1.2; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: center;">Israel-Palestine conflict: A brief history in maps and charts</h1><p class="article__subhead css-1wt8oh6" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #595959; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.5rem; line-height: 1.33; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">As Gaza reels from Israel’s devastating bombardments, here’s a brief history of the conflict using maps and charts.</em></p></header><div class="article-info-block css-ti04u9" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-family: Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; position: relative;"><div class="article-b-l" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(250, 144, 0); border-left: 4px solid rgb(250, 144, 0); border-right: none rgb(250, 144, 0); border-top-color: rgb(250, 144, 0); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 30px 0px 20px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;"><div class="article-author-name" style="border-bottom-color: var(--primary-color); border-left-color: var(--primary-color); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: none; border-top-color: var(--primary-color); border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; flex-flow: wrap; font-size: 1.125rem; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span class="article-by" style="border-left-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; flex-direction: column; font-size: 1.125rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.72; margin: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">By </span><span class="article-author-name-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #595959; line-height: 1.72;"><a class="author-link" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/author/mohammed_haddad_201131616430386826" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #595959; text-decoration-line: none;">Mohammed Haddad</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span>and<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></span></span><span class="article-author-name-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #595959; line-height: 1.72;"><a class="author-link" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/author/alia_chughtai_201358152734192234" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #595959; text-decoration-line: none;">Alia Chughtai</a></span></div><div class="article-dates" style="align-items: flex-start; border-color: rgb(250, 144, 0); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-flow: wrap; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="date-simple css-1yjq2zp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #595959; display: flex; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: unset; position: relative;"><span class="screen-reader-text" style="box-sizing: border-box; clip-path: inset(100%); clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal !important; overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; text-wrap: nowrap; width: 1px;">Published On 27 Nov 2023</span><span aria-hidden="true" style="box-sizing: border-box;">27 Nov 2023</span></div></div></div><div class="social-share-buttons" style="border-color: var(--primary-color); box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: flex; line-height: 0; margin: 30px 0px auto auto;"><div class="update-reading-list" style="align-items: center; border-bottom-color: rgb(150, 150, 150); border-left: rgb(150, 150, 150); border-right: 1px solid rgb(150, 150, 150); border-top-color: rgb(150, 150, 150); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 20px; position: relative;"><svg aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Save to Reading list" class="icon icon--save icon--primary icon--24 update-reading-list__button" role="button" tabindex="0" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.5 24.5"><path d="m17.25 23.25-8-4.889-8 4.889V3.694c0-.648.24-1.27.67-1.728a2.213 2.213 0 0 1 1.616-.716h11.428c.606 0 1.188.258 1.617.716.428.458.669 1.08.669 1.728V23.25Z" fill-rule="evenodd" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2.5" stroke="#000"></path></svg><span aria-live="polite" class="update-reading-list__tooltip" role="tooltip" style="background-color: #1d174e; border-radius: 4px; bottom: 21.9965px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 0.75rem; left: 30.9896px; margin-bottom: 10px; min-width: max-content; padding: 12px 6px; position: absolute; transform: translateX(-50%); visibility: hidden;"></span></div><a aria-label="Share on Facebook" class="social-share-button" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Faje.io%2Fj3n668" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin-right: 20px; position: relative;" target="_blank"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--facebook icon--social icon--24 " version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><path class="icon-main-color" d="M10,0 C4.47714844,0 0,4.47714844 0,10 C0,14.9912891 3.65685547,19.1283203 8.4375,19.8785157 L8.4375,12.890625 L5.8984375,12.890625 L5.8984375,10 L8.4375,10 L8.4375,7.796875 C8.4375,5.290625 9.93042967,3.90625 12.2146484,3.90625 C13.3087305,3.90625 14.453125,4.1015625 14.453125,4.1015625 L14.453125,6.5625 L13.1921484,6.5625 C11.9499023,6.5625 11.5625,7.33333984 11.5625,8.12416016 L11.5625,10 L14.3359375,10 L13.8925782,12.890625 L11.5625,12.890625 L11.5625,19.8785157 C16.3431445,19.1283203 20,14.9912891 20,10 C20,4.47714844 15.5228516,0 10,0 Z"></path></svg></a><a aria-label="Share on Twitter" class="social-share-button" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=A%20brief%20history%20of%20Israel-Palestine%20conflict%20in%2010%20maps&source=sharethiscom&related=sharethis&via=AJEnglish&url=https%3A%2F%2Faje.io%2Fj3n668" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin-right: 20px; position: relative;" target="_blank"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--twitter icon--social icon--24 " version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 26 24"><path class="icon-main-color" d="m.063 0 10.039 13.237L0 24h2.273l8.845-9.423L18.263 24H26L15.397 10.018 24.799 0h-2.273l-8.145 8.678L7.801 0H.062Zm3.344 1.652H6.96l15.695 20.696h-3.554L3.407 1.652Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></a><a aria-label="Copy link" class="social-share-button copylink" href="https://aje.io/j3n668" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; height: fit-content; margin-right: 20px; position: relative;" target="_blank"><span class="copylink__tooltip copylink__tooltip-hidden" style="background-color: #595959; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #f7f7f7; font-size: 0.75rem; left: 10.9896px; min-width: max-content; padding: 12px 6px; position: absolute; top: 32.9861px; transform: translateX(calc(-100% + 11px)); visibility: hidden; z-index: 3;"></span><svg aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--copylink icon--social icon--24 " version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 27 24"><g fill-rule="evenodd" fill="none" id="icon/copy-link" stroke-width="1" stroke="none"><g fill-rule="nonzero" id="Group" transform="translate(-0, -0)"><g id="Group-2"><path d="M10.797994,7.11864407 C12.4600905,7.11864407 14.1223892,7.73771345 15.3907365,8.97664929 C15.7062299,9.2848267 15.8644068,9.68864586 15.8644068,10.0926873 C15.8644068,10.4967287 15.7062299,10.9005479 15.3907365,11.2087253 C15.0733636,11.5187387 14.6572827,11.6733588 14.2413977,11.6733588 C13.8255123,11.6733588 13.4094312,11.518738 13.0920532,11.2087197 C12.4585004,10.5898334 11.6283495,10.279987 10.797994,10.279987 C9.96763876,10.279987 9.13748804,10.589833 8.50393009,11.2087242 L8.50393009,11.2087242 L4.19874019,15.4140202 C3.56329472,16.0347304 3.24599348,16.8482652 3.24603949,17.6616122 C3.24608549,18.4749391 3.56345979,19.2885056 4.19911677,19.9094225 C4.83265699,20.5286679 5.66273905,20.8387088 6.49316627,20.838664 C7.32364492,20.8386192 8.15401994,20.5284563 8.78812044,19.9090598 L8.78812044,19.9090598 L9.64868373,19.0685136 C9.9660541,18.7585027 10.3821517,18.6038657 10.798053,18.6038522 C11.2139549,18.6038388 11.6300482,18.7584471 11.9474184,19.0684579 C12.2629117,19.3766353 12.4210886,19.7804544 12.4210886,20.1844959 C12.4210886,20.5885373 12.2629117,20.9923564 11.9474237,21.3005286 L11.9474237,21.3005286 L11.0868604,22.1410749 C9.81786551,23.3806433 8.15517733,24 6.49291217,24 C4.83058203,24 3.16825004,23.3806018 1.90011968,22.1410749 C0.633652128,20.9039752 0,19.2828366 0,17.6614817 C0,16.0401267 0.633652128,14.4189881 1.90011861,13.1818895 L1.90011861,13.1818895 L6.20525144,8.97664929 C7.47359878,7.73771345 9.13589747,7.11864407 10.797994,7.11864407 Z" id="Path" transform="translate(7.9322, 15.5593) rotate(-360) translate(-7.9322, -15.5593)"></path><path d="M20.7769987,0 C22.3685992,0 23.9598347,0.630645443 25.1739287,1.89052961 C26.3909251,3.15342557 26.9988136,4.80864792 26.9988136,6.46356279 C26.9988136,8.11847767 26.3909251,9.77370001 25.1739296,11.0365951 L25.1739296,11.0365951 L20.3833649,16.0077755 C19.1692602,17.2676708 17.5783272,17.8983051 15.9870372,17.8983051 C14.3957473,17.8983051 12.8048143,17.2676708 11.5907096,16.0077755 C11.2861086,15.6916863 11.1344068,15.2772352 11.1344068,14.8630856 C11.1344068,14.4489361 11.2861086,14.034485 11.5907096,13.7183958 C11.8924188,13.4053075 12.2876898,13.248065 12.6833235,13.248065 C13.0789577,13.248065 13.474229,13.4053082 13.7759429,13.7184014 C14.3865827,14.3520971 15.1869738,14.6682638 15.9870167,14.6682638 C16.7870635,14.6682638 17.5874702,14.3520942 18.1981354,13.7183975 L18.1981354,13.7183975 L22.9887008,8.74715946 C23.5964505,8.11648819 23.900939,7.29016612 23.900939,6.46353438 C23.900939,5.63690264 23.5964505,4.81058057 22.9887008,4.17990929 C22.378016,3.54619219 21.5773105,3.2300413 20.7769781,3.2300413 C19.97665,3.2300413 19.1759601,3.54618893 18.5652994,4.17990631 L18.5652994,4.17990631 L17.0796238,5.72155212 C16.7779146,6.03464043 16.3826435,6.19188292 15.9870099,6.19188292 C15.5913762,6.19188292 15.1961051,6.03464043 14.8943959,5.72155212 C14.5897949,5.40546292 14.4380931,4.99101182 14.4380931,4.57686227 C14.4380931,4.16271273 14.5897949,3.74826163 14.8943931,3.43217541 L14.8943931,3.43217541 L16.3800687,1.89052961 C17.5941627,0.630645443 19.1853982,0 20.7769987,0 Z" id="Path" transform="translate(19.0666, 8.9492) rotate(-360) translate(-19.0666, -8.9492)"></path></g></g></g></svg></a></div></div><div aria-atomic="true" aria-live="polite" class="wysiwyg wysiwyg--all-content css-ibbk12" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: var(--font-family-article-body); font-size: 1.25rem; line-height: 1.5; margin: 7px 0px 30px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Israel’s deadly bombardment of Gaza has killed nearly 15,000 people, including 10,000 women and children, in over 50 days, making it the deadliest war for the besieged Palestinian enclave till date.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Israel has rebuffed calls for a ceasefire as a four-day humanitarian truce comes to an end on November 28. It is unclear whether the truce will be extended.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: 1.25rem;">The devastation of Gaza and the mounting death toll has triggered worldwide protests, bringing the decades-long issue to the centre-stage of global politics.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: var(--font-family); font-size: 2rem;"><b>The Balfour declaration</b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">The Israeli-Palestinian issue goes back nearly a century when Britain, during World War I, pledged to establish a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine under the <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/11/2/more-than-a-century-on-the-balfour-declaration-explained" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0059a5;">Balfour Declaration</a>. British troops took control of the territory from the Ottoman Empire at the end of October 1917.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><img alt="Map of Palestine before the British mandate. " class="aligncenter size-arc-image-770 wp-image-896650" data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" src="https://www.aljazeera.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/palestinebritishmandate.jpeg?w=770&resize=770%2C433&quality=80" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 770px; object-fit: cover; width: 667.031px;" /></p><h2 id="jewish-immigration-to-palestine" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: var(--font-family); font-size: 2rem; line-height: 2.4375rem; margin: 60px 0px 0.6rem;">Jewish immigration to Palestine</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">A large-scale Jewish migration to Palestine began, accelerated by Jewish people fleeing Nazism in Europe. Between 1918 and 1947, the Jewish population in Palestine increased from 6 percent to 33 percent.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Palestinians were alarmed by the demographic change and tensions rose, leading to the <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2003/12/9/the-history-of-palestinian-revolts" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0059a5;">Palestinian revolt</a> from 1936 to 1939.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Meanwhile, Zionist organisations continued to campaign for a homeland for Jews in Palestine. Armed Zionist militias started to attack the Palestinian people, forcing them to flee. Zionism, which emerged as a political ideology in the late 19th century, called for the creation of a Jewish homeland.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><img alt="Chart showing Jewish immigration to Palestine. " class="aligncenter size-arc-image-770 wp-image-896644" data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" src="https://www.aljazeera.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/immigrationchart.jpeg?w=770&resize=770%2C433&quality=80" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 770px; object-fit: cover; width: 667.031px;" /></p><h2 id="the-un-partition-plan" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: var(--font-family); font-size: 2rem; line-height: 2.4375rem; margin: 60px 0px 0.6rem;">The UN Partition Plan</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">As violence ravaged Palestine, the matter was referred to the newly formed United Nations. In 1947, the UN adopted Resolution 181, which called for the partition of Palestine into Arab and Jewish states, handing over about <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/whats-the-israel-palestine-conflict-about-a-simple-guide" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0059a5;">55 percent</a> of the land to Jews. Arabs were granted 45 percent of the land, while Jerusalem was declared a separate internationalised territory.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><img alt="A map showing the division of Palestine based on the UN Resolution 181. " class="aligncenter size-arc-image-770 wp-image-896666" data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" src="https://www.aljazeera.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/partitionplanmap.jpeg?w=770&resize=770%2C433&quality=80" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 770px; object-fit: cover; width: 667.031px;" /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">The city is currently divided between West Jerusalem, which is predominantly Jewish, and East Jerusalem with a majority Palestinian population. Israel captured East Jerusalem after the Six-Day War in 1967 along with the West Bank – a step not recognised by the international community.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: 1.25rem;">The Old City in occupied East Jerusalem holds religious significance for Christians, Muslims, and Jews. It is home to Al-Aqsa Mosque compound, which is known to Muslims as al-Haram al-Sharif and to Jews as Temple Mount.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">In 1981, the UN designated it a World Heritage Site.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><img alt="INTERACTIVE_Jerusalem divided city" class="aligncenter size-arc-image-770 wp-image-2489073" data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" src="https://www.aljazeera.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/INTERACTIVE_Jerusalem-divided-city-1700052915.jpg?w=770&resize=770%2C963&quality=80" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 770px; object-fit: cover; width: 667.031px;" /></p><h2 id="the-nakba" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: var(--font-family); font-size: 2rem; line-height: 2.4375rem; margin: 60px 0px 0.6rem;">The Nakba</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Leading up to Israel’s birth in 1948, more than 750,000 Palestinians were ethnically cleansed from their homes by Zionist militias. This mass exodus came to be known as the <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/15/nakba-mapping-palestinian-villages-destroyed-by-israel-in-1948" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0059a5;">Nakba</a> or catastrophe.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">A further 300,000 Palestinians were <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/6/4/the-naksa-how-israel-occupied-the-whole-of-palestine-in-1967" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0059a5;">displaced</a> by the <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2009/7/13/1967-arab-israeli-war-timeline" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0059a5;">Six-Day War in 1967</a>.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><img alt="The map of Palestinian exodus following the 1948 Arab-Israeli war." class="aligncenter size-arc-image-770 wp-image-896667" data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" src="https://www.aljazeera.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/nakbamap.jpeg?w=770&resize=770%2C433&quality=80" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 770px; object-fit: cover; width: 667.031px;" /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><img alt="A map showing Israeli occupation of Palestinian territory after the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. " class="aligncenter size-arc-image-770 wp-image-896664" data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" src="https://www.aljazeera.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/naksamap.jpeg?w=770&resize=770%2C433&quality=80" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 770px; object-fit: cover; width: 667.031px;" /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Israel declared the annexation of East Jerusalem in 1980, but the international community still considers it an occupied territory. Palestinians want East Jerusalem as the capital of their future state.</p><h2 id="the-oslo-accords" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: var(--font-family); font-size: 2rem; line-height: 2.4375rem; margin: 60px 0px 0.6rem;">The Oslo Accords</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">In 1993, Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin signed the <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/what-were-oslo-accords-israel-palestinians" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0059a5;">Oslo Accords</a>, which aimed to achieve peace within five years. It was the first time the two sides recognised each other.</p><div class="container--ads in-article-ads" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; padding: 0px 0px 30px; text-align: center;"><div class="ads" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="ads__slot" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="freestar-ads" id="div-gpt-ad-466845050220" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></div></div></div></div></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">A second agreement in 1995 divided the occupied West Bank into three parts – Area A, B and C. The Palestinian Authority, which was created in the wake of the Oslo Accords, was offered only limited rule on 18 percent of the land as Israel effectively continued to control the West Bank.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><img alt="Maps showing the distribution of the occupied West Bank after the Oslo Accords were signed." class="aligncenter size-arc-image-770 wp-image-896663" data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" src="https://www.aljazeera.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/oslomap.jpeg?w=770&resize=770%2C433&quality=80" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 770px; object-fit: cover; width: 667.031px;" /></p><h2 id="israeli-settlements-and-checkpoints" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: var(--font-family); font-size: 2rem; line-height: 2.4375rem; margin: 60px 0px 0.6rem;">Israeli settlements and checkpoints</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">However, the Oslo Accords slowly broke down as <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/6/who-are-israeli-settlers-and-why-do-they-live-on-palestinian-lands" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0059a5;">Israeli settlements</a>, Jewish communities built on Palestinian land in the West Bank, grew at a rapid pace.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/6/who-are-israeli-settlers-and-why-do-they-live-on-palestinian-lands" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0059a5;">The settlement population</a> in the West Bank and East Jerusalem grew from approximately 250,000 in 1993 to up to 700,000 in September this year. About three million Palestinians live in the occupied West Bank and East Jerusalem.</p><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-2113556" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_2113556" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #595959; font-family: var(--font-family); font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 30px; max-width: 770px; width: 770px;"><img alt="INTERACTIVE Occupied West Bank Palestine Israeli settlements" class="size-arc-image-770 wp-image-2113556" data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" src="https://www.aljazeera.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/INTERACTIVE-Occupied-West-Bank-Palestine-Israeli-settlements.png?w=770&resize=770%2C770&quality=80" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; width: 667.031px;" /><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-2113556" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 0px;">(Al Jazeera)</figcaption></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">The building of Israeli settlements and a <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2020/7/8/in-pictures-israels-illegal-separation-wall-still-divides" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0059a5;">separation wall</a> on occupied territories has fragmented the the Palestinian communities and restricted their mobility. About 700 road obstacles, including 140 checkpoints, dot the West Bank. About 70,000 Palestinians with Israeli work permits cross these checkpoints in their daily commute.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://remix.aljazeera.com/aje/PalestineRemix/settlement.html" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0059a5;">Settlements</a> are considered <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/20/un-chief-tells-israel-to-halt-illegal-settlements-in-palestine" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0059a5;">illegal under international law</a>. The UN has condemned settlements, calling it <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/8/30/un-israel-settlements-big-hurdle-to-two-state-solution" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0059a5;">a big hurdle</a> in the realisation of a viable Palestinian state as part of the so-called <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/program/inside-story/2023/11/25/is-a-two-state-solution-for-israel-and-palestine-still-possible" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0059a5;">“two-state solution”</a>.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><img alt="INTERACTIVE_Checkpoints in West Bank" class="aligncenter size-arc-image-770 wp-image-2489070" data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" src="https://www.aljazeera.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/INTERACTIVE_Checkpoints-in-West-Bank-1700052898.jpg?w=770&resize=770%2C770&quality=80" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 770px; object-fit: cover; width: 667.031px;" /></p><h2 id="blockade-of-gaza" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: var(--font-family); font-size: 2rem; line-height: 2.4375rem; margin: 60px 0px 0.6rem;">Blockade of Gaza</h2><p id="israel-imposed-a-blockade-on-gaza-in-2007-which-continues-till-date-as-it-also-occupies-the-west-bank-and-east-jerusalem-the-territories-palestinians-want-to-be-part-of-their-future-state" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Israel imposed a blockade on Gaza in 2007 after the Hamas group came to power. The siege continues till date. Israel also occupies the West Bank and East Jerusalem – the territories Palestinians want to be part of their future state.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Israel imposed <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel-announces-total-blockade-on-gaza" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0059a5;">a total blockade</a> on the Gaza Strip on October 9, cutting its supplies of electricity, food, water, and fuel in the wake of <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/what-happened-in-israel-a-breakdown-of-how-the-hamas-attack-unfolded" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0059a5;">a surprise Hamas attack</a> inside Israel. At least 1,200 people were killed in that attack.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><img alt="INTERACTIVE Gaza 16 years of living under blockade-OCT9-2023" class="size-arc-image-770 wp-image-2395099" data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" src="https://www.aljazeera.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/INTERACTIVE-Gaza-15-years-of-living-under-blockade-OCT9-2023-1696850314.png?w=770&resize=770%2C770&quality=80" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; width: 667.031px;" /></p><h2 id="israel-and-palestine-now" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: var(--font-family); font-size: 2rem; line-height: 2.4375rem; margin: 60px 0px 0.6rem;">Israel and Palestine now</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">This is what Israel and Palestine look like now.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><img alt="INTERACTIVE_Size of Palestine and Israel" class="aligncenter size-arc-image-770 wp-image-2489075" data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" src="https://www.aljazeera.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/INTERACTIVE_Size-of-Palestine-and-Israel-1700052923.jpg?w=770&resize=770%2C770&quality=80" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 770px; object-fit: cover; width: 667.031px;" /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Today, about 5 million Palestinians live in Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem and 1.6 million Palestinians are citizens of Israel. This makes up about half of their total population. The other half lives in other countries, including Arab countries. There are about 14.7 million Jews around the world today, of which 84 percent live in Israel and the United States. The rest live in other countries including France, Canada, Argentina and Russia.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><img alt="INTERACTIVE_Where are the Palestinians today" class="aligncenter size-arc-image-770 wp-image-2489080" data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" src="https://www.aljazeera.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/INTERACTIVE_Where-are-the-Palestinians-today-1700052941.jpg?w=770&resize=770%2C770&quality=80" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 770px; object-fit: cover; width: 667.031px;" /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><img alt="INTERACTIVE_Where are the Jews today" class="aligncenter size-arc-image-770 wp-image-2489078" data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" src="https://www.aljazeera.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/INTERACTIVE_Where-are-the-Jews-today-1700052932.jpg?w=770&resize=770%2C770&quality=80" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 770px; object-fit: cover; width: 667.031px;" /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Here is an account of Palestinian and Israeli lives lost to the violence between 2008 and 2023.</p><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-2516895" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_2516895" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #595959; font-family: var(--font-family); font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 30px; max-width: 770px; width: 770px;"><img alt="Interactive_Human_Cost_Israel_Palestine_2008-2023" class="size-arc-image-770 wp-image-2516895" data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" src="https://www.aljazeera.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Interactive_Human_Cost_Israel_Palestine_2008-2023-01-1701088217.jpg?w=770&resize=770%2C770&quality=80" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; width: 667.031px;" /><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-2516895" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 0px;">(Al Jazeera)</figcaption></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.25rem; font-weight: bolder;">Data compiled by Sarah Shamim</em></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif !important; hyphens: auto; margin: 0.5rem 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: #595959; font-family: Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase;">SOURCE: <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/27/palestine-and-israel-brief-history-maps-and-charts?fbclid=IwAR1XlxEuoir1f30Rw9WXnT558f7tUF77yHDaJmMIKwLRysH-LZkynb5E3X4" target="_blank">AL JAZEERA</a></span></p></div>R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-83652892208737643292024-02-27T16:43:00.002-05:002024-02-27T17:19:01.514-05:00Implementing a Process Language of Love and Removing Nationalized Attitudes of World Domination<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhAGTGq-U7CWTZqia28tDJWBmQcjmlj95Ix1xiR0nJ8GUYKjwj3wVzPVz9xBJm7bjSFR5-R1Ih6ImRczFuJSQE0QiB7i2e2GjitKhDjlCiOw1nEoZZ-7JWBvmV0LOO60E7EfvftOLwe2M4PYaKgLKRZpT7WtwURpjxgSR6o4XsiKKRKPIAZgjHiHuh52m_5" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="225" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhAGTGq-U7CWTZqia28tDJWBmQcjmlj95Ix1xiR0nJ8GUYKjwj3wVzPVz9xBJm7bjSFR5-R1Ih6ImRczFuJSQE0QiB7i2e2GjitKhDjlCiOw1nEoZZ-7JWBvmV0LOO60E7EfvftOLwe2M4PYaKgLKRZpT7WtwURpjxgSR6o4XsiKKRKPIAZgjHiHuh52m_5" width="240" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">Implementing a Process Language of Love</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">and Removing Nationalized Attitudes of World Domination</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">by R.E. Slater</span></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">It began with <b>Britain's Balfour declaration</b> when British troops took control of the territory of the Ottoman Empire in Oct 1917 and ceded it to the Jews fleeing Nazism in Europe between 1918 and 1947. The Zionist churches of Britain and attitudes of the English people <u>discounted the Palestinians living there and forced them out of their homes, towns, mosques, and businesses. Thus began a forced exile of the Palestinians under Zionist rule calling for the creation of a Jewish homeland</u>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">From centuries past the European powers of Portugal, Spain, Italy, France, Britain, Germany, Prussia, and the Netherlands were never very good at being friendly neighbors whether to each other or to the peoples of the world. What they wanted they took <i>without one wit of care</i> at the harm and death of those came under their rule. This same attitude carried over into America as it bought African Slaves from the plundering European nations and rolled-over all the Native Americans spread across North America even as Britain, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and the Netherlands did the same across the cultural tribes of the Caribbean island nations, including Central and South Americas.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">It was known as <b>the great "New World Order"</b> where <u>territorial conquest ran rampant around the globe and the hegemony of colonialization disrupted, dispossessed and discontinued any tribal or non-modern nations too weak to hold back any superpower nation conspiring to seize territory, grab land-bound resources, and become rich</u> at the expense of the unfortunate tribe or people <b>conquered in the name of Flag, Country, Religion, or Creed.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Unfortunately, <b>Palestine and the entire Middle East were flooded by European powers in profiting from conquered territory</b>. Once they were subjugated it was at the conquering power's leave to divided and subjugate, oppress or help. This is not unlike later day Russia or China - and by Japan and America - when re-seizing lands taken by unjust colonializing powers. However, in America's case, we came to help release people from subjugation during the ensuing century of decolonialization (or, post-colonialization) but then stayed to help the people profit from their land by bringing in multinational conglomerates... which, I would wager, profited America more readily than it did the populace of those countries.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Paying for protection or paying for capitalization will also cost the have nots vs the haves. Equality has not been considered in fair trade and capitalization even as I and others would hope this becomes more of a reality should nations<u> learn to cooperate and share resources</u> with one another under <b>an ecologically-driven society.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">So the Palestine problem goes centuries back to the early days of colonization when global powers around the world expanded their territories by seizure and conquest. Many feel that is now that all powers cease their destruction and begin to recognize the civil liberalties and equality of rights which all nations inherently have as bonded servants to larger powers.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">That this old mindset of <i>conquer or be conquered</i> be removed from our thinking and that peace and goodwill become the new standard for nation building regardless of difference religiously, culturally, racially, sexually or gender, and through moving to a Whiteheadian philosophy of comprehensive and loving incorporation of one to the other, we may more from a godless, heathen attitude of fear, hate, and anger to one promise help and continue care for one another. Let us become peacemakers, throw down our weapons, and learn to embrace and see one another in need and in peril. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Peace,</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: medium;">R.E. Slater</span></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>February 27, 2024</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Global Ethics in 2 Minutes</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 22, 2018</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qZZDsKyOEUo" width="320" youtube-src-id="qZZDsKyOEUo"></iframe></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote>Global Ethics - this term sounds big and complicated. In fact the message is simple: There already is a set of common values that all humans share. This clip shows the story of the "Global Ethic Project" - in only 2 minutes!</blockquote></div></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiLH5Pd_MfGCE1zYh4er9FjIRRaNmlyy-sOZe4WUclA5ICvrNaFZ892q9uWohUsnFXZCqrPBrgF_SojGz6L2vPb3NUDTA_I6HH1fkqyPGb4Kyqw79X5ueVrfFdCDqc7tFi0_H5nPVW_HynDGkxyMbvryhT2XzphpCF94G9rqfrAu8QlD5Q1LPGXVB8SyNuD" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="798" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiLH5Pd_MfGCE1zYh4er9FjIRRaNmlyy-sOZe4WUclA5ICvrNaFZ892q9uWohUsnFXZCqrPBrgF_SojGz6L2vPb3NUDTA_I6HH1fkqyPGb4Kyqw79X5ueVrfFdCDqc7tFi0_H5nPVW_HynDGkxyMbvryhT2XzphpCF94G9rqfrAu8QlD5Q1LPGXVB8SyNuD=w213-h320" width="213" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Code-Global-Ethics-Humanist-Principles/dp/1616141727" target="_blank">amazon link</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">The Code for Global Ethics: Ten Humanist Principles</span></b></div></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Hardcover – April 27, 2010</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br />by Rodrigue Tremblay (Author), Paul Kurtz (Preface)</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Humanists have long contended that morality is a strictly human concern and should be independent of religious creeds and dogma. This principle was clearly articulated in the two Humanist Manifestos issued in the mid-twentieth century and in Humanist Manifesto 2000, which appeared at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Now this code for global ethics further elaborates ten humanist principles designed for a world community that is growing ever closer together. In the face of the obvious challenges to international stability-from nuclear proliferation, environmental degradation, economic turmoil, and reactionary and sometimes violent religious movements-a code based on the "natural dignity and inherent worth of all human beings" is needed more than ever. In separate chapters the author delves into the issues surrounding these ten humanist principles: preserving individual dignity and equality, respecting life and property, tolerance, sharing, preventing domination of others, eliminating superstition, conserving the natural environment, resolving differences cooperatively without resort to violence or war, political and economic democracy, and providing for universal education. This forward-looking, optimistic, and eminently reasonable discussion of humanist ideals makes an important contribution to laying the foundations for a just and peaceable global community.</span></div></blockquote><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"></div></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>* * * * * * *</span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><u>World domination</u></span></b></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a><br /><br /></span><div aria-labelledby="firstHeading" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" data-mw-ve-target-container="" id="bodyContent" style="grid-area: content; line-height: var(--line-height-medium); position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div class="mw-body-content" id="mw-content-text" style="margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" dir="ltr" lang="en"><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>World domination</b> (also called <b>global domination</b> or <b>world conquest</b> or <b>cosmocracy</b>) is a hypothetical <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_structure" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Power structure">power structure</a>, either achieved or aspired to, in which a single political authority holds the power over all or virtually all the inhabitants of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Earth">Earth</a>. Various individuals or regimes have tried to achieve this goal throughout history, without ever attaining it. The theme has been often used in works of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fiction">fiction</a>, particularly in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_fiction" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Political fiction">political fiction</a>, as well as in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> (which may posit that some person or group has already secretly achieved this goal), particularly those fearing the development of a "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a>" involving a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_government" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World government">world government</a> of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> nature.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Camp_1997_1-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-Camp_1997-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Berlet_and_Lyons_2000_2-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-Berlet_and_Lyons_2000-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Goldberg_2001_3-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-Goldberg_2001-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Barkun_2003_4-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-Barkun_2003-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fenster_2008_5-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-Fenster_2008-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></span></div><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">History</span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of largest empires">List of largest empires</a></span></div><figure style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: right; color: #202122; display: table; float: right; line-height: 0; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; min-width: 100px; text-align: center;" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Empire_1921.png" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; display: block; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="625" data-file-width="1425" decoding="async" height="160" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/364px-British_Empire_1921.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/546px-British_Empire_1921.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/728px-British_Empire_1921.png 2x" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 3px; vertical-align: middle;" width="364" /></span></a><figcaption style="border-bottom-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; caption-side: bottom; display: table-caption; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 6px 6px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921</span></figcaption></figure><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">While various empires over the course of history have been able to expand and dominate large parts of the world, none have come close to conquering all the territory on Earth. However, these empires have had a global impact in cultural and economic terms that is still felt today. Some of the largest and more prominent empires include:</span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #202122; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> was the post-Republican state of ancient Rome</b> and is generally understood to mean the period and territory ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 31 BC. It included territory in Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, and was ruled by emperors. The fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 conventionally marks the end of classical antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages.</span></li></ul><ul style="background-color: white; color: #202122; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></b>, which in the 13th century under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> came to control the largest continuous land empire in the world, spanning from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. It eventually fractured and ended with the fall of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, which was established by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>. It reached its greatest extent in 1309, when it controlled the region through which the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> trade route ran.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></b>, originating under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> was the largest empire in history. By 1921, the British Empire reached its height and dominated a quarter of the globe, controlling territory on each <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continent" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Continent">continent</a>. The empire went through a long period of decline and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonization" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> following the end of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, which had brought it close to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a>, until it ceased to be a dominant force in world affairs. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="English language">English</a> is still the official language in many countries, most of which were former British colonies, and is widely spoken as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="English as a second or foreign language">second language</a> around the world. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> that took place in the United Kingdom from the 18th century was spread to the rest of the globe through the expansion of the British Empire, enabling the development of an industrialized global economy.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></b>, which controlled vast areas of Eurasia stretching from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_region" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a> to Russian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, reaching its largest extent in 1895. The empire collapsed during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_Revolution" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> in 1917, which saw <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Tsar Nicholas II</a> abdicate. The cultural and economic unity of the Russian Empire allowed the rise of its successor state, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Superpower">superpower</a> whose military strength and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marxism–Leninism">ideology</a> were major forces in global politics during the 20th century. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a> remains one of the few nations to pursue its goals through <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">territorial conquest</a> in the 21st century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><figure class="mw-default-size" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: right; display: table; float: right; line-height: 0; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; min-width: 100px; text-align: center;" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_119.jpg" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; display: block; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="2000" data-file-width="1672" decoding="async" height="263" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Peter_Paul_Rubens_119.jpg/220px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_119.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Peter_Paul_Rubens_119.jpg/330px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_119.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Peter_Paul_Rubens_119.jpg/440px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_119.jpg 2x" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 3px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></b></span></a><figcaption style="border-bottom-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; caption-side: bottom; display: table-caption; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 6px 6px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_Spain" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charles I of Spain">Charles I of Spain and V of the Holy Roman Empire</a> with an allegation of being a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_monarchy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Universal monarchy">Universal monarch</a> who was near to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominium_mundi" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dominium mundi">Dominium mundi</a></b></span></figcaption></figure><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Union" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a></b>, which controlled vast areas of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Americas">America</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Africa">Africa</a> and some parts of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Asia">Asia</a>. The empire collapsed in a process that started in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. It was the first global empire in human history, being the first one who was referred to as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_empire_on_which_the_sun_never_sets" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The empire on which the sun never sets">The empire on which the sun never sets</a> and having pretensions (specially during the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Habsburg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spanish Habsburg">Spanish Habsburg</a>) to being the secular leaders of the worldwide <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> and the sword of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pope">Pope</a> against their opponents, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protestant Reformers">Protestant Reformers</a> on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Europe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regalism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Regalism">Regalism</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a>, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_world" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</a> (mostly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> on <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>), the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paganism">Pagans</a> from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Indies" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>, and all the enemies of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mission" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian mission">Christian mission</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Evangelism">Evangelise</a> all the World.</div></span></li></ul><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">By the early 21st century, wars of territorial conquest were uncommon and the world's nations could attempt to resolve their differences through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilateralism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Multilateralism">multilateral</a> diplomacy under the auspices of global organizations like the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>. The world's superpowers and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_superpower" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Potential superpower">potential superpowers</a> rarely attempt to exert global influence through the types of territorial empire-building seen in history, but the influence of historical empires is still important and the idea of world domination is still socially and culturally relevant.</span></p><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Social_and_political_ideologies">Social and political ideologies</span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_government" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World government">World government</a></span></div><figure class="mw-halign-right" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: right; color: #202122; display: table; float: right; line-height: 0; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; min-width: 100px; text-align: center;" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Achaemenid_Empire_(flat_map).svg" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; display: block; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="442" data-file-width="672" decoding="async" height="162" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Achaemenid_Empire_%28flat_map%29.svg/247px-Achaemenid_Empire_%28flat_map%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Achaemenid_Empire_%28flat_map%29.svg/371px-Achaemenid_Empire_%28flat_map%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Achaemenid_Empire_%28flat_map%29.svg/494px-Achaemenid_Empire_%28flat_map%29.svg.png 2x" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 3px; vertical-align: middle;" width="247" /></span></a><figcaption style="border-bottom-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; caption-side: bottom; display: table-caption; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 6px 6px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">By 500 BC, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Great" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> had created <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Achaemenid Empire">the largest empire up until that time</a>, but it was still only a fraction of the land and people of the Earth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></span></figcaption></figure><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Historically, world domination has been thought of in terms of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nation">nation</a> expanding its power to the point that all other nations are subservient to it. This may be achieved by establishing a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a>, an indirect form of government and of imperial dominance in which the <i>hegemon</i> (leading state) controls geopolitically subordinate states by means of its implied power—by the threat of force, rather than by direct military force. However, domination can also be achieved by direct military force.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The title of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Universe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="King of the Universe">King of the Universe</a> appeared in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ancient Mesopotamia"><b>Ancient Mesopotamia</b></a> as a title of great prestige claiming world domination, being used by powerful monarchs, starting with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian emperor</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon</a> (2334–2284 BC) and it was used in a succession of later empires claiming symbolical descent from Sargon's Akkadian Empire.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-:0-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> During the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period</a> in Mesopotamia (c. 2900–2350 BC), the rulers of the various city-states (the most prominent being <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ur">Ur</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagash" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lagash">Lagash</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umma" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Umma">Umma</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>) in the region would often launch invasions into regions and cities far from their own, at most times with negligible consequences for themselves, in order to establish temporary and small empires to either gain or keep a superior position relative to the other city-states. Eventually this quest to be more prestigious and powerful than the other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="City-state">city-states</a> resulted in a general ambition for universal rule. Since <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> was equated to correspond to the entire world and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> cities had been built far and wide (cities the like of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Susa">Susa</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari,_Syria" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Assur">Assur</a> were located near the perceived corners of the world) it seemed possible to reach the edges of the world (at this time thought to be the lower sea, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Persian Gulf">Persian gulf</a>, and the upper sea, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The title <i>šar kiššatim</i> was perhaps most prominently used by the kings of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>, more than a thousand years after the fall of the Akkadian Empire.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">After taking <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> and defeat the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a>,<b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a></b> proclaimed himself "<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Babylon" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="King of Babylon">king of Babylon</a>, king of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkad</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Four_Corners_of_the_World" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="King of the Four Corners of the World">king of the four corners of the world</a>" in the famous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a>, an inscription deposited in the foundations of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esagila" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Esagila">Esagila</a> temple dedicated to the chief <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">Babylonian god</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>. Cyrus the Great's dominions composed the largest empire the world had ever seen to that point, spanning from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelles" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a> in the west to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> in the east <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian philosophy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_literature" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Persian literature">literature</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranic_religions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Iranic religions">religion</a> played dominant roles in world events for the next millennium, like the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a> as the oldest-known declaration of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human rights">human rights</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> Before <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> and his army crossed the river <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aras_River" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aras River">Araxes</a> to battle with the Armenians, he installed his son <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambyses_II" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a> as king in case he should not return from battle.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott200914–15_13-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott200914%E2%80%9315-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> However, once Cyrus had crossed the Aras River, he had a vision in which <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Great" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Darius the Great">Darius</a> had wings atop his shoulders and stood upon the confines of Europe and Asia (the known world). When Cyrus awoke from the dream, he inferred it as a great danger to the future security of the empire, as it meant that Darius would one day rule the whole world. However, his son Cambyses was the heir to the throne, not Darius, causing Cyrus to wonder if Darius was forming treasonable and ambitious designs. This led Cyrus to order Hystaspes to go back to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Persis">Persis</a> and watch over his son strictly, until Cyrus himself returned.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott200915–16_14-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott200915%E2%80%9316-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> In many <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> inscriptions, like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a>, Darius the Great denote his achievements, he presents himself as a devout believer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, perhaps even convinced that he had a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Divine right of kings">divine right</a> to rule over the world,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce197954–55_15-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce197954%E2%80%9355-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> believing that because he lived <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righteousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Righteousness">righteously</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asha" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Asha">Asha</a>, Ahura Mazda supported him as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Virtue">Virtuos</a> monarch<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce197955_16-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce197955-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> and appointed him to rule the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> and their global projection,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi199441–50_17-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi199441%E2%80%9350-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> while believing that each rebellion in his kingdom was the work of druj, the enemy of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asha" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Asha">Asha</a>, due to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualist</a> beliefs.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the 4th century BCE, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alexander the Great"><b>Alexander the Great</b></a> notably expressed a desire to conquer the world,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup> and a legend persists that after he completed his military conquest of the known <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_world" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ancient world">ancient world</a>, he "wept because he had no more worlds to conquer",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> as he was unaware of China farther to the east and had no way to know about civilizations in the Americas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">After the collapse of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a>, <b>the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></b> appeared with claims to world rule in their <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_ideology&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #d73333; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Imperial ideology (page does not exist)">imperial ideology</a>, as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I Soter</a> claimed the ancient Mesopotamian title <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Universe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="King of the Universe">King of the Universe</a>. However, it didn't reflect realistic Seleucid imperial ambitions at this point after the treaty of peace of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a> with the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauryans" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mauryans">Mauryans</a> had set a limit to eastern expansion, and Antiochus ceding the lands west of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonids</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-:0-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indosphere" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharata_Chakravartin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bharata Chakravartin">Bharata Chakravartin</a> was the first <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakravartin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chakravartin">chakravartin</a></i> (universal emperor, ruler of rulers or possessor of <i>chakra</i>) of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avasarpini" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Avasarpini">Avasarpini</a> (present half time cycle as per <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jain cosmology">Jain cosmology</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup> In a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jainism">Jain</a> legend, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yasasvati_Devi&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #d73333; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yasasvati Devi (page does not exist)">Yasasvati Devi</a>, senior-most queen of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishabhanatha" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a> (first Jain <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankara" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tirthankara">tirthankara</a></i>), saw four <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auspicious_dreams" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auspicious dreams">auspicious dreams</a> one night. She saw the sun and the moon, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Meru" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mount Meru">Mount Meru</a>, the lake with swans, earth and the ocean. Rishabhanatha explained her that these dreams meant that a <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakravartin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chakravartin">chakravartin</a></i> ruler will be born to them who will conquer whole of the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:2_23-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-:2-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup> Then, Bharata, a <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshatriya" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></i> from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikshvaku_dynasty" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ikshvaku dynasty">Ikshvaku dynasty</a>, was born to them on the ninth day of the dark half of the month of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitra" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chaitra">Chaitra</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:2_23-1" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-:2-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup></i> He is said to have conquered all the six parts of the world, during his <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digvijaya_(conquest)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Digvijaya (conquest)">digvijaya</a></i> (winning six divisions of earth in all directions), and to have engaged in a fight with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahubali" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bahubali">Bahubali</a>, his brother, to conquer the last remaining city.<b> The ancient name of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="India">India</a> was named "Bhāratavarsha" or "Bhārata" or "Bharata-bhumi" after him</b>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> In the Hindu text, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanda_Purana" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a> (chapter 37) it is stated that <i>"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishabhanatha" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a> was the son of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabhi" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nabhi">Nabhiraja</a>, and Rishabha had a son named Bharata, and after the name of this Bharata, this country is known as Bharata-varsha."</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> After completing his world-conquest, he is said to have proceeded for his capital Ayodhyapuri with a huge army and the divine <i><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chakra-ratna&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #d73333; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chakra-ratna (page does not exist)">chakra-ratna</a></i> (spinning, disk-like super weapon with serrated edges).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> Also, there's a legend of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikramaditya" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vikramaditya">Maharaj Vikramaditya</a>'s Empire,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup> which spread across <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="East Asia">East Asia</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> (reaching even modern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup> as a great <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> world emperor (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakravarti_(Sanskrit_term)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)">Chakravarti</a>), probably inspiring the imperial pretensions of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandragupta_II" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta II</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandagupta" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Skandagupta">Skandagupta</a>, as the term <i>Vikramaditya</i> is also used as a title by several <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_monarchs" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of Indian monarchs">Hindu monarchs</a>. According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._N._Oak" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="P. N. Oak">P.N. Oak</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Knapp" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stephen Knapp">Stephen Knapp</a>, king Vikrama’s empire extended up to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Europe">Europe</a> and whole <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambudweep" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jambudweep">Jambudweep</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Asia">Asia</a>) . But, according to most historical texts, his kingdom was located in the present-day northern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="India">India</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, implying that the historic Vikramaditya only ruled on <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharata_Khanda" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bharata Khanda">Bharat</a> until <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indus River">River Indus</a> as per <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a>. So, there is no epigraphic evidence to suggest that his rule extended to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> (Sources of contemporary empires, like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parthia">Parthians</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kushan Empire">Kushans</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chinese empire">Chinese</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanids</a>) don't mention an empire ruling from Arabia to Indonesia), and that part of his rule is considered to be legend rather than historical fact, lying in the fact that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_religions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indian religions">Indic religious</a> conceptions of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian sub-continent</a> as being <i>"the world"</i> (as how the term <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambudv%C4%ABpa" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jambudvīpa">Jambudvipa</a> is used broadly to the same), and how that translates into folk memories. However, the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somadeva" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Somadeva">Somadeva's</a> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathasaritsagara" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kathasaritsagara">Kathasaritasagara</a></i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> has pretensions of world ruling, as performing some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mysticism">mystic</a> ritual and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Virtue">virtues</a> would be a signal of becoming emperor of the whole world, as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> has a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_law" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Universal law">universal jurisdiction</a> in all the cosmos. In which there was a time when King <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yudhishthira" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhisthira</a> ruled over "the world". As From <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Auciratha&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #d73333; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Śuciratha (page does not exist)">Śuciratha</a> will come the son named <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADim%C4%81n&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #d73333; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vṛṣṭimān (page does not exist)">Vṛṣṭimān</a>, and his son, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Su%E1%B9%A3e%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #d73333; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Suṣeṇa (page does not exist)">Suṣeṇa</a>, will be the emperor of the entire world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup> Also there are signs in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%81%E1%B9%87abha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bāṇabhaṭṭa">Bāṇabhaṭṭa</a> that will shall arise an emperor named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsha" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Harsha">Harsha</a>, who will rule over all the continents like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harishchandra" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Harishchandra">Harishchandra</a>, who will conquer the world like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandhatri" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mandhatri">Mandhatr</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup> But, the world, in the time of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> in the 12th millennium BCE and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> in the 5th millennium BCE was only India. Some <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pan-indian_empires&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #d73333; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pan-indian empires (page does not exist)">pan-indian empires</a>, like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>, were seeking the world domination (first of the known ancient world by indian in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a>, and then enter in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">conflict</a> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>), as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ashoka">Ashoka the great</a> was a devout <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> and wanted to stablish it as a world religion. Also, the first references to a <i>Chakravala Chakravartin</i> (an emperor who rules over all four of the continents) appear in monuments from the time of the early Maurya Empire, in the 4th to 3rd century BCE, in reference to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> and his grandson Ashoka.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>On the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinosphere" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></b>, one of the consequences of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a> in<b> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_China" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a></b> was the claim of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_China" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a> as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_Heaven" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Son of Heaven">Son of Heaven</a> who ruled <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianxia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tianxia">tianxia</a></i> (meanint "all under heaven", closely associated with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Civilization">civilization</a> and order in classical Chinese philosophy), which in English can be transliterated as "ruler of the whole world",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup> being equivalent to the concept of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_monarchy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Universal monarchy">universal monarch</a>. The title was interpreted literally only in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="China">China</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Japan">Japan</a>, whose monarchs were referred to as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demigod" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Demigod">demigods</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Deity">deities</a>, or "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Deity">living gods</a>", chosen by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chinese folk religion">the gods and goddesses of heaven</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup> The theory, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> bureaucracy, behind this was that the Chinese emperor acted as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Autocracy">autocrat</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianxia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tianxia">all under Heaven</a> and held a mandate to rule over everyone else in the world; but only as long as he served the people well. If the quality of rule became questionable because of repeated natural disasters such as flood or famine, or for other reasons, then rebellion was justified. This important concept legitimized the dynastic cycle or the change of dynasties. The center of this world view was not exclusionary in nature, and outer groups, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ethnic minorities in China">ethnic minorities</a> and foreign people, who accepted the mandate of the Chinese Emperor (through annexation or being <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary_system_of_China" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tributary system of China">Tributary state of China</a>) were themselves received and included into the Chinese <i>tianxia (</i>in which equates <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="China">China</a> as "everything under the sky")<i>,</i> as it presupposed "inclusion of all" and implied acceptance of the world's diversities, emphasizing harmonious reciprocal dependence and ruled by virtue as a means for lasting peace.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup> Although in practice there would be areas of the known world which were not under the control of the Chinese monarch ("<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian#China" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a>"), in Chinese political theory the rulers of those areas derived their power from the Chinese monarch (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinocentrism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sinocentrism">Sinocentrism</a>). This principle was exemplified with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang's</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang%27s_war_of_unification" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Qin Shi Huang's war of unification">goal</a> to "unify all under Heaven", which was, in fact, representative of his desire to control and expand Chinese territory to act as an actual geographic entity, as consecuence of existing many of feudal states that had shared cultural and economic interests, so the concept of a great nation centered on the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_River_Plain" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yellow River Plain">Yellow River Plain</a> (the known world, both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> or Non-Han in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua%E2%80%93Yi_distinction" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hua–Yi distinction">Hua–Yi distinction</a>) gradually expanded and the equivalence of <i>tianxia</i> with the Chinese nation evolved due to the feudal practice of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feoffment" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Feoffment">conferring land</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup> </span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>For the emperors of the central kingdom of China, the world can be roughly divided into two broad and simple categories: civilization and non-civilization</b>, which means the people who have accepted the emperor's supremacy, the Heavenly virtue and its principle, and the people who have not accepted it; then, they recognized their country as the only true civilization in all respects, starting with their geography and including all the known world in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Celestial Empire">Celestial Empire</a>. China's neighbors were obliged to pay their respects to the 'excellent' Chinese emperors within these boundaries on a regular basis. It can be said that this was the most important element of the East Asian order, which was implicit in the name of Celestial Empire in the past.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-40" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup> In the 7th century during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, some northern tribes of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> origin, after being made vassal (as consecuence of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks</a>), referred to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong</a> as the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_of_Heaven" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Khan of Heaven">Khan of Heaven</a>". Also The Chinese emperor exercised power over the surrounding dynasty under the name of Celestial Empire. Especially in the case of kings of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Korea" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ancient Korea">ancient Korea</a>, it was the subject of the Chinese emperor. The idea of the absolute authority of the Chinese emperor and the extension of <i>tianxia</i> by the assimilation of vassal states began to fade with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_Wars" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Opium Wars">Opium Wars</a>, as China was made to refer to Great Britain as a "sovereign nation", equal to itself, it to establish <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zongli Yamen">a foreign affairs bureau</a> and accommodate to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Westphalian sovereignty">Westphalian sovereignty</a> of Western nations' system of international affairs during <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Imperialism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a>.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>On </b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sasanian Empire"><b>Sasanian Empir</b>e</a>, the use of the mythological <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayanian_dynasty" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kayanian dynasty">Kayanian</a> title of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_(title)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kay (title)">kay</a></i>, first used by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> and reached its zenith under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroz_I" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a>, was due to a shift in the political perspective of the Sasanian Empire. Originally disposed towards the west against their rivals from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, this now changed to the east against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephthalites" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a>. The war against the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Huns">Hunnic tribes</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Huns" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Iranian Huns">Iranian Huns</a>) may have awakened the mythical rivalry existing between the Iranian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayanian_dynasty" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kayanian dynasty">Kayanian</a> rulers (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_mythology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Persian mythology">mythical kings</a> of the legendary <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avesta" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Avesta">Avestan</a> dynasty) and their Turanian enemies, which is demonstrated in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younger_Avesta" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Younger Avesta">Younger Avesta</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_41-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-:1-41" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup> Based on the legend of the Iranian hero-king <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fereydun" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fereydun">Fereydun</a> (Frēdōn in Middle Persian), who divided his kingdom between his three sons: his eldest son <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salm_(Shahnameh)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Salm (Shahnameh)">Salm</a> received the empire of the west, "<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BBm" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rûm">Rûm</a>" (more generally meaning the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a>, or just "the West"); the second eldest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur_(Shahnameh)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tur (Shahnameh)">Tur</a> received the empire of the east, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Turan">Turān</a> (all the lands north and east of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amu_Darya" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a>, as far as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="China">China</a>); and the youngest, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraj" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Iraj">Iraj</a>, received the heartland of the empire, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Iran" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greater Iran">Iran</a>. So, the Sasanians <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahanshah_of_Persia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shahanshah of Persia">Shahanshah</a> may have believed themselves to be the heirs of the Fereydun and Iraj (reinforced because they were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>'s worshippers), and so possibly considered both the Byzantine domains in west and the eastern domains of the Hephthalites as belonging to Iran, and therefore have been symbolically asserting their rights over these lands of both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres of Earth</a> by assuming the title of <i>kay.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_41-1" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-:1-41" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup></i></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>On the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></b>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> genuinely believed that it was his destiny to conquer the world for his god, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengri" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tengri">Tengri</a>, having a mission of bringing the rest of the world under one sword. This was based in his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shamanism">shamanic</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tengrism">beliefs</a> of the Great Blue Sky that spans the world, deriving his mandate for a world empire from this universal divinity, being close to unify <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> into a world empire under the shamanic umbrella.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-43" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> Also, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temujin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Temujin">Temujin</a> took name "Genghis Khan", which means Universal Ruler, then, his sons and grandsons took up challenge of world conquest.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-45" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The fourth <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_emperors" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mughal emperors">Mughal emperor</a> styled himself <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangir" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>, meaning "world conqueror", and her wife <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_Jahan" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nur Jahan">Mehr-un-Nissa</a> being awarded with the title of Nur Jahan ('Light of the World').</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></b> had claims of world domination through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a>. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_the_Magnificent%27s_Venetian_Helmet" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Süleyman the Magnificent's Venetian Helmet">Süleyman the Magnificent's Venetian helmet</a> was an elaborate headpiece designed to project the sultan's power in the context of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg rivalry</a>. Meaning The four floors of the Crown also represent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Solomon's</a> goal of world conquest<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-metmuseum.org_46-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-metmuseum.org-46" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup>—reigning the North, the South, the East, and the West—as well as the Pope's famous triple crown and the Holy Roman Empire two years ago. It was a reference to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, who was crowned as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holy Roman Emperor">German Emperor</a>, and also the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_tiara" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Papal tiara">three-tiered tiara</a> worn by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_VII" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clement VII">Clement VII</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-metmuseum.org_46-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-metmuseum.org-46" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-47" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">However, with the full size and scope of the world known, it has been said that "world domination is an impossible goal", and specifically that "no single nation however big and powerful can dominate a world" of well over a hundred interdependent nations and billions of people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">An opposite view was expressed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Morgenthau" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hans Morgenthau">Hans Morgenthau</a> in 1948. He stressed that the mechanical development of weapons, transportation, and communication makes "the conquest of the world technically possible, and they make it technically possible to keep the world in that conquered state." He argues that a lack of such infrastructure explains why great ancient empires, though vast, failed to complete the universal conquest of their world and perpetuate the conquest. "Today no technological obstacle stands in the way of a world-wide empire," as "modern technology makes it possible to extend the control of mind and action to every corner of the globe regardless of geography and season."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-49" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup> Morgenthau continued on the technological progress:</span></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="background-color: white; border-left: none; color: #202122; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>It has also given total war that terrifying, world-embracing impetus which seems to be satisfied with nothing less than world dominion... The machine age begets its own triumphs, each forward step calling forth two or more on the road of technological progress. It also begets its own victories, military and political; for with the ability to conquer the world and keep it conquered, it creates the will to conquer it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-50" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup></i></span></p></blockquote><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>In the early 17th century, Sir <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a> proposed that world domination could be achieved through control of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ocean">oceans</a>, </b>writing that:</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><i><blockquote><b>"Whosoever commands the sea commands the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade">trade</a>; <br />Whosoever commands the trade of the world commands the riches of the world,<br />and consequently the world itself".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-51">[51]</a></b></blockquote><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: justify;">In 1919, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halford_Mackinder" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Halford Mackinder">Halford Mackinder</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: justify;"> offered another influential theory for a route to world domination, writing:</span></p></i></span><blockquote class="templatequote" style="background-color: white; border-left: none; color: #202122; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><b><span style="font-family: arial;">Who rules <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Europe">East Europe</a> commands the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#Heartland" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Heartland</a>:</span></b></i></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><i><b><div style="text-align: justify;">Who rules the Heartland commands the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Afro-Eurasia">World-Island</a>:</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Who rules the World-Island commands <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Earth">the World</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-52" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup></div></b></i></span><p></p></blockquote><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">While Mackinder's "Heartland Theory" initially received little attention outside geography, it later exercised some influence on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Foreign policy">foreign policies</a> of world powers seeking to obtain the control suggested by the theory.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-53" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup> Impressed with the swift opening of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Derwent Whittlesey wrote in 1942:</span></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="background-color: white; border-left: none; color: #202122; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>The swift march of conquest stunned or dazzled the onlookers... The grandiose concept of the world domination became possible as a practical objective only with the rise of science and its application to mechanical invention. By these means the earth’s scattered land units and territories became accessible and complementary to each other, and for the first time the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_state" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World state">world state</a>, so long a futile medieval ideal, became a goal that might conceivably be reached.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-54" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup></i></span></p></blockquote><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Yet <b>before the entrance of the United States into this War and with <u>Isolationism</u> still intact,</b> U.S. strategist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanson_W._Baldwin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hanson W. Baldwin">Hanson W. Baldwin</a> had projected that "[t]omorrow air bases may be the highroad to power and domination... Obviously it is only by air bases ... that power exercised in the sovereign skies above a nation can be stretched far beyond its shores... Perhaps... future acquisitions of air bases ... can carry the voice of America through the skies to the ends of the earth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-55" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Some proponents of ideologies (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Communism">communism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Socialism">socialism</a>) actively pursue the goal of establishing a form of government consistent with their political beliefs</b>, or assert that the world is moving "naturally" towards the adoption of a particular form of government (or self), authoritarian or anti-authoritarian.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These proposals are not concerned with a particular nation achieving world domination, but with all nations conforming to a particular social or economic model. A goal of world domination can be to establish a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_government" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World government">world government</a>, a single common political authority for all of humanity. The period of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, in particular, is considered to be a period of intense ideological polarization, given the existence of two rival blocs—the capitalist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bloc" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Western Bloc">West</a> and the communist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Bloc">East</a>—that each expressed the hope of seeing the triumph of their ideology over that of the enemy. The ultimate end of such a triumph would be that one ideology or the other would become the sole governing ideology in the world.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b></b></span></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>In certain <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religion">religions</a>, some adherents may also seek the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_conversion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religious conversion">conversion</a> (peaceful or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_conversion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Forced conversion">forced</a>) of as many people as possible to their own religion, without restrictions of national or ethnic origin. This type of spiritual domination is usually seen as distinct from the temporal dominion, although there have been instances of efforts begun as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_war" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holy war">holy wars</a> devolving into the pursuit of wealth, resources, and territory. Some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christianity">Christian</a> groups teach that a false religion, led by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_prophet" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="False prophet">false prophets</a> who achieve world domination by inducing nearly universal worship of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_god" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="False god">false deity</a>, is a prerequisite to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschatology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eschatology">end times</a> described in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>. As one author put it, "[i]f world domination is to be obtained, the masses of little people must be brought on board with religion".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-56" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a> </sup></b></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-56" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"></a></sup></b></span><p></p><p style="background-color: white; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial;"><b></b></span></p><blockquote><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial;"><b>[As an aside, It is my own opinion that Zionist and Theocratically-minded conservative church are serving false gods and asserting false beliefs to obtain forced assimilation to a nationalistic brand of conservative evangelical Christianity - R.E. Slater]</b></span></blockquote><p></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>In some instances, speakers have accused nations or ideological groups of seeking world domination, even where those entities have denied that this was their goal</b>. For example, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._G._Ballard" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="J. G. Ballard">J. G. Ballard</a> quoted <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a> as having said of the United States entering the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="First World War">First World War</a>, "I dread the inevitable acceleration of American world domination which will be the result of it all...Europe will no longer be Europe".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-57" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup> In 2012, politician and critic of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Islam">Islam</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geert_Wilders" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geert Wilders">Geert Wilders</a> characterized Islam as "an ideology aiming for world domination rather than a religion",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup> and <b>in 2008 characterized the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">2008 Israel–Gaza conflict</a> as a proxy action by Islam against the West, contending that "[t]he end of Israel would not mean the end of our problems with Islam, but only... the start of the final battle for world domination".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination#cite_note-59" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[59]</a></sup></b></span></p></div></div></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b></b></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>[It is my observation that Iran is actively supporting any totalitarian state which might upset capital-based democracies in America and Europe because of their past historical world domination mindsets centuries earlier. However, Russia has plans of its own for expanding its Soviet Empire as it plays China off of the US and the Middle East as troublers to the West. So its not the Middle East but the provacators to free republics which continue the unChristian attitude of establishing a global theocracy over even that of Constitutional civil democracies.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>- R.E. Slater]</b></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b></b></span></div></span>R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-5104520202542312532024-02-23T03:00:00.017-05:002024-02-25T02:42:23.607-05:00Index - The History of Ancient Humanity<div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-RyG9ybR3fif-S_eVO5Yc_c4TQDVcvFORvSNm0Zp20I4qM_5T2wYNgWgcIlckle_w9VfTaCfD3NRzTUaOx5vqJAOybloPTdSunP9Zz9yUUbL6zJQVUbq89x1vprxkrL9eQ3luJXiy6RpX0QkHRj4oLtdH8TvtMu5AuwffNeweLg4ZD276gVXZ6J9IiCUo/s644/the%2012%20tribes%20of%20Israel.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="363" data-original-width="644" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-RyG9ybR3fif-S_eVO5Yc_c4TQDVcvFORvSNm0Zp20I4qM_5T2wYNgWgcIlckle_w9VfTaCfD3NRzTUaOx5vqJAOybloPTdSunP9Zz9yUUbL6zJQVUbq89x1vprxkrL9eQ3luJXiy6RpX0QkHRj4oLtdH8TvtMu5AuwffNeweLg4ZD276gVXZ6J9IiCUo/w640-h360/the%2012%20tribes%20of%20Israel.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><blockquote>A mosaic of symbols of the 12 tribes of ancient Israel is displayed in the Jewish Quarter in Jerusalem, Israel, Dec. 29, 2022. BEATA ZAWRZEL/NURPHOTO VIA GETTY IMAGES</blockquote></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><blockquote><i>The history of ancient Israel and Judah begins in the Southern Levant during the Late Bronze Age and early Iron Age. The earliest known reference to "Israel" as a people or tribal confederation is in the Merneptah Stele, an inscription from ancient Egypt that dates to about 1208 BCE, but the people group may be older. - Wikipedia</i></blockquote></span></div></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: x-large;">THIS SITE IS UNDER CONSTRUCTION</span></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Below is a rough outline of the ancient historical cultures I hope to explore through this coming year. Within each categorical section there are large gaps yet to be completed. Many articles have already been completed and are linked while many others have yet to be written.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I began this project over a year ago beginning in the Fall of 2022 when asking the question, "What came before the book of Genesis?" Or, "What is the Evolutionary History of Man, Religion, and God Before It Became Legendary in the Hebrew Bible?"</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">These are not normal questions a Christian would ask... but I think we must ask these broad questions to understand how the Christian God we worship came to be with humanity's dynamic journey of self-discovery which began so many eons ago. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Which also means that this same Hebraic/Christian God we claim to know by our words and actions, art and outcomes, will continue to have a dynamic relationship with creation and humanity in the eons ahead. Do we then fixate on the God of the ancients as acclaimed? Or, are we allowed to modify or reform our existential journey against God's epistemological sooth-sayers by undoing so much bad theology with better, more humane, God-filled theology?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Let Us Build New Reformational Societies of Humanitarian Good Will</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Jesus said, "By their works you shall know them." The Protestant Reformers thought the same when re-envisioning the Catholic Churches appraisement of the Hebraic and Christian bibles. But by the Reformers Christianly journey I am not so sure their legacy of reform has been helpful based on its bloody, oppressive history vouchsafing a God of oppressive duty and worship.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: medium;"></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: medium;">Perhaps then, we are due for another, more loving Spirit-filled Reformation than the Protestant one begun in the 1600's? If so, it must be more loving, kind, and respectful of other's beliefs and cultures, race and skin color. To be justly co-operative, and importantly, non-assimilating within polyplural settings.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: medium;">This movement must also take into account what it would mean to build towards ecologically just and fair societies which are not indifferent to the requisite and necessary social justices required to be met within it's ecologically-centered civilizations.</span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: medium;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Israel's Cultural Background Did Not Happen in a Vacuum</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Let us begin by setting an arbitrary date of 2500 BC within the Babylonian Kingdom from whose Semitic influence it so deeply influenced Israel's early civil and religious history before being subsequently affected by the enslaving Egyptian and pagan Canaanite cultures.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">During this time, as Israel grew to become an ancient kingdom it required the requisite amount of time to develop it's own national origin from it's humble tribal beginnings. One which could admit and administer civil and religious laws while transitioning from a polytheistic society to one acclaiming monotheistic values.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">All this occurred over 1600 years beginning with Israel's ForeFather and Senior Patriarch, Abram/Abraham, through whom 12 tribes resulted, which tribes were later enslaved by Egypt, then escaped to wandered the many tractless wildernesses of the Levant giving tribal Israel time to organize itself under Moses' civil and religious laws (e.g., the 10 Commandments).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">After 40 years Israel entered the land of Canaan to establish it's presence and a rudimentary form of monarchy of some years before splitting in two to form a pagan, polytheistic Northern Kingdom, in 900 BC from ten of it's tribes. And, a sacramental, monotheistic Southern Kingdom, in 850 BC from it's remaining two tribes, Judah and Benjamin.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We should also be aware that Israel collected it's oral traditions which we know as the narratives and laws from Old Testament texts: it's Torah, Writings, and Prophets. These oral traditions were gathered together between 700BC to 300BC when Israel's ten northern tribes were exiled from the Land by Assyria (between 732 - 722 BC); and later it's two southern tribes under Babylon's rule (exile dates: 598/597, 587, and 582 BC). When returning from exile in 539 BC at the largesse of Persia under Cyrus the Great, the Southern kingdom constructed a Second Temple out of the ruins of the former Solomaic Temple under Ezra's guidance in 537 BC.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>Moreover, by Israel gaving attention to its religious history it completed it's Hebraic Bible, a Canon testifying to it's God YHWH. As such, (1a) parts of the Hebrew Bible first section, the Torah </span><span>(the first five books of the Bible)</span><span>, was written beginning in the 10th century BC with (1b) the final redaction and canonization of the Torah most likely occuring during the Babylonian Exile (6th–5th century BCE). The rest of the Hebrew Bible in its (2) Writings and (3) Prophets was complete by 100 BC but not Canonized until at the Council of Jamnia sometime in the first century AD in response to Christianity.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>The Violent History of the Church</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>In short, Israel has had a long history which Jewish-Christians recognized and placed alongside their own Christian Bible with the New Testament. Through the millenia</span><span> the early church expanded globally and we now have a deep and concerning heritage to which triumph and terror have occurred since Christianity's earliest persecutions - first, at the hands of Israel's priests, and then at the hands of Rome. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>Some years later, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great#%3A%7E%3Atext%3DAlthough_Constantine_lived_much_of%2CChristianity_in_the_Roman_Empire.?wprov=sfla1" target="_blank">under Emperor Constatine in 312-313 AD</a>, the fourth century church launched it's own state-assisted attacks upon pagan Europe and the Islamic Middle East. Then, t</span><span>hrough the centuries</span><span> ahead, the church turned its attention to it's own membership and oppressed, tortured, and murdered fellow Catholics and Protestants alike forgetting it's own previous history of oppression and enslavement. Added to these inane acts of the Western church, countries across Europe and in America itself, experienced the Western Christian church's religious colonialization of African tribes; wars against Spain and Italy; and the decimation of the native tribes of America. This has been a significant part of the Christian church's legacy in sharing what was suppose to be the good news in Christ Jesus to the world.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Let Us Start Anew</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">And so, perhaps its time to end the church's ruinous campaigns of faith and worship upon the unfaithful and pagan and begin considering all men and women as beloved of God and requiring the utmost of respect and kindness. Christianity's many past oppressive pagan forms must end and a new era of Christian faith commence as a loving testimony to a loving - and not Warrior - Godhead.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">So let's begin by looking at the history of humanity both inside and outside the bible ... of which Christians seem to know very little of God's earlier worlds of divine presence, sustainability, and blessing. Let's look beyond Israel's history to the more ancient histories of Semitic and non-Semitic human civilizations throughout the Fertile Crescent, the Levant, and all the way back into Egypt and East Africa where mankind (sic, homo sapiens) was first birthed 300,000 years ago.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>R.E. Slater</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>February 23, 2024</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: center;">* * * * * * * * *</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><div><div class="g" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #202124; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.58; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; width: 600px;"><div data-hveid="CBgQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwj-rMnQ9cCEAxUfElkFHWPrAvsQFSgAegQIGBAA" lang="en"><div class="tF2Cxc" style="clear: both; padding-bottom: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="line-height: 1.58;"></div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-size: x-large;">Index - The </span></b><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-size: x-large;"><b>History of Ancient Humanity</b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><div style="text-align: center;">by R.E. Slater</div></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><b><u>Table of Contents</u></b><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Garden of Eden</span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Creation Stories Which Time Forgot</span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Deep History of the Middle East</span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Our Evolutionary Past</span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Evolution of God and Religion</span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Evolution of God</span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Evolution of Human Language</span></span></li></ul></span></span><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><u>Related Indexes</u></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/search/label/Index%20-%20Evolution%20of%20God%20and%20Religion">Index - Evolution of God and Religion</a></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/search/label/Index%20-%20Evolution%20of%20Man%20and%20Religion">Index - Evolution of Man and Religion</a></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/search/label/Index%20-%20Evolution%20of%20the%20Christian%20Faith">Index - Evolution of the Christian Faith</a></span></li></ul></span></div><div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">* * * * * * * * *</span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><b>The Garden of Eden</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">G</span></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Garden of Eden - Hist of Language - Creation Stories from newest to oldest</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpOTSnVCVJevJuU19g-M8tqq1duybWaSH8FyMRHyjgjrBF5AvkuMa2qZvKuiT0MtLcJ7kly6NqJv2ReksMjGfxB4c_QR9Qal43GDL2eafgHkz2-lyfXaDCBII-HmQNjPF-HPG-5P7ue6l8dUMnn34h5ZmygqauEnWDew3RfKAIH6K-y9YULhN1MzWENE9K/s55-w640-c-h452/N-Mesopotamia_and_Syria_english.svg.png" /></span></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2024/02/the-prehistory-of-mesopotamia-part-vi.html" target="_blank">The Prehistory of Mesopotamia, Part VI</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrpvZFhC0zbUUhbjvxRVeQpYhVa3RQTIxcFJZ7nzZIrADpHEIGfY-TcZni6Bmm9hT57f9ED0zxITZN4A3WXyhSPlwGGGf2p75IM5pvZTUSwZFVZrhM6j29ilOwBgaEfpwWI5-sVACQhRsYwEqSciM7YrlCX4w7spC-MZmK1zmF8tG_BU3MJRAkMfo_tWMi/s55-w603-c-h854/Mesopotamian_Chronology_2-2011-29-03.png" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2024/02/the-history-of-mesopotamia-part-v.html" target="_blank">The History of Mesopotamia, Part V</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AJ0KDdXKicVbLqcJ-WsVTDNjSLnftLb0XGUxbDBJKTEXE6mh5IYqm78c7OVPbd2YArc_LiTJDcbyncSgbs7rXp6fYZEu6MgGecRwOWN8Tg9m4F1GLnKtNrDviFdr8yGOgVw3LLqTIYxvE4rFtkmdA8vcxDMWGCrGNnsOySGI12Ci_HwyPr2h_Emudln1vldaROPRBq8HsSEEjhGBCLSdTbiyA6TW30bcuA=w72-c-h64" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2024/02/prehistory-and-neolithic-part-iii.html" target="_blank">Prehistory and the Neolithic, Part IV</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir06YBVTVudoQ8eeJO86xHkwkXblsNpE5XCQrOqGgHnrZlA-7Dy8Dy1GeHwDL6zYYFJJpHb-YbwF7XCT2tgGOxojNYz34RZMMWhgvFWM0uEKk9EqjwZrXWQ3OVQwJfF_VkvaWjh5LsAN1SIHw002EPFko9vg7BkDTo-Pj_OVSVMjCvX2dij4fGbvz-COoS/s55-w640-c-h414/The%20Garden%20of%20Eden.jpg" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2024/02/where-in-time-and-place-might-eden-be_13.html" target="_blank">Where in Time and Place Might Eden Be? Part III</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir06YBVTVudoQ8eeJO86xHkwkXblsNpE5XCQrOqGgHnrZlA-7Dy8Dy1GeHwDL6zYYFJJpHb-YbwF7XCT2tgGOxojNYz34RZMMWhgvFWM0uEKk9EqjwZrXWQ3OVQwJfF_VkvaWjh5LsAN1SIHw002EPFko9vg7BkDTo-Pj_OVSVMjCvX2dij4fGbvz-COoS/s55-w640-c-h414/The%20Garden%20of%20Eden.jpg" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2024/02/where-in-time-and-place-might-eden-be.html" target="_blank">Where in Time and Place Might Eden Be? Part II</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDcCpbpJxQPEEmUBM_1xYdSvy6LlLxCqyiRnsQrKEjHgPRNkaNgiLDvIVV-AMOWUZ-dl0t6OOii6Tj_mW7uo6vjtqutEA_UDihyphenhyphenQhF0kFAi47q6xr3jJKgRwhxg0TfcNMBVDg6tAghB_-tMY50dIptQ6eJSkn0rDKsA74GJV6eLepb5rJ8sfb16XFr0028/s55-w640-c-h414/The%20Garden%20of%20Eden.jpg" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2024/02/exploring-spirit-origins-of-eden.html" target="_blank">Exploring the Spirit Origins of Eden, Part I</a></span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">* * * * * * * * *</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-size: x-large;">Creation Stories Which Time Forgot</span></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Collection of Ancient Mythologies of the World??</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">T<br />Tradition</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">x</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">x</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">x</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">x</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">x</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">x</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">x</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">x</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">x</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">x</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">x</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">* * * * * * * * *</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><b>The Deep History of the Middle East</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhBLkUYPtMTLt3lPQxidqwAnrZOI0w7BEh_XqY66cFoTPQPgEbvNmXUEQpi9AYYt5i4j5FUYiZ9rkBoeFZ0dLFIQ1RYZm4VivmB-nBA-g10SkmXp0ynYFKnYQ7jbG1c-m0iam5qFwyW2v6IHiXGierFHi_igDMikVPIRVnEKzQVbrXFbFPIz1pW3kANF5yN=s55-w640-c-h640" style="font-family: arial;" /></div><div><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/09/re-slater-what-came-before-book-of.html" style="font-family: arial;" target="_blank">R.E. Slater - What Came Before the Book of Genesis?</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiawpT6YKngn777QpT2TbKfeW3TMJpMP0mh1C547pn9AtmPuGIat7mkp6WU0dLG8zEsSX4A3Gq9T_aLzAwyD_rqt0JS7fdlIJ1Guvq8WbK0oAAZ1iR_v9DZY-2qk0uWdan02I96zXz9nZypnhjvUv_g3Ba1pq14U8VrfXGkwXV6jPHLhLjlLf1UkntixQ=s55-c" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/03/in-days-before-genesis.html" target="_blank">In the Days Before Genesis - Part 2, by R.E. Slater</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh6oYDkjfD7Pi4JhUBcoIwZeahsF_z2n8df9rVUrGBSaYszEr7uO0H2U_jk48qIz6hlYKDPvVykGW1wGQtFD37oUchLFaMuhzcGuwXhi_7ryBmsSHdI-SXEhKPvpIDnvCeIlSa8yUw118j86394Fr9WQ0z7qg7cRIXZsrJJGpZNUSAmbdK62jEQ56EZ2Q=s55-w640-c-h360" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/03/the-days-before-genesis-by-re-slater.html" target="_blank">In the Days Before Genesis - Part 1, by R.E. Slater</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AJ0KDdW_wE3Ac-mOy6bZDfwScmdF1ff_Xu4-NG4ol-cw7_27q_6KNQBChnpAkLk-kiNgsycAJttiJ-nlcci6R8u3NSXj-3PhNFO7NAovJUulUFnGmCf2uD1b7Cjk8SwYR-CeTHLs8vQCgA0C69ckjGophxh0H9ZU3DRsTbNUZJKhlqKq_rDW5Bxpvb7ATyVwX9leHJJVn3sre9T2Ej_SuGP1nPvLcvEmFvTVJQonoo3Oh2DD-VCVo9OzxMS1kH-3llPBewq4wEorJ4-mIGA6YWoM29-b6kCKXEIyQNvcuSZb6cCVnvPya1BTp5NidJvOAFwHlLWdt9N-ZOQ9E_AJvUzmY9r9YnmS7dUaW0C33MxOAbvMKPD6SveWtITcr8NPvbOLa4tuudRlj_p7VMfKXfeP5Irzu23Ki3N-1na4gfiTbQ8=w72-c-h64" style="font-family: arial;" /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2024/02/23-maps-and-charts-on-language.html" target="_blank">23 maps and charts on language</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">F</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Fall of Jerusalem</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjER-JKkJjjitLtni9gDvP3F-SF05ugTLFRKTHtJaQS3FqeA0hJUorYao5VVdpOxVyHGk0c9a_tBsNtX9gffV_dDMwhyLtXwMNmkX04JqATOz0yBYp0pnKl_Arvnox4ie1PwT5xG8UiqoH5aWLZkqzAyhMvaTMjLIxw1zNeDbjFB2LFHDlijhr3qGrh9x8M=s55-w640-c-h437" style="font-family: arial;" /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">A Brief History of the Jewish People</span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPDq9BoQt65w1BOJCJrVKSG6tKeINP9fuN6HoSnYSqYGqCtRCAfwZ4RY9F95wB_6fAQL2JjuwDKhCuEkAL-hAePlk5MEGtObhnHZZO5EByP-MjUf1HSTA2VRO_dZOBke5egRFU3lH2tNt5Z4EFuW52SyNMsXDjN9QbYUgqVflm1ebCQ9PMMS01udr96Xww/s55-w640-c-h436/Timeline%20of%20Jewish%20History.jpg" style="font-family: arial;" /> <img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhEVunTfikANc7Aexj_RVUko4mfqqcScyynaJgTTmDjgjWwO8yt0gX0PBTbMEg3zRTAd0IHXJDv-7u_2kkC5BXpxx1DGAsAOeB8DJyc6HV7XlDTpk3hfR3nhelY28xlTXLDi_f1x8pyQGBu4ImiP_W_SnShVJaf9XZo6nR0_tKjn1es4UtXYVA0i0kqnyXzN04AAtJn511IdyB6A5aezNfCO2k-02los0uuK-4ZcchEuiE=w72-c-h64" style="font-family: arial;" /><br style="font-family: arial;" /><span style="font-family: arial;">Archaeology of Israel</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiWVnODz7oRIDfNTWd3d_AajhFS6dqvcbpDDU8gusNlVv-0FJfN9LfvDEN8UuW28a-p6pGNA6amgins9wsj3uiqXrMZUPs3bQ7kxuTcXlO4UMffetwQyhdhQuxvV06es03Av0B16eOhWyVV5GcXi_OzrEUeGIM-WJab6kDlOpNIUaIZvStcYTYcYcdfBNV/s55-w640-c-h360/Map%20-%20Ancient%20Levant.webp" style="font-family: arial;" /><br style="font-family: arial;" /><span style="font-family: arial;">History of the Ancient Levant</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL3pYdCX9RTU8YFRPIvjH_5CxxaBn1bdqSL_cN-naeLd2tUpgQYmYXeFjT_cqjMXK_OVeicuaEdun-j4iMBQ128s9ketUJXISIQis3SK3q71zuiaW5tfa0hJTuQxZxjPX6WbN14qRFiaEfXuYPONpYPHtdaumrXSgNM-jUqpuc6_WaAhZX35myq06RpA/s55-w614-c-h640/Akkadian%20Empire%20%20%282%29.jpeg" style="font-family: arial;" /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Ancient Semitic Languages</span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp6wBRKazJDdJA590TGA0e0uED5nlVMpK3Isq8tP1ErJJWqV22KgK-BS_IX-7SXxFsua6tFUYVFygGvtAu4_RjjMIfeXm6MaS__4wMq_RazMw-GnrbWYpwm0mTiB-0CRu9VyQavirUMKStpcmcBOUKYDiR6EOajAZ8wmfxWZJHR3HxV5xmYcPa8aHqgwAh/s55-w640-c-h360/Map%20-%20Ancient%20Levant.webp" /><br />Timelines of Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhCzXLZook_yzpThzpO00D6B7YXW_-f-C7r8ZprRuH3OBad4eji18hW2zOkLwcO-SqCdNddxWoVuy-S6A_ESACLmmKmyIdB_ggcgLLzN0dblfnDipqpO-mkU91jzKh-ng5LNuiZps_3LzIL09b4n65ZFglmHs8stu7IUwj_ZX5x10z0MKg0VvWagmqL8R5L=s55-w640-c-h243" /><br />Ancient Semitic and Egyptian Neolithic Cultures</span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><img alt="" data-original-height="339" data-original-width="509" height="73" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgw8uGLoCHnzw8B1i66SnRfcZ1f5npSZcdP94TX-QHvlJM7kD3m-dq8wDMtukM_n5s20YfN3-ncM1eZmDGTLeufkWgOO0sW8CcLIsrerhmN0hFYwXc5xBjRPmwkre2OGyNdh5Iwd1xz1bDlTEE1pCVE_h7izAfQvvb6T2FfS4cQOSrpxvmttQ4lKJP8aWKz=w110-h73" style="font-family: arial;" width="110" /></div><div><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2024/01/evolutionary-research-tool-humanpastnet.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">Evolutionary Research Tool - HumanPast.Net</span></a></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVluR9alVVi3-zEhlcR3IVmQqrkf_c6Rgg29BppLkletCUFKccerMmYwAIHEZYZXiTR0-75-BW0Aie_lwauO1DlqURZ1n4kylS7AJ1CDcbMlNFLLmibRmfYmshsJ49GuY_P2x9sSRncUOfxGBhtwIMfpnbY2dYgS3gInBkjlNVXkgNR1HA1AX3rm0Ypw/s55-w640-c-h480/Hurrian%20Religion.webp" style="font-family: arial;" /></div><div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Hurrian Religion - The Northern gods of Syria & Anatolia</span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicycsUsjlbW8h7DQy5FrslS3DcCp-PiAa12A8wJQWwS50hUPQ0tn2gLR41tOeibyeF7WFB0HVaZqg74beBEuIZHGJWLKvbALxj1hLf0p0vFcdEDPmP5NqIPO1MVm55SAc9iEsPLsyZrfsOly0zzm0a9YFONcB4fwa8xJkpeyVF-vIAraKkn2l1q1GaKg/s55-w640-c-h514/Hurrian%20Kingdom%2001.png" style="font-family: arial;" /><br style="font-family: arial;" /><span style="font-family: arial;">The Hurrian Civilization</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizqMecTMWdwv6Rqm-5AuGRx3FB5x2cnN5YQom5xbV7XL4qH6AM2ThjByxrX-c-inUamr4MMboRURN4EgPZ9JhVeLL8aZ0M6Ttrroa68KWz1uYz0Q-MAyDTpMzxtok0izvKdsRnS0D5JZjbKm0qy26dHgXPeGzZXJHfIAee3f9oa9k7A85Ov97q-CbqFA/s55-w640-c-h448/Akkadian%20Empire%20%20%281%29.jpg" style="font-family: arial;" /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Early Neolithic Civilizations - Egypt, The Levant, Mesopotamia</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><div><img height="72" src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/b90oSidoHUY/hqdefault.jpg" style="font-family: arial;" width="96" /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The Birth of Civilization - The Rise of Uruk (6500 to 3200 BC)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><img height="66" src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/b90oSidoHUY/hqdefault.jpg" style="font-family: arial;" width="88" /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The Birth of Civilization - 8800 to 6500 BC</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><img height="80" src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/g-bQx0ZtHUw/hqdefault.jpg" style="font-family: arial;" width="107" /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The Birth of Civilization - 20,000 to 8,800 BC</span></div></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTpE3bYVvfvz9veYKTf1n2el3Zx-rl8f6aVU-G5OlxEJlBJHCz1yh1B1e41am1XyPpE5j-nrNZZlGc0r9n572-RXWVH1SwGZBbl_WuYoPuRWVkO9jPhG0Wq_XESqH4Ye0oMXAaK6YqT4TZeVpRGIq44ZKN2SL_DRAwDATh-8SJwoMhSokHEgMTXtmyYg/s55-w640-c-h428/Evolution%20-%20African%20Stone%20Age%20Art.webp" style="font-family: arial;" /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Late Mesolithic Civilizations & Religions - Africa</span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhTh0DaVCgBDZdRfo2QkaWhNzdKbGVRVU4mopKDAjSThSY_Vv30lx6yrbf79IjuGq7-W7QswdjT4l5sdtJ1EetTl4_S5zJpPqVNu_uCGqkAJXM6haAB7gM4bR3tifLpqP_Nu0V1FfsbFUs-uXubxJgAdLTw_S_4_WYTP7AkBL1JKJXfb5cTxQZ3eK5BrA=s55-w640-c-h240" style="font-family: arial;" /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Ages of Human Civilizations</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhTh0DaVCgBDZdRfo2QkaWhNzdKbGVRVU4mopKDAjSThSY_Vv30lx6yrbf79IjuGq7-W7QswdjT4l5sdtJ1EetTl4_S5zJpPqVNu_uCGqkAJXM6haAB7gM4bR3tifLpqP_Nu0V1FfsbFUs-uXubxJgAdLTw_S_4_WYTP7AkBL1JKJXfb5cTxQZ3eK5BrA=s55-w640-c-h240" style="font-family: arial;" /><br style="font-family: arial;" /><span style="font-family: arial;">The First Humans Out of Africa Weren't Quite Who We Thought</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj399PDM69bLZOt1PSGUg6Ru88kZUaEv27g53lzvkVklerPyiiOrdNfF2OsGcdmJZ_uPrfBIEeWlBfi8vC-IFqEq1oUvCso5nhLkBX6XSB6dChrh5Sv16iWcIHog56WLPuPg4qzz0ogmmc2yowvbbCQUp_1-dcIM2AHca_-DAYogJThFzwm_7B7ABydi3JA/s55-w640-c-h278/Cro%20Magnon%2000.jpg" style="font-family: arial;" /><br style="font-family: arial;" /><span style="font-family: arial;">The Many Regional Cultures of Cro-Magnon Man</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg1rKAh3obmKPGNfhhSacAsS-crG7DR4_fcriq6OcJpHMtwO43dJjFMGUzFE-c9XqVgsNSV5zkb-tPqFPohJqjmhOPx8QQfsH4ci1_SrSzjUjGkQ6kge6SiRd7XQD6-L4aOHK4Bfn_V-2GQau9GUc8DN5TVcPunUt-CktGslPVItPzHNoPbKpc928KtcEEL=s55-w640-c-h627" style="font-family: arial;" /><br style="font-family: arial;" /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/12/cro-magnon-how-ice-age-gave-birth-to.html" style="font-family: arial;" target="_blank">Cro-Magnon Man: How the Ice Age Gave Birth to the First Modern Humans</a></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjZVNZ5UoH9T9Z_uPk-NaCXQWD4hy-fQoj25zX16u7zs794dZ-VpcGfN0pBmpYarueKbECCtuzPWxqJCn9RsxYaflr9738WcsQ-uLoOSTdJYKMINbZJiVcJa3fN2KAUf-m--ZHv69Uj3tfPfUkG-Jy_n0rUOrkxWgRfEEwsn7H5tU8Ay6q2iOCJ4lwZozj_=s55-w640-c-h480" style="font-family: arial;" /><br style="font-family: arial;" /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/12/cro-magnon-man-europes-first-early.html" style="font-family: arial;" target="_blank">Cro-Magnon Man - Europe's First Early Modern Humans, c.55,000 BC</a></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AJ0KDdVCkynA3YIOMAL8XYXNeenJ_mZpQSn9s9SMAMxE2CI6EXCT0aCx1DiTclynMx82Le_Yos105orpq1C1XXHlA0x73JVqQyQi1g1tPvtU43z6lg2HSJBRjgrUUMXUuMJHPjSyE5VqxKAArU1uD2KqbalJ1FBU4DnVqD-qqmesVTbsVpqSf3XT2SfojMbBMWr8Ykd_XlGG-iG-kJal2OVqbz6Of-UhO7Fhm-8GdXA3ANEErAw8jj8i-9Z6xeJ1n9FHcaBqkExCY4ZssyTOsIAq_g=w72-c-h64" style="font-family: arial;" /></div></div><div><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/12/metahumanitys-timeline-from-society-10.html" style="font-family: arial;" target="_blank">MetaHumanity's Timeline from Society 1.0 to Society 5.0</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWAACfztMm22K643zE4FaCSbu23a2MlfPWakGWBH2mfBCq1AAW_PriCQJB1zBbXvhgU91HZnue97vj85Ng_AEu0zt1nQVq2Mh94trDVUIM4C6EAGmOgWqC0BgFLXtotBR41lT7NoPM30K26ccq4ZiPd1fvPFsHGsnV5WIk9zG7LiLVzv_iQ6a7oaFZKrk6/s55-w640-c-h310/Early_migrations_mercator.svg.png" style="font-family: arial;" /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Early human migrations</span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjER-JKkJjjitLtni9gDvP3F-SF05ugTLFRKTHtJaQS3FqeA0hJUorYao5VVdpOxVyHGk0c9a_tBsNtX9gffV_dDMwhyLtXwMNmkX04JqATOz0yBYp0pnKl_Arvnox4ie1PwT5xG8UiqoH5aWLZkqzAyhMvaTMjLIxw1zNeDbjFB2LFHDlijhr3qGrh9x8M=s55-w640-c-h437" style="font-family: arial;" /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Incomplete - Index of Ancient Human History</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">P</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Prehistory to Early Civilizations Paleolithic Era Neolithic Era Civilization. - ppt download</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><div><img height="82" src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/cMHvuDERZ1I/hqdefault.jpg" style="font-family: arial;" width="110" /><br style="font-family: arial;" /><span style="font-family: arial;">The World's Most Ancient Wooden Structure - 476,000 Years Old</span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq6WGbxsdWoH7moxSfdFkS8uKo8RL0qO1bMF7bfzLqoc7Nfm9jKhzLDgeor5WrXAERFb5w6JxnCMiPVNReLw6I26ncyFEhH6Xh5HicQOsZum-fY6naJxnQMaCzPFszRZ0IkNNd-OW5ouJX1CgjIUv9N95SZr61KUWh7XWWJrpf-Zj6sTeY4Fzh8uYvcg/s55-w640-c-h416/test1.jpg" style="font-family: arial;" /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/03/evolution-of-man-religion-out-of-africa_19.html" target="_blank">Evolution of Man & Religion: Out of Africa, Part 3 of 3</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjfvJI3DaQ9UWv1ajFb8WaKEVNe3nvGAPAgla3EO6Qm6OLLTEtH_FgZwe9u0D7tB7lrl5S3YfLN6v02sT3cxX8Sf8_wMvM8RciIU6Gmv954sv2KtS7TrIgFc6ats_N3LWMDreAD43QAYHRSEJ461LfMdjT8NOT3T19NNt5UXlMWYSNNZ4mG48MlB_Vkhg=s55-w627-c-h640" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/03/evolution-of-man-and-religion-out-of.html" target="_blank">Evolution of Man & Religion: Out of Africa, Part 2 of 3</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijsc2MLL0VKQm7GQkaqpA6miAMiL2YcecVPTFJtPI_2SFVfPvVj0d6FctDscsvH-ONfik9STj9gG4wkF80OTSVUwwoazdfGupxCnL_2IOl6xTsEGCMbYp2Scp0Z_Fl1Esi9PjoPsSXLbr2smkPXAUhona1blamNmGgcpbj25Sq6vnlnYA33FAdCHJfEg/s55-w640-c-h463/test.png" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/03/evolution-of-man-religion-out-of-africa.html" target="_blank">Evolution of Man & Religion: Out of Africa, Part 1 of 3</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCz89mHFvZX4gqf24mvU3relL0yx0eys7GOKk9fWgbddwubiskp1-wGLm9qEwTyTQS_dFzLlG3cICMRsJVxNYHXmSYJk3CyerGyNV2xBYQ1Foqm_gTnr6jpw-s8odDpOFxIaTScGHdoI1pdQn98UMyA5vwWfh0ASQPxfjjMPamaZr7U_aYTMEKXHiInQ/s55-w640-c-h428/test1.webp" style="font-family: arial;" /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/03/evolution-of-man-religion-stone-age.html" target="_blank">Evolution of Man & Religion - Stone Age Africa</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEimjvl0oa2ZRzbq9UDdFAWwkekcBVs-eTxAV3jHqLxuEaW1MyIiMN0nILugCNGLA10lMdJqEx1qSZtjcU2q_20SuF9AX63bggeUwZxfPAQrMMTCzUpBqg0gI-1GVAlK_O5g8LA1vGti3uPDDAd2C1n8KpobEnkVTHc7WIYhIT4Jr82YxWtQRNaeRrqPdw=s55-w640-c-h482" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/03/the-evolution-of-mitochondrial-eve-and.html" target="_blank">Evolution of Man & Religion - Mitochondrial Eve and Ancient Civilizations</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">* * * * * * * * *</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-size: x-large;">Our Evolutionary Past</span></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjIEkfJtJzKKnaAXNz5Cf8FlJAscdZnzNeRuv1FkWfQIG6ySUXp_DkYSwIHZ-uKrF3mtBd0x7hmXuHT3F8OA9vnIfEuvjrsdwWCX_olWpV0viyHCuciKT05JsSDKwK6zLKvADa2GxsqbgTgh-x1lzCh5y_sY2rtISxqCv835cOmKvlIjp2XBAIV3HXLP23D=s55-w640-c-h224" style="font-family: arial;" /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Hominid Species Time Line</span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib_Xn3kEr6IlRqYQCpdLRX_EYjSuDp_YUe8qWrkXTmD0I8XKna6yd9dHqmC24a1ByuIc9f16kiqL3uc1b_eT7DfbITqWK4eiguyUrOrOXy2lwIBWjKhXsKGw7P67kkdyaJHObxaPMHoYclDaMw5L-Ie39vB0g5ouE6LbcTg1WSs2qKWISNDpL-ydKLXWAl/s55-c/logo%20smithsonian%20magazine.png" style="font-family: arial;" /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">An Evolutionary Timeline of Homo Sapiens</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg9rPwHD7eBJNXN4PvkNKsI2uyjiTzxSy48XKetVHRr4KGpvH-cTrxjJLNYxD_SdkHIAXXzJeLwHql0JeC7-IgCjGjcYP-oxkMcoLyBf-IM__8O0Vu2knO7TTN_sSpOFjcdsIVNKcMrhE9HUgy6qdXPjBbiY3Zsts8EVd8q3XJz_XHXZBUvWvOfud_7Tg=s55-w424-c-h640" style="font-family: arial;" /><br style="font-family: arial;" /><span style="font-family: arial;">Looking at Processual Evolution from the Bottom-up rather than from the Top-down</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">W</span></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">What Is Paleontology - Wikipedia</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">H</span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Human Evolution - Wikipedia</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AJ0KDdVtTVZ6__VsMb9nbl2LJ8Tk72lfFqZksMYllnb3idrysR_nmDmJI7OHr3eAcm9e4drY5akXRlIhikuUS627jF7bUtdq4OnGHVdGV1qcwVDLxG-cyApkU40yV4lao32xsZBxyTqPRwWsdw67eFGvDv_YFkwVV-TZGWLXtg=w72-c-h64" style="font-family: arial;" /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/06/climate-change-us-wsf-brave-new.html" target="_blank">Climate Change & Us; WSF: Brave New Prehistoric World; WSF - Rewriting the Story of Us</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxlPFbItF0G6vIhoaa5cJeqyBeBdl88U_yHKTmZVKApn2Ce8InqKZLYeclq-oRTHl99g_HiSZw39RHYXztfQoER33WvEPhRHuCNmyQT6VmM9D5Zfy_m2qCWrKm03OVMOsHsHlOUxiwZ6FhqpDoQgraEbo1LUBda6dcRaIEG07DkRF6-32OBd_C11UNGY2I/s55-w640-c-h480/Evolution%20&%20Climate%20Change%2000.jpg" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/06/evolution-of-earths-climate-biological.html" target="_blank">Evolution of Earth's Climate & Biological Life to the Holocene Age of Modern Civilizations</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi-2cHKXk41VCHFudZmq62k7hJKE9jIx5-3QQCi5XOdJrd_6VDoqbxPkZ6t1rwG9BUhcVGWnqM7d7n4Q_UOdoBZnK_SC5ma18BH-MdGX4UAfJHsvVInpYiXe0EuVv9-FV0DzAd5sGkQc1b__pkFYKBEt2fxMGXH5Lh4P6Odxc0VUU0wLhp6BH_ICRh-FCNO=s55-w640-c-h331" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/06/the-origin-of-humanity.html" target="_blank">The Origin of Humanity</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiwNEZ2r-eouKWseTqx1o8Sx6j7q6idFtQ9MJuvq5UgA_oazomWSfsSmtLqjyTv5Uk37YhnvPTjziA2GxqW5e_EbZ4j1Rju2XrF_R7_mco0CXDwvim35M0DD0KNRpUqc-WA1MUFrZJdrKz7tdT3MSU91kws9r1K68zEeMcKo3RupOGNX3T2IwzYvy0VMA=s55-w640-c-h168" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/03/stephan-milo-bringing-deep-past-to-life.html" target="_blank">STEPHAN MILO - Bringing the deep past to life.</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjm_6XaYiT8VymPhKjpwSTGbi1ac-Sbhcc8jKbyb6VSw8Cy1j5zQic09q-6lt4wDwjhc1TfTrUYhY-BwhTbjMhkXCcAmJIutqx0zcOTt5k-aEibxK_luaK9XUHBeRf-SWAo3INA7LdlyCMY323LKpwfpZlrp8auky7pNmGw1hX6AuKUisBYsVy4_5iy5g=s55-w640-c-h426" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/03/ancient-civilizations-younger-dryas-era.html" target="_blank">Ancient Civilizations: The Younger Dryas Era</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhOzKCNMajMpOPaM9hPM8W6oMSqDBxuLZeWM45BGtzubCfnQOHoSdQUJu3OeGRFA-RE9h8yzimcJNo_qg7ZiLk7GsiOmt66Qgxpc9rB1UHmAUhwD7lmsOmkAlgpdy0hyj-5Ao4kzb5y5o9w7MqMGGOdfWId1TJFjjwt800EywApAU94aRxi5odkh5Q-sQ=s55-w640-c-h338" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/03/timelines-of-human-evolution-past-and.html" target="_blank">Timelines of Human Evolution Past and Future</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhJ_np5Yzqqhc4S9IbusxSdKA63913D4fWCJ9_qqMRa9Ddb8K13qu4dX67kW1tDqdm4I-hA9Ttz1cgyt7QGdu0YVA9le8ESaYuHQUmppsCYxYHhfp-KBUu-QQt66xR_A82yl3gOFdRsdrO7CqMKPOVKoEkdzNUbWkH_OrzcCabWS_gzmRSsrlGfOaXvig=s55-w200-c-h134" style="font-family: arial;" /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/03/the-origin-of-man-genetic-differences.html" target="_blank">The Origin of Man: Genetic Differences Btw Humans & Primates</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2H_utXWL5Frz-x8B-Zf33eJxKxoF2ukvqAY-wSvLuKa8KUsPPWaLbqvRS3JumKeMvHitD25kf8cj2CI-usVeL0s4pZHn1d6rQg4-DR6DRaw6pp0CV5qArDkzeZASXxNODFAVxKwLEHfQaNQ6_rvj8UnodqcvKbjF8Mme0aB297X18hOfwZBLspiA7Vw/s55-w640-c-h426/human_evolutionc0146466.jpg" style="font-family: arial;" /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/03/humanitys-evolution-during-climate.html" target="_blank">Humanity's Evolution During the Climate Changes of the Pleistocene Era</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhJ_np5Yzqqhc4S9IbusxSdKA63913D4fWCJ9_qqMRa9Ddb8K13qu4dX67kW1tDqdm4I-hA9Ttz1cgyt7QGdu0YVA9le8ESaYuHQUmppsCYxYHhfp-KBUu-QQt66xR_A82yl3gOFdRsdrO7CqMKPOVKoEkdzNUbWkH_OrzcCabWS_gzmRSsrlGfOaXvig=s55-w97-c-h65" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/03/human-evolution-from-ape-to-man.html" target="_blank">Human Evolution: From Ape to Man</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhJ_np5Yzqqhc4S9IbusxSdKA63913D4fWCJ9_qqMRa9Ddb8K13qu4dX67kW1tDqdm4I-hA9Ttz1cgyt7QGdu0YVA9le8ESaYuHQUmppsCYxYHhfp-KBUu-QQt66xR_A82yl3gOFdRsdrO7CqMKPOVKoEkdzNUbWkH_OrzcCabWS_gzmRSsrlGfOaXvig=s55-w97-c-h65" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/03/genus-homo-origin-timeline-phylogeny.html" target="_blank">Genus Homo - Origin, Timeline, Phylogeny</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhypRNmfP1PouD30L2jhu7J7haKzy5G4BPiHI1Bi9IBskdP81MPjRerMl5WDqbXE4HmRPefdlPNrOspcyKaKDMly6HMcegQvJMMlwAw5eFIXhyNRRo-U-QpZvvkoGwIbGojaCcpDbFZTDfvK2QFxpV6CGBYTcWDb7fzAohjEZ7Xzqd0l5_Y402DNKmdVw/s55-w640-c-h426/teset.webp" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/03/our-evolution-past-evolution-of-you.html" target="_blank">Our Evolutionary Past: The Evolution of You</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhh0ryz1OiB7--Lzbji6xRwEe1-aidbzLWdcW5kwDfukpW3jzyG5GtG424pLvNc5fFS8laN9x2nxYK1V9UFuBUpkVr2QU7hLCq4bb6gEjn-7DJhiJaeX2s51u65IWT1o5ahZJwpoLn-ozpFrQlEbZf2Rp3lMQSOHm9Hxb4l7bROgP_U7Tb_oconxDgxBg=s55-w640-c-h348" style="font-family: arial;" /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/03/climate-change-since-advent-of-humans.html" target="_blank">Climate change since the advent of humans</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhGguTP12EIeYJnfwuyNwHcrtUUulJV2x1PVa6M9jUT9uo_tEc4SRnKANeHl0-SMJgLFE_w1tqehMYS9PLonvMztUpas1dL1cD-VVCkkY967sRoJAj6iVO_2oWtKnPvJ26PyLeDdAHFYhtdnktuuuyKWW66v6L-TCQBca6IUmJ55znps-EyBp9Xqm9oQg=s55-w640-c-h394" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/03/bible-civilizations-are-lot-younger.html" target="_blank">Bible Civilizations Are a Lot Younger Than Paleo-Human Civilizations</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjYZCj2YP3nvj2VNTMvYwfMsoqFxqFdGV273VppmcetivtYnDWjYfAhUpqdjwBnfYOD1cy18-uQ4Jy2cY26e2hZ2w1YugxleIupBEba_8WZkrigErBt-n2vy9rbhYfohxs3ImuKUlXxxWp4woDTsPqykLNgr4nCe8XU3RXG_IRV6ruei3o89hi4rM3pcA=s55-w400-c-h266" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2022/09/why-did-neanderthals-become-extinct.html" target="_blank">Why did Neanderthals become extinct?</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AJ0KDdUF8_DKlP4dpy9N7vazcMpWWBextHWYKjC9ZLMWAvh-i0Lg66uA-ex83S5s3_hSGV0JeIiO1S2lmEDp-eIIE_WYPBBucHV5MCIXn5xr0oWr-mI9hrAOuT3UJl8Sh9sWSXy10bQRG-lhlsksNW-wo_PvQfDdMi9nDC587jODGx38j3oXXFMb2nuAh9qAsUDsPAEbrKun0jXx30oC7PL9X8nQJ74v8rH-PQ=w72-c-h64" style="font-family: arial;" /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2020/09/when-did-we-become-fully-human.html" target="_blank">When did we become fully human?</a></span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">* * * * * * * * *</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-size: x-large;"><b>The Evolution of God and Religion</b></span></span></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjmN19HVR0Bj74mecaYoW5BxUGjwGXF5hCMKpYw-bY_6MdBCLR4b6d67IUyU8ElK_GQcPh4oP8DEBJY7pU0EkST4OQ1FRKkiNuRqUcFT1dmnff5se3_cxJs_zmaWR06QSzFHHvH1zUeoyK0kEVeEdXhxVSY_HfobqO33JJVrhwQPP7Pz5OE3anevUba-yC6" style="clear: left; display: inline; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="600" height="55" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjmN19HVR0Bj74mecaYoW5BxUGjwGXF5hCMKpYw-bY_6MdBCLR4b6d67IUyU8ElK_GQcPh4oP8DEBJY7pU0EkST4OQ1FRKkiNuRqUcFT1dmnff5se3_cxJs_zmaWR06QSzFHHvH1zUeoyK0kEVeEdXhxVSY_HfobqO33JJVrhwQPP7Pz5OE3anevUba-yC6=w83-h55" width="83" /></a></div><div><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/03/the-origins-of-religion-evolution-of.html" style="font-family: arial;" target="_blank">The Origins of Religion: The God of Creation</a></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiO3BW-dTjOdNEVX06JYJlmbj8qrlej-OAmDMYh0nE6BJkxMWS0HKLIbVkMfJBUTvMUfbpy7OrtYP7WF_r5ziCVW5zrBv6vjLSup1v0PolY-XXHx0qF2Bc8vsEyKK_fDLC447ICwJOLra2PkBERg-Uo3314Om_Z385Jyvb4o55uRcT9PBq2SVoD9asXRA=s55-w640-c-h336" style="font-family: arial;" /></div><div><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/03/the-origins-of-religion-introduction.html" style="font-family: arial;" target="_blank">The Origins of Religion: God Is Pervasive, Essential, Undefeated</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjw6uxzRhAmT2WbzGZ59fjLEiSnG-9B-DE0Fbqok9lO3mGQca9T-_BbJsFAVIYXmITs-npHr6jAludt-_E1nDAMpcHzri-aMrffpWsl9OL4Ldvy-lxzvFiWX1DBDzDH_-gYJnXUgzaD7V0gkmmj6DQmrKYbJOw4RbCRBLDYZ-sLdrU3V_81bCpgD5r34w=s55-w624-c-h640" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/03/the-origin-of-religion-quality-of.html" target="_blank">The Origin of Religion: The Quality of Eusociality & Altruism</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg8D9xJ7wPjuODI5rOOS8mhp8-c4sUSSUb0I-w00HCO6tzAA5SChbD6O5IKmeu6OX5nrz-37OIZHiK1DePgC-D-X0Oqc0PL_JpF5IoMHUYtGIKPQ_nJqGIuLb34DhlukzBtdYYgQGJfxpXL8vAaKoNM67Fo-FYGruQ4sdXMeVCovl_L3bM-pUfWfrmeXg=s55-w640-c-h360" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/03/the-origin-of-religion-deep-spiritual.html" target="_blank">The Origin of Religion: The Deep Spiritual Roots of Religion</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgWCBRqA3qB1VinUaPKBMPfEynd-O5MZY4VpePZEIwJMYQYuDTDm92UshMkpTv_z04hI2zwmXxDQDZoOySEfCQA4OwR3FKyUw9Xbo4PAMTGPa4gWBRh1oM-sN9Jx8zS3CZfq_4QzCS7ZM0ihZ1KKr4A0m9SOaguJruwpFFQaBTEVwbElTm5elbdNt8hYYTi=s55-w427-c-h640" style="font-family: arial;" /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/09/researchers-explore-cultural.html" target="_blank">Researchers Explore Cultural Evolutionary Roots of Religion</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhY_QbxzMS12OJI08MyiUFyxCGPKfssHBdsPTP7RTD2C3mQwF3Y0XQnWaQWs1ikznfyq0fLYzYydjv1HPR3jwFMym3D1zhNFbD6R-v9iGEWthNIrTpub7VN2Zu5TLVpGVB8JkQvHcdC4BYG_5z2Gi3OAAF3FiWMY7okFd-SaNGpxnlD4AyRenkzvI_5OE4_=s55-w619-c-h640" style="font-family: arial;" /></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/07/the-evolution-of-god-and-religion-part-1.html" target="_blank">The Evolution of God and Religion, Part 1</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AJ0KDdXSn-a4H825Fw1VFMz3xw0QL3Q1hN02_n5sca4r9z20aiTTamb8KR1uFK3Xg5orHB2muR2WBQQPrR6dtzf-aSTLq6QysmvWJ5qbyz3uNY79bdUR_Wf3ROOWCxeUWA6OwQ=w72-c-h64" style="font-family: arial;" /></div><div><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/09/nathan-fifield-evolution-of-god.html" style="font-family: arial;" target="_blank">Nathan Fifield - The Evolution of God</a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">I<br />Intro to the story of God, man, and religion - 2</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">I<br />Intro to the story of God, man, and religion - 1</span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AJ0KDdXQ22_-g4wzy2_qy8c8XC8p24bmujxEe5vOj_3Twdjz_mkZlvcp5y-Mi_moS7EA-qNQ8pohF-L2RpU-lcCOQWn3riD6PthBY5IbYNmY9b1bTRcACARLf4ttsC_L0z0MkhR-kpGQXSHUBZG-g9FyjNONiMYp7m7kAsSIH-iwyTURA-LzBx9PP4_Z-qvgBYraVaADrOMEd81y1_qAFd-y7vdJ=w72-c-h64" style="font-family: arial;" /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2023/09/deep-roots-of-humanity-project.html" target="_blank">Deep Roots of Humanity Project</a></span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">* * * * * * * * *</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-size: x-large;">The Evolution of God</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">~ Not begun yet. How did the Storm God of Babylon become </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">polytheistic Israel's main God? The Story of God through the Bible. ~</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">x</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">x</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">x</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">* * * * * * * * *</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><b>The Evolution of Language</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYriZ5Ppriea5bRuntU5c6khFHWihmboJC5yyhpp_y87e-ro9v2qcNr4V-9gSwyi-rs3nq9eaQ-cZXcTNdcf190b2RgNiBeWMzipRFWSJQcnZPFcsRjkBKUBhYgS-PpvIVRkexg0QsxZtv1ZaB03tV6w1pgBKuweXOtBxrjYPT9vk26fsn3JfF2FjpviBb/s55-w640-c-h438/test.jpg" style="font-family: arial;" /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2024/02/the-origins-of-language-by-boeree.html" target="_blank">The Origins of Language by Boeree</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AJ0KDdXof6umUayR_GoJqDENANpHkLw3pW5MTStEazkWL0WTlPELVpdzBsQIC2zJTQ5dwhgqu3Sikb2qoGWA4r1163NWWPsPVlwR-U_IzJMswP19XVeLbkr1wE78uAVfR5a5kBu18xTq07KYzA=w72-c-h64" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2024/02/the-origin-of-language.html" target="_blank">The Origin of Language by Weir</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO3s6imNBYOC8jNCXcmaneJHZLLwZMgVZpyONPR5jEKjd829lKNIbDBXFKBAYwO94nWEzGPjsSQOBrAiodgTCC0t6Tr08_t03-ppEzYFFMDdFRidMwcpx-lkQtZkvW0cbhLKjxuN25_uo44ut1VosWdBjg0bGQ-jxmsT-WGvI-FishFdDBGT-55Q-5gafL/s55-w454-c-h640/The%20origin%20of%20language.webp" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2024/02/evolution-of-language.html" target="_blank">Evolution of Language</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh24AxZhd1b0z9dVaT7FKhUWj4a5DWwghhMhDjWx4Sv7X4LLde64EbfJr6lX5j90IFf-WPo-AxD6BJRMjL5mjIDATplA4QPgz_2yaMAOcKC_n9--lGsm9FshTqPOh983AAP3cVj3S3U1glmvs4w-bf2aIuaQXYECdO8WgcnliEqXlo1VErD6PIKdwg9-z50=s55-w640-c-h640" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2024/02/the-church-needs-new-love-language.html" target="_blank">The Church Needs a New Love Language: The Origins of Language</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf1HYx_QQmrKC9k2-HEPn5LgJRx_vW1UB6l48jkMtxKiqP5dASg1YiYeWS05g1IoWoBDexTehZfeH5GZO2ZxUEVsWsh27KLlN3RjjoKVyAXl7lhzGJkmFYhPFM8R28RqIU4W39up6_ZSj3i8tO-HQ70G1VeOFFBrQDhvskoAXeBByDOspz-d8oCH9AVLz0/s55-w640-c-h480/The%20Origin%20of%20Language%2000.jpg" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2024/02/the-evolutionary-origin-of-language.html" target="_blank">The Evolutionary Origins of Language</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzdtj59SZrOGib5kd6bFBQaInZ41FqwF6URDfncwbM1zhCPKPZ5hheJsfA1Yr2vUQcj3k_r2d6ozdFl3WbHokRZdZGl634cyP0r-uIgdjnRwwj8GQh7w71T6-Fe-e2VX1L_s7qxoKFc6RD3RggfgwSrYHk6oA7gkJVHZy1kFUMSGVtU9POaMAN7WwZwnhX/s55-w434-c-h640/Evolution%20of%20Human%20Language.png" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2024/02/human-language-info-density-grants.html" target="_blank">Human Language: Info Density Grants Speed But Less Breadth</a></span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjTuhi3Aajd9Z-vnTpLvpJG-RRpjtmrEmTYjAVMhMqYA2ke-QKrphq-rYXCTaHnF_vRsFNmr2C3e-z0_VlvXNfepWDhs-7IbzXzNV6sx_pyKb3fKRsavafsIJBOPSSPtoTkwbPjlDUHek9XgRiUk8QkV9nVCUFU7qrWaHi2qyJBAcKOICZTbInHEHPzra0m=s55-c" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2024/01/philosophy-of-language.html" target="_blank">Philosophy of Language</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjOdPKE552xp49ZPOZGv_KR4ql8dgisXHnsLlKn2cyozfdPWPXvGaQhVzFFoCbWEwWxVQngTuK3x-NjSBB4EJpxNEjPmdLSde9_mcsgH2FVlLuvO1N6ixSPF4yAEJXB64aeN9tHdIayxGdGq50NkkCYsAnS4B4Dq8QecGzolxrqTENI9ipfgR__xk_FFCjd=s55-w640-c-h640" /><br /><a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2024/01/the-study-of-language-linguistics.html" target="_blank">The Study of Language - Linguistics, Morphology, Orthography</a></span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div></div>R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-71556781315371187662024-02-22T13:27:00.010-05:002024-02-22T15:18:07.746-05:00What is God in Character, Sovereignty, and Rule?<div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: large; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: large; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgWmRbtElav6oD4F4eXj3ztLmwsOLF94Fz4TKtMCPXrBFRol_YuVlzcQTDyJpKr7g835DSdcahg8e76-c6OvPp0fdw71mLCjwARbBB4S1nUpXrmU5yQWF-lSgRKRRLdI8DDMWyIs1ymgVuuthT_kmlAAYx75DMYxNequLjquhNO-hcATfFC-mtT6AwzJSPu" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgWmRbtElav6oD4F4eXj3ztLmwsOLF94Fz4TKtMCPXrBFRol_YuVlzcQTDyJpKr7g835DSdcahg8e76-c6OvPp0fdw71mLCjwARbBB4S1nUpXrmU5yQWF-lSgRKRRLdI8DDMWyIs1ymgVuuthT_kmlAAYx75DMYxNequLjquhNO-hcATfFC-mtT6AwzJSPu=w640-h640" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: large; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><b>What is God in Character,</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><b>Sovereignty and Rule?</b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">by R.E. Slater</span></div></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><i></i></div><blockquote><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><i></i></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: medium;">Be careful what you pretend to be. You become what you pretend to be. - Kurt Vonnegut</span></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: medium;">Religious beliefs, far from being primary, are often shaped and adjusted by our social goals. - Jim Forest</span></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: medium;">We become who we are by what we believe and can justify. - R.E. Slater</span></i></div></blockquote><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><i></i></div></blockquote><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><i></i></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: x-large;">What is Divine Sovereignty?</span></u></b></div></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Here are several definitions of God's sovereignty. As a process theologian I work within a pan<u>en</u>theistic framework and not a theistic nor pantheistic framework. Most of the definitions given below are from a theistic framework although I like how John Paul II expresses sovereignty as a dual relationship between God and creation.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In the kind of Process theology I have been forming (and yes, there are many kinds of process thought, not only Christian but Islamic, Jewish, Asian, etc) has come up from the Reformed side of my Baptist faith. I began with <i>Arminianism</i> and uplifted it into <i>Open and Relational Theology</i> then completed it as an <i>Open and Relational PROCESS theology.</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i></i>I have written past articles on sovereignty but as the years past my processual understanding grows with the subject. For today's purpose I have provided a simple definition and then have given my reasons for this definition. See what you think.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">- R.E. Slater</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b></b></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Commonly</b> - The sovereignty of God is the fact that he is the Lord over creation; as sovereign, he exercises his rule. This rule is exercised through God's authority as king, his control over all things, and his presence with his covenantal people and throughout his creation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Lutheranism</b> - The major components of the biblical concept of divine sovereignty or lordship are God's control, authority, and presence (see John Frame, The Doctrine of God, 21–115). His control means that everything happens according to his plan and intention. Authority means that all his commands ought to be obeyed.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Calvinism</b> - The sovereignty of God is the same as the lordship of God, for God is the sovereign over all of creation. The major components of God’s lordship are his control, authority, and covenantal presence.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Arminianism</b> - To Arminians, then, the decision to believe and repent is a decision which a sovereign God granted to humanity. Thus, free will is granted and limited by God's sovereignty, but God's sovereignty allows all men the choice to accept the Gospel of Jesus through faith, simultaneously allowing all men to resist.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Catholicism</b> - The Catechism of the Catholic Church (1993) express the concept of <span style="color: #0b5394;">God's sovereignty as his rule over his creation, allowing human libertarian free will and co-operation with him: "God is the sovereign master of his plan. But to carry it out he also makes use of his creatures' co-operation.</span> This use is not a sign of weakness, but rather a token of almighty God's greatness and goodness. God grants his creatures not only their existence, but also the dignity of acting on their own, of being causes and principles for each other, [...]".</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty_of_God_in_Christianity#CITEREFJohn_Paul_II1993">John Paul II 1993</a>, Section II, Ch. 1, Article 1, §4 Providence and secondary causes, item 306.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Eastern Orthodoxy</b> - In general, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology">Eastern Theology</a> <u>places much more emphasis on human freedom and less on God's sovereignty than do the Augustinian and Reformed strands of Western theology</u>. Orthodox view of human free will is close to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan-Arminian">Wesleyan-Arminian</a> view. - Fairbairn, Donald (2002). Eastern Orthodoxy Through Western Eyes. London: Westminster John Knox Press.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Process Theology</b> - In Christian freedom, God is sovereign, but it is a sovereignty of love, not a sovereignty of control.</span></div></blockquote><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: large; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjqkpX5iwDmerWb6MEES2DfSbbxrck7PKj9iuMl7z7pIeiWLu4kV365v-w3WKhPZFM4M22gJG61KxjFSgWQ5EEt5IoXPvK3wBygL_XS0YgPwXYN3mYqWTPPrnMcWtCq_gighbf6ABxWCDKBShWlcdALnAfNjMYlv-c3pMXvgS1X8VnIDUuEaBvMni8Ug-eo" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1577" data-original-width="2655" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjqkpX5iwDmerWb6MEES2DfSbbxrck7PKj9iuMl7z7pIeiWLu4kV365v-w3WKhPZFM4M22gJG61KxjFSgWQ5EEt5IoXPvK3wBygL_XS0YgPwXYN3mYqWTPPrnMcWtCq_gighbf6ABxWCDKBShWlcdALnAfNjMYlv-c3pMXvgS1X8VnIDUuEaBvMni8Ug-eo=w640-h380" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">God's Sovereignty is One of Love - </span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Not Power. Not Control. Love</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">by R.E. Slater</span></div><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Christian message I grew up with was one that I consider a terrible teaching to children and teens. I don't think it has changed much today. My faith now has no hell, hades, or purgatory in it... if these eternal states are real they must exist during our earthly lives such as seen with the poor innocents of Gaza, Ukraine, Ethiopia, Central America, and within America.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">For God to be a God of love people say he must be just and avenge sin and evil. The Bible shares these thoughts of God's character in its passages time-and-again... that the God of the bible is a God of violence, ruin, and destruction. In fact, the bible ends on this "high note" of ruination and damnation in the last book of the bible, <i>Revelation, </i>completing its journey started at Adam and Eve's exile from the Garden of Eden.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning, God's love is not unlike our own human emotions projecting our forms of justice upon the world so that we feel safe, secure, and free to live in peace and serenity within our communities.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This is how American evangelicalism projects itself. Full of guns, retribution, and revenge. It is little different from Islam's violent <i>Jihadism.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">And then Jesus comes along and says to the keepers of Torah - the priests, scribes, and later, rabbi's, of the first century - that their stories of Divine Imprecation and Judgment speaks to their version of God and not to Jesus' version of God.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Said Jesus, "God's sovereignty doesn't rest on <i>Might and Power</i> but upon the<i> weakness of Love" </i>in so many words<i>.</i> That is, Jesus rejects the Temple's kind of Judaism and shows how God serves, sacrifices, shares, listens, heals, renews, and redeems. Not unlike Judaism's Old Testament (OT) God on his best days - but quite unlike their <i>Warrior God</i> which they have cultivated into their theology and deeply care about... needing it to be true as they live under the unwanted, secular reign of a foreign power known as Rome.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">And thus, over the centuries since Jesus' coming, the better, humbler elements of the church seeks to be, and enact, love... but under Catholicism, Reformation Protestantism, and Orthodoxy we see the Wrathful-God-version of the OT overtake the Loving-God-version of the New Testament (NT) as read in the texts of Paul, Peter, John, and so on.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjlb7vRG4c82UrLousmSgBciOFSB5dwEJ9BlrTLmNBFilfYvRnK5crCwLOR0C4e5RJuj3qgWASMTbELFN2dRIKHpihwIdjWC7VdHnsKQqNEF_iwmQVpAf9rW5Eq-9Ql_l8_5WvpmFfDw4VMCAb69lJOp_Fvf0_gsZW1NbYLA-11Qp-ELl-6jmJalAkTc7gk" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="202" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjlb7vRG4c82UrLousmSgBciOFSB5dwEJ9BlrTLmNBFilfYvRnK5crCwLOR0C4e5RJuj3qgWASMTbELFN2dRIKHpihwIdjWC7VdHnsKQqNEF_iwmQVpAf9rW5Eq-9Ql_l8_5WvpmFfDw4VMCAb69lJOp_Fvf0_gsZW1NbYLA-11Qp-ELl-6jmJalAkTc7gk=w517-h640" width="517" /></span></a></div><br /><b><u><span style="font-size: x-large;">So what version of God is God?</span></u></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is God a God of damnation and hell? Or a version of Jesus's Loving Redeemer?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I, for one, might answer this query in a number of ways but the one answer I like most is the one stating that the narratives in the bible speak to the religious mindset of humanity at the time... which also includes the church ages after the NT in its own interpretations of the bible... including our own religious mindsets today.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">And if I extend God's <i>Spirit of inspiration</i> from the Bible till now <i>as an everyday common occurrence between men of any faith and God</i>, then I have the foundations to question why our stories favor a Powerful God over a Loving God?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">When looking around at the films, movies, and TV stories out on cable; or the best sellers and popular classics on the bookshelves and libraries; or the sports and SciFi genres of digital games; nothing seems to have changed in human cultures. <span style="color: #0b5394;">We seem to be a violent species which find it difficult not to be us. And we have made of God a violent Power as an idol to ourselves.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">As with Jesus - when teaching the OT - I find a deeper, more fulfilling inspiration of the Spirit in retelling the narratives of the bible using God's Love as the seed, theme, and outcome-objective of the story even as Jesus, Paul, and the apostles sometimes did. <span style="color: #0b5394;">Otherwise, the spirit of this world will act according to itself and the outcomes in <i>Revelation</i> will be as real now as they been many times over in history.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Somehow, in our storytelling and worship, we must fill God's majestic holy Sovereignty with Almighty Love and not vengeful justice... which is unloving and unGodlike. For instance, I can teach "the Day of the Lord" all day long but ultimately it means God cleans house <u>first</u> with his people before judging the wicked and unjust.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The prophets warned of lusting for a God of justice over a God of love. Why? Because what we teach others is how we will learn to act. If we teach a violent God, then violence will be part of our life-character. And if teaching a loving God, then lovingkindness will become a part of our demeanors and relationships with others.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">It seems to be a choice God has given us when sending Jesus and asking whether we will humble ourselves and repent and follow him - or stiffen our resolve to become our own God and see all of life as a <i>tit-for-tat, eye-for-eye, </i>struggle for supremacy over another. Which, in stark proverbial undertones, smacks of foolishness and unwise behavior.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This does not mean worshipping a loving God dispenses with justice... but it does mean that we dispense a "measured form of justice" that is restorative and renewing amid the many sordid evils abounding around us.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">If we follow a God of love and not a God of wrath and judgment it means that a civil society might have a better chance of acting civilly with one another. And in doing so this will greatly help a civil society - such as America's Constitutional democratic society - to lean into its idealism of designs and purposes when worshipping a God of love rather than a God of wrath and judgment.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><i>R.E. Slater</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>February 22, 2024</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><b>Additional Reading Material </b>- </i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><div><a href="https://www.patheos.com/blogs/rogereolson/2019/11/a-relational-view-of-gods-sovereignty/" target="_blank">A Relational View of God’s Sovereignty</a>, Roger E. Olson</div><div><br /></div><div>My office phone rang and I answered it. A stern voice said “Is this Roger Olson?” who which I confessed. The man introduced himself as pastor of Baptist church in the state, implying that he was a constituent of the seminary where I teach. Anyway, I got the message. “I hear you don’t believe in God’s sovereignty,” he declared. I responded “Oh, really? What do you mean by ‘God’s sovereignty’?” He said “You, know. God is in control of everything.” I decided to play with him a little. “Oh, so you believe God caused the holocaust and every other evil event in human history? That God is the author of sin and evil?” There was a long pause. Then he said “Well, no.” “Then do you believe in God’s sovereignty?” I asked. He mumbled something about just wanting to “make sure” and hung up.</div></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">* * * * * * *</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></span><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh5JZGhbSFe4yPTIOb_YCrYk_jvPgDTZHLEyZdRt8e-RkLOQQCWAPcT_uKUY3oyeCRDEhf-WrI3Apaadj7FOluGJx4aqAsS4IKunm2o1rJDKhVhfUweswog0hk1co9tVCgYElrPc23A_udw3OxcNn_OLDgirepzduMstSP1W6LFsQD0V04NhhjzNhEjbxNu" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="492" data-original-width="540" height="584" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh5JZGhbSFe4yPTIOb_YCrYk_jvPgDTZHLEyZdRt8e-RkLOQQCWAPcT_uKUY3oyeCRDEhf-WrI3Apaadj7FOluGJx4aqAsS4IKunm2o1rJDKhVhfUweswog0hk1co9tVCgYElrPc23A_udw3OxcNn_OLDgirepzduMstSP1W6LFsQD0V04NhhjzNhEjbxNu=w640-h584" width="640" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">A Short by Rance</span></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">"God loves you so much that he sent his Son to earth to die for you so you can go to heaven where there are streets of gold and you get to worship him and throw crowns at his feet forever....</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">"But, if you don’t accept him and believe in him, Jesus will throw your ass (actually your whole body) into a lake of fire (or a fiery oven, or outer darkness, take your pick depending on which passage you read) where you will weep, wail, and gnash your teeth as you are actively tortured day and night for the next trillion trillion trillion years (and you’re just getting started at that point!)."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Says I, "What a bunch of crock! And it’s not actually what the Gospel is!"</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">"And if that message really was in the Bible, and if it was the [actual] Christian gospel - which it isn’t; just more bad superficial interpretation - I, for one, would never believe it.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">"However, if indeed this was the true Christian message (actually read the book of Acts to see that this is not even close to what the message was), I’d immediately start looking for something else to believe because this is just too insane.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">"Verily, verily, I say unto you, this is a crock of manure."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></div>R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-54216872250485086532024-02-20T13:18:00.006-05:002024-02-20T13:22:16.560-05:0023 maps and charts on language<div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img height="360" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/kvX0lJtSM6Gi8kocHEh3wZUicZo=/0x0:1280x937/1200x675/filters:focal(538x366:742x570)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/66379848/1280px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel__28Vienna_29_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.0.0.1484498833.0.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Tower of Babel. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tower_of_Babel_(Bruegel)#mediaviewer/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_(Vienna)_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="c-entry-hero c-entry-hero--feature c-entry-hero--unison-default image-light has-image has-labels" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><div class="c-entry-hero__content l-segment l-feature" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 762px; padding: 0px 16px 16px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: inherit; z-index: 1;"><div class="c-entry-group-labels c-entry-group-labels--feature" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.75rem; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: normal; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: middle;"><p class="sr-only c-entry-box--compact__labels-title" id="heading-label--piy57ofm" style="box-sizing: border-box; clip-path: inset(100%); clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; text-decoration: inherit; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: inherit; width: 1px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">FILED UNDER:</span></p><ul aria-labelledby="heading-label--piy57ofm" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><li class="c-entry-group-labels__item" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 1.2em; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; transform-origin: 0px center; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit; z-index: 0;"><a href="https://www.vox.com/technology" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 8px; text-align: center; text-decoration: inherit; text-wrap: nowrap; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">TECHNOLOGY</span></span></a></li></ul></div><h1 class="c-page-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">23 maps and charts on language</span></h1><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.vox.com/2014/11/17/7082317/language-maps-charts" target="_blank">article link</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div class="c-byline" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-style: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span class="c-byline-wrapper" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">By <span class="c-byline__item" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a data-analytics-link="author-name" href="https://www.vox.com/authors/dylan-matthews" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="c-byline__author-name" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Dylan Matthews</span></a><span class="c-byline__item" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a href="mailto:dylan@vox.com" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;" title="">dylan@vox.com</a></span> </span></span></span></div><div class="c-byline" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-style: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="c-byline-wrapper" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="c-byline__item" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div class="c-byline" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-style: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="c-byline-wrapper" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="c-byline__item" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Updated <time class="c-byline__item" data-ui="timestamp" datetime="2015-04-15T08:40:00" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Apr 15, 2015, 4:40am EDT</time></span></span></span><a aria-expanded="false" class="c-social-buttons__item c-social-buttons__more" href="https://www.vox.com/2014/11/17/7082317/language-maps-charts#" role="button" style="align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.1em; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; text-decoration: inherit; text-transform: uppercase; transition: opacity 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="sr-only" style="box-sizing: border-box; clip-path: inset(100%); clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; text-transform: none; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: inherit; width: 1px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">All sharing options</span></span></a></div></div></div><div class="l-wrapper" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-size: 18px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 1100px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><main class="l-segment l-feature" id="content" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 762px; outline: none; padding: 16px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" tabindex="-1"><div class="c-short-author-bio" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 32px; min-height: 60px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><div class="c-short-author-bio-wrapper" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px 10px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><div class="c-short-author-bio__item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-flow: row; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><div class="copy" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 1 auto; font-size: inherit; font-style: italic; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a data-analytics-link=":short-author-bio" href="https://www.vox.com/authors/dylan-matthews" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">Dylan Matthews</a> is a senior correspondent and head writer for Vox's Future Perfect section and has worked at Vox since 2014. He is particularly interested in global health and pandemic prevention, anti-poverty efforts, economic policy and theory, and conflicts about the right way to do philanthropy.</span></div></div></div></div><div class="c-entry-content" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><p id="1keHld" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">”The limits of my language,” the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein once posited, “mean the limits of my world.” Explaining everything within the limits of the world is probably too ambitious a goal for a list like this. But here are 23 maps and charts that can hopefully illuminate small aspects of how we manage to communicate with one another.</span></p><hr class="p-entry-hr" id="8RJPLo" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 242, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><h2 id="xRnbl0" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.728em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The basics</span></h2><h3 id="T07tiX" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1) Indo-European language roots</span></h3><figure class="e-image" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455670/196.0.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><picture class="c-picture" data-cdata="{"asset_id":2455670,"ratio":"*"}" data-cid="site/picture_element-1708447842_5372_14350" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><source sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/uJo5DO2vOsb0KEHhP89zL-1GMp0=/0x0:1250x1762/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:1250x1762):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455670/196.0.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/cmHjDJuohZ28z_Ooz2sFXtX02Ek=/0x0:1250x1762/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:1250x1762):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455670/196.0.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/aZg2__-sA_WNdpStESX4aWy2O4s=/0x0:1250x1762/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:1250x1762):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455670/196.0.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/rVowr1DUF7xVnBUaEzWPbOa7C7E=/0x0:1250x1762/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:1250x1762):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455670/196.0.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ZhV8r6dGaWLYL5h0HaQ_u4o7fzw=/0x0:1250x1762/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:1250x1762):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455670/196.0.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/-LK8baocihsW7r0wilH62znaj8A=/0x0:1250x1762/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:1250x1762):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455670/196.0.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/E4wlPUzFXY-YIZPxpIfNOH1fhjw=/0x0:1250x1762/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:1250x1762):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455670/196.0.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/YOm5jl_dPxiybzUwrJbd031EKSY=/0x0:1250x1762/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:1250x1762):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455670/196.0.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ycnNFPrjuTRqpWyoBRawy91MT18=/0x0:1250x1762/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:1250x1762):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455670/196.0.jpg 1920w" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" type="image/webp"></source></span><img alt="" data-upload-width="1250" height="640" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/iXs4QMc08j0qxNNBaVqsw1NaLDo=/0x0:1250x1762/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:1250x1762):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455670/196.0.jpg" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/x5TCDLC0ddm6Y2Gf1AL6k_NkWHU=/0x0:1250x1762/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:1250x1762):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455670/196.0.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/wcFVhoZhjxM2eP1vWMYNKh5qZ3o=/0x0:1250x1762/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:1250x1762):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455670/196.0.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/iQDoiqWo1faM-usw6llb-uIwoHM=/0x0:1250x1762/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:1250x1762):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455670/196.0.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/JyxuTNx5JLyV6qtK6bJqak1SErQ=/0x0:1250x1762/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:1250x1762):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455670/196.0.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/JSoOaM-RxzgoBtM6lY5aDAWlp0I=/0x0:1250x1762/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:1250x1762):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455670/196.0.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/5AV7atYx799pyDE56PCtF1yFQwA=/0x0:1250x1762/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:1250x1762):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455670/196.0.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/hedLK8xSf80F_qdhjsd178j7uuM=/0x0:1250x1762/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:1250x1762):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455670/196.0.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Pq7IxUjeVgoecfK-VdM1srgF8uE=/0x0:1250x1762/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:1250x1762):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455670/196.0.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/WfscZLY_LkOp0L0kwbhEfz45xeE=/0x0:1250x1762/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:1250x1762):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455670/196.0.jpg 1920w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: auto;" width="454" /></picture></span></span><span class="e-image__meta" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; display: block; font-size: 0.75em; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.75; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="ql-link" href="http://www.sssscomic.com/comic.php?page=196" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">Minna Sundberg</span></a></cite></span></figure><p id="zD0flu" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Minna Sundberg, a Finnish-Swedish comic artist, created this beautiful tree to illustrate both the relationships between European and central Asian languages generally, as well as a smaller but still striking point: Finnish has less in common with, say, Swedish than Persian or Hindi do. The latter two are Indo-European language, even if they branched off more quickly, whereas Finland is Uralic.</span></p><hr class="p-entry-hr" id="cryYzJ" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 242, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><h3 id="jMbBMq" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">2) The languages of Wikipedia</span></h3><figure class="e-image" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/694828/84558g59-1408117223.0.png" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><picture class="c-picture" data-cdata="{"asset_id":694828,"ratio":"*"}" data-cid="site/picture_element-1708447842_2439_14351" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><source sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/WOgZSbic-7ogem3jzl_LJHCYpL0=/0x0:1399x1000/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:1399x1000):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/694828/84558g59-1408117223.0.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/on6TnuTcTd5K-fhJPZVDYrXH2sM=/0x0:1399x1000/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:1399x1000):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/694828/84558g59-1408117223.0.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/RBMx-S_RzmonrkUn3Dqrhc4T5wQ=/0x0:1399x1000/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:1399x1000):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/694828/84558g59-1408117223.0.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/rZ_IIQYaibNvaDYsu0i7lTji4I0=/0x0:1399x1000/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:1399x1000):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/694828/84558g59-1408117223.0.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/nhSwpt6FpCm7wRww8APQe2YL8a8=/0x0:1399x1000/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:1399x1000):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/694828/84558g59-1408117223.0.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Eys48MCj4gGW2hhd6OwmtvXxS1I=/0x0:1399x1000/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:1399x1000):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/694828/84558g59-1408117223.0.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/v8_Oy5OFiOiQg4oE26glF7yBjjI=/0x0:1399x1000/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:1399x1000):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/694828/84558g59-1408117223.0.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ySbAIwnKpRZ_VgypJP0TFoXf8xc=/0x0:1399x1000/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:1399x1000):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/694828/84558g59-1408117223.0.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/fguT3py6Sx9GAf50tyu23d7TQ0E=/0x0:1399x1000/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:1399x1000):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/694828/84558g59-1408117223.0.png 1920w" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" type="image/webp"></source></span><img alt="wikipedia map 2" data-upload-width="1399" height="458" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/6Rob7xC5AIR9iMUYMQK4HdrDMjE=/0x0:1399x1000/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:1399x1000):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/694828/84558g59-1408117223.0.png" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/h3cDPts9_KUp1yJb_xfJCvgoxrA=/0x0:1399x1000/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:1399x1000):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/694828/84558g59-1408117223.0.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Ff3NB8dKvOSDGIUtkaFKlk7zJhI=/0x0:1399x1000/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:1399x1000):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/694828/84558g59-1408117223.0.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/pSnTOaCKEQM0qeGMobApAPcjLHU=/0x0:1399x1000/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:1399x1000):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/694828/84558g59-1408117223.0.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/D_87OuKXEVM0xgR9DDXpwf7oQZ0=/0x0:1399x1000/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:1399x1000):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/694828/84558g59-1408117223.0.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/4tiqvAdh2Y5KuMwDSELFT8BuOiE=/0x0:1399x1000/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:1399x1000):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/694828/84558g59-1408117223.0.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/-0S6438k1oacKlyWs1033BRN91Q=/0x0:1399x1000/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:1399x1000):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/694828/84558g59-1408117223.0.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/FD9tr4lK73m2A66kZoWVG0qw3gs=/0x0:1399x1000/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:1399x1000):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/694828/84558g59-1408117223.0.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/dNX8Mo5VP2LeSrbjVbTTI8hkXvw=/0x0:1399x1000/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:1399x1000):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/694828/84558g59-1408117223.0.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/WSx3BtoBaW6DjjW8g1cfzdb7wCQ=/0x0:1399x1000/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:1399x1000):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/694828/84558g59-1408117223.0.png 1920w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: auto;" width="640" /></picture></span></span><span class="e-image__meta" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; display: block; font-size: 0.75em; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.75; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="ql-link" href="http://www.vox.com/2014/9/14/6140145/wikipedia-geography" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">Graham et. al., 2014</span></a></cite></span></figure><p id="B3i5Wz" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This map shows the language in which the plurality of Wikipedia articles on a given country are written. Some countries match up. Articles about European countries tend to be mostly written in their languages (though intriguingly Catalan is the plurality language for articles about Spain, perhaps because of an old <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia_Libre_Universal_en_Espa%C3%B1ol" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">breakaway competitor to Wikipedia</a> in that country). Same goes for East Asian countries and the US.</span></p><p id="8Ty6Pz" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">But a whole lot of countries are most commonly written about in English, and not just countries where English is a major language. There’s not much reason for English to be the most common language for articles about Mongolia, for example. Out of all the world’s Arabic speaking countries, only Syria appears to have Arabic as its most common Wikipedia language.</span></p><div class="m-ad m-ad__dynamic_ad_unit m-ad__desktop_feature_body" data-concert-ads-name="desktop_feature_body" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px auto 1.2rem; max-width: calc(100% + 15px); overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 728px;"><div class="dynamic-js-slot" id="div-gpt-ad-desktop_feature_body" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: height 0.2s ease-in 0s, background-color 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;"></div></div><p id="cAY7G6" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">German has footholds in Bolivia, Uruguay, and Namibia. These make <em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">some</em> degree of sense; Germany colonized Namibia until World War I (committing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero_and_Namaqua_Genocide" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">the first modern genocide</a> in the process) and a small German-speaking population remains today, while Bolivia and Uruguay have small German-speaking communities that migrated in the late 19th and 20th centuries. But really, most articles about Bolivia ought to be in Spanish.<br style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" />Joey Stromberg has <a href="http://www.vox.com/2014/9/14/6140145/wikipedia-geography" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">more on Wikipedia’s geography and language problems here</a>.</span></p><hr class="p-entry-hr" id="thOO8t" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 242, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><h3 id="86VQR0" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">3) The language groups of the world</span></h3><figure class="e-image" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455664/Human_Language_Families_Map.0.PNG" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><picture class="c-picture" data-cdata="{"asset_id":2455664,"ratio":"*"}" data-cid="site/picture_element-1708447842_6023_14352" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><source sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/vEKHV_OPJEcMr56VnprzSJ-_LKM=/0x0:1880x740/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:1880x740):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455664/Human_Language_Families_Map.0.PNG 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Hc-6DyAhhEAURLtGKvLpDcEDjTg=/0x0:1880x740/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:1880x740):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455664/Human_Language_Families_Map.0.PNG 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/G3xhaVfzPh9O4TvaxYjLwyxXn4A=/0x0:1880x740/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:1880x740):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455664/Human_Language_Families_Map.0.PNG 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ocfqFnaSUrj2r2clmJsHYnoiU70=/0x0:1880x740/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:1880x740):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455664/Human_Language_Families_Map.0.PNG 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/9s4fVJUsrhFPOmU9jvKX80oz1N4=/0x0:1880x740/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:1880x740):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455664/Human_Language_Families_Map.0.PNG 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/SSCGVtcEtNHIYpmV9gUuHoutEkE=/0x0:1880x740/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:1880x740):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455664/Human_Language_Families_Map.0.PNG 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/XIHc0Mg3ziCxAHLUkAEOXu4z7A0=/0x0:1880x740/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:1880x740):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455664/Human_Language_Families_Map.0.PNG 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/XsSaMwVj2kTZ5JIcqbCDuiSnG-0=/0x0:1880x740/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:1880x740):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455664/Human_Language_Families_Map.0.PNG 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/VaZGfh2CwxAs9pHAmpPqdlHm0dU=/0x0:1880x740/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:1880x740):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455664/Human_Language_Families_Map.0.PNG 1920w" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" type="image/webp"></source></span><img alt="" data-upload-width="1880" height="251" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/YWGPal_QsywRVCyZJaKmLlw_LHQ=/0x0:1880x740/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:1880x740):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455664/Human_Language_Families_Map.0.PNG" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/qzF0u6BFWnPgi-OQR-EGoRVjPsA=/0x0:1880x740/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:1880x740):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455664/Human_Language_Families_Map.0.PNG 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/SIbCgq7dRAlrZBZjXAx3u0TJZXQ=/0x0:1880x740/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:1880x740):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455664/Human_Language_Families_Map.0.PNG 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/pHT9GRV8qOxkhb7rZKf1TN5bUk4=/0x0:1880x740/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:1880x740):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455664/Human_Language_Families_Map.0.PNG 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/R_twlSng-cS5If75UjPUPwNfnps=/0x0:1880x740/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:1880x740):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455664/Human_Language_Families_Map.0.PNG 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ME2XbQbeSNJIbCb8XQ26mF79Vao=/0x0:1880x740/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:1880x740):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455664/Human_Language_Families_Map.0.PNG 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/nMA9QcHJLRh0Iy1mIzR-YioO0dY=/0x0:1880x740/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:1880x740):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455664/Human_Language_Families_Map.0.PNG 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/b_4TZREgzbAZJcGVy77Xmx9iK8s=/0x0:1880x740/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:1880x740):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455664/Human_Language_Families_Map.0.PNG 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/cTpL34fLetRf512nfJLxcHAF5-I=/0x0:1880x740/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:1880x740):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455664/Human_Language_Families_Map.0.PNG 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/8m9h66r_firD7IMslN3lNRrZUJk=/0x0:1880x740/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:1880x740):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455664/Human_Language_Families_Map.0.PNG 1920w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: auto;" width="640" /></picture></span></span><span class="e-image__meta" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; display: block; font-size: 0.75em; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.75; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="ql-link" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_Language_Families_Map.PNG" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">Industrius</span></a></cite></span></figure><p id="bqoHS3" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This <a href="http://www.vox.com/2014/7/2/5862696/where-people-speak-what-languages%20" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">map</a> colors regions not by specific language but by the general family to which the dominant language belongs. So France, Romania, Italy, Spain, and Portugal all get colored the same (as does Latin America, apart from tribal languages), and the Anglosphere gets lumped in with Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. But the map also illuminates differences within countries. India has a noticeable split between Hindi speakers and speakers of Dravidian languages, the latter of whom are concentrated in the lower part of the country. China’s Chinese-speaking, heavily populated, industrialized eastern half contrasts sharply with both Tibetan speakers in the southwest and Turkic speakers in the northwest.</span></p><hr class="p-entry-hr" id="X771PN" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 242, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><h3 id="GLUwVG" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">4) Romance languages</span></h3><figure class="e-image" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455734/800px-Romance-lg-classification-en.0.png" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><picture class="c-picture" data-cdata="{"asset_id":2455734,"ratio":"*"}" data-cid="site/picture_element-1708447842_7576_14353" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><source sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/P9ry0qeKktvvSFX3E5HafSpJlxg=/0x0:800x535/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:800x535):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455734/800px-Romance-lg-classification-en.0.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/_mUn1j21-_J-uYCXjfE7FG4LQ7g=/0x0:800x535/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:800x535):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455734/800px-Romance-lg-classification-en.0.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/qCbr6fVwt_2-MklpmnZMg5qk5eg=/0x0:800x535/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:800x535):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455734/800px-Romance-lg-classification-en.0.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Wh5vQkxlbp3f8-9VN7HwwLgwzbI=/0x0:800x535/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:800x535):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455734/800px-Romance-lg-classification-en.0.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/QWfWfNPGPS690RHuLJB-oT7Tgso=/0x0:800x535/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:800x535):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455734/800px-Romance-lg-classification-en.0.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/fu8FiLBAaWYhzjsjgGoaWeC7_N4=/0x0:800x535/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:800x535):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455734/800px-Romance-lg-classification-en.0.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/3np22vCl1Hg2mvQwzXZxR6rnXCY=/0x0:800x535/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:800x535):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455734/800px-Romance-lg-classification-en.0.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ZtPGXEFtfDYrBCdL2Bjd60m19zw=/0x0:800x535/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:800x535):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455734/800px-Romance-lg-classification-en.0.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/x68SzHA2jpjyv8ZFMozKHDcHFcE=/0x0:800x535/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:800x535):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455734/800px-Romance-lg-classification-en.0.png 1920w" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" type="image/webp"></source></span><img alt="" data-upload-width="800" height="429" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Epnut2xTfumRnLfVJ5iJWP-xOoQ=/0x0:800x535/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:800x535):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455734/800px-Romance-lg-classification-en.0.png" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/5ODYFjj9EniEpa8PotBZkLKukoo=/0x0:800x535/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:800x535):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455734/800px-Romance-lg-classification-en.0.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/BfPgj7IHacXPhKsOKWCOYRxuV8o=/0x0:800x535/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:800x535):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455734/800px-Romance-lg-classification-en.0.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/yoh99GBXhdGGUu3vuvMlu4yUUvc=/0x0:800x535/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:800x535):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455734/800px-Romance-lg-classification-en.0.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Wa0_Ka7a-hJRzhG6QjlvNNN_gQc=/0x0:800x535/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:800x535):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455734/800px-Romance-lg-classification-en.0.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/CyADMpxQc7ggtOiw0yBgva_yVIQ=/0x0:800x535/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:800x535):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455734/800px-Romance-lg-classification-en.0.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/kmfOvkzsxwEYuXz7kv80t5hglrg=/0x0:800x535/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:800x535):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455734/800px-Romance-lg-classification-en.0.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/u8vpJV7e8GX6u5Meq6rGMH9ytQc=/0x0:800x535/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:800x535):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455734/800px-Romance-lg-classification-en.0.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/iREWLqGgNRTrhBNw4nKpeAZLz_U=/0x0:800x535/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:800x535):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455734/800px-Romance-lg-classification-en.0.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/INbcZQTeVoikMSaQ9MUHLsn6GnI=/0x0:800x535/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:800x535):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455734/800px-Romance-lg-classification-en.0.png 1920w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: auto;" width="640" /></picture></span></span><span class="e-image__meta" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; display: block; font-size: 0.75em; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.75; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="ql-link" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Romance-lg-classification-en.png" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">Yuri Koryakov</span></a></cite></span></figure><p id="IrG5h5" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This diagram, by Russian linguist Yuri Koryakov, digs deeper than the above tree into the relationships between various romance languages. Langues d’Oïl, on top, is an umbrella category that includes French; the name comes from the word for yes (it has since evolved into “oui” in modern French), which sets the languages apart from languages like Spanish or Italian whose words for yes derive from the Latin “sic.” The most interesting items on the diagram are lesser-used tongues, in particular Sardinian, which stands out as the modern language closest to Latin in pronunciation.</span></p><hr class="p-entry-hr" id="plmiym" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 242, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><h2 id="gg3Vjk" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.728em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Language divides</span></h2><h3 id="HJBTv4" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">5) Linguistic diversity around the world</span></h3><figure class="e-image" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455682/XkUEGl7.0.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><picture class="c-picture" data-cdata="{"asset_id":2455682,"ratio":"*"}" data-cid="site/picture_element-1708447842_7621_14354" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><source sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/8H_uJR9FQnd5zX8YKdwGIOmXvBM=/0x0:1000x595/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:1000x595):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455682/XkUEGl7.0.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/sHG4SiKWseOrr8AS_OtVNfXmAI4=/0x0:1000x595/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:1000x595):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455682/XkUEGl7.0.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/7gsn5cFj2gyf99LTOkoFV6MbT9g=/0x0:1000x595/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:1000x595):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455682/XkUEGl7.0.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/4z8FciHkVjT97-2vJQ-6j8E4BIs=/0x0:1000x595/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:1000x595):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455682/XkUEGl7.0.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/2FLEu_TJo1SB1pNx2QPqR_b5k_s=/0x0:1000x595/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:1000x595):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455682/XkUEGl7.0.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/6Bf9kQqsqS7WmJfC5OE-iXrPFAA=/0x0:1000x595/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:1000x595):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455682/XkUEGl7.0.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/BG7__CT9BphzwbdjE5592JbKySM=/0x0:1000x595/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:1000x595):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455682/XkUEGl7.0.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/GHz-C9mIiKLKhyD7qU_hxhYRMZI=/0x0:1000x595/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:1000x595):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455682/XkUEGl7.0.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/8lZxp94T42SzAIwDnnD8qbSk8Rs=/0x0:1000x595/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:1000x595):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455682/XkUEGl7.0.jpg 1920w" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" type="image/webp"></source></span><img alt="" data-upload-width="1000" height="380" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/P4SM5eT7ZmqjcMkGCk4emX3thDc=/0x0:1000x595/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:1000x595):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455682/XkUEGl7.0.jpg" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/0xMJDRG7l9nysuI2UJsZ73N8Dkg=/0x0:1000x595/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:1000x595):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455682/XkUEGl7.0.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/_8wZPH2alFtHLa8JNKDKrekUHTE=/0x0:1000x595/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:1000x595):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455682/XkUEGl7.0.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/abpTSCTtboFvx74xvOcoCSAxA00=/0x0:1000x595/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:1000x595):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455682/XkUEGl7.0.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/gocj61Mao2jZQY4Qe67lMR4nKmA=/0x0:1000x595/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:1000x595):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455682/XkUEGl7.0.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/9s11TdIYNZfvuLac8lkWujcnCuY=/0x0:1000x595/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:1000x595):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455682/XkUEGl7.0.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/BSZ3UaUpOOgWldLlYUq3vKHX9xE=/0x0:1000x595/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:1000x595):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455682/XkUEGl7.0.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/w2Mc-MsDPwodAUv-QDMQKAINZu4=/0x0:1000x595/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:1000x595):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455682/XkUEGl7.0.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/8XYWD0vr-A4lXplKJdrIJRUJpwg=/0x0:1000x595/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:1000x595):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455682/XkUEGl7.0.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/lPcPtOZKigS3WaK6eXU26TV-Gl8=/0x0:1000x595/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:1000x595):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455682/XkUEGl7.0.jpg 1920w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: auto;" width="640" /></picture></span></span><span class="e-image__meta" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; display: block; font-size: 0.75em; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.75; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="ql-link" href="http://www.articque.com/cartes-de-kazimierz-j-zaniewski" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">Kazimierz Zaniewski/Articque</span></a></cite></span></figure><p id="0TzNMp" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This map — created by University of Wisconsin Oshkosh’s Kazimierz Zaniewski using data from <a href="http://www.ethnologue.com/" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">Ethnologue</a> — shows the level of linguistic diversity in various countries, where a score of 0 means everyone speaks the same language and a score of 1 means everyone has their own language. <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/private-language/" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">Even though the latter is technically impossible</a>, Papua New Guinea comes pretty damn close with a score of 0.99.</span></p><hr class="p-entry-hr" id="RxTZGs" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 242, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><h3 id="R6Sj1E" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">6) Countries mapped by number of languages</span></h3><figure class="e-image" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457126/langpapngmap23434.0.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><picture class="c-picture" data-cdata="{"asset_id":2457126,"ratio":"*"}" data-cid="site/picture_element-1708447842_5942_14355" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><source sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/M8drsOAMcvlWMtS_OqASkkpQccI=/0x0:400x466/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:400x466):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457126/langpapngmap23434.0.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/yJBXo33HGfUGBS_JmVgxer6mfuo=/0x0:400x466/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:400x466):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457126/langpapngmap23434.0.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/6jgcLDukg18CCGvwjWy9gYu94N8=/0x0:400x466/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:400x466):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457126/langpapngmap23434.0.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/-EBkqnbWvingjw5lmjsYDuXHEls=/0x0:400x466/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:400x466):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457126/langpapngmap23434.0.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/y6RixrpC8O4umX3Vw0pyQsjZhVU=/0x0:400x466/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:400x466):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457126/langpapngmap23434.0.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/4SsVpYKGZURCmz6T5c5sd9SSOL4=/0x0:400x466/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:400x466):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457126/langpapngmap23434.0.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/oc15SFTvwraddxnYneHJ9GRbpxU=/0x0:400x466/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:400x466):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457126/langpapngmap23434.0.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/9UMTqwY45ZMUs_wqUYUTh2KvzUQ=/0x0:400x466/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:400x466):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457126/langpapngmap23434.0.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/6OTtqlUguiSehZeEftbmuZ7EhJQ=/0x0:400x466/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:400x466):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457126/langpapngmap23434.0.jpg 1920w" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" type="image/webp"></source></span><img alt="" data-upload-width="400" height="640" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/-YOkDoHgi49-9io9lxeNp9aRcAE=/0x0:400x466/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:400x466):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457126/langpapngmap23434.0.jpg" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/wDXw5dAwZNeFd2pPauqstnDmMf8=/0x0:400x466/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:400x466):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457126/langpapngmap23434.0.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/YplKaK8kNF76SNXmrYefNBt2gQ4=/0x0:400x466/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:400x466):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457126/langpapngmap23434.0.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Yn0CKSuYsFzwdkx-GKb_tOMkWcE=/0x0:400x466/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:400x466):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457126/langpapngmap23434.0.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/bGvVnzTN6KE8K1sLyKugN2MjVYk=/0x0:400x466/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:400x466):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457126/langpapngmap23434.0.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/xsGyDcrt4cVWn2ZTniS4oBXu2UY=/0x0:400x466/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:400x466):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457126/langpapngmap23434.0.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/IkeMbDjVCSKK7DG_M2cVdMTttBc=/0x0:400x466/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:400x466):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457126/langpapngmap23434.0.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/EbWfe6sFswO9voENeRQFSDOmfW0=/0x0:400x466/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:400x466):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457126/langpapngmap23434.0.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/DS9-BD_zqMHwY8RqYRbsO-zNOMs=/0x0:400x466/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:400x466):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457126/langpapngmap23434.0.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/viKdTKroGI2y7nSeUPkJa6ChFdA=/0x0:400x466/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:400x466):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457126/langpapngmap23434.0.jpg 1920w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 400px;" width="549" /></picture></span></span><span class="e-image__meta" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; display: block; font-size: 0.75em; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.75; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="ql-link" href="http://gadling.com/2009/12/19/papua-new-guinea-land-of-800-languages/" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mikael Parkvall/Limits of Language</span></a></cite></span></figure><p id="uQ61w9" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mikael Parkvall, a Swedish linguist, takes another approach to illustrating linguistic diversity: “rendering each country in a size corresponding to the number of languages spoken in it … The ten shaded countries are those in which more than 200 languages are in use.” The clear winner, again, is Papua New Guinea, which has only about 7 million people and over 800 languages.</span></p><hr class="p-entry-hr" id="tVr31u" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 242, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><h3 id="HNIZT1" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">7) China’s languages</span></h3><figure class="e-image" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455674/China_linguistic_map.0.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><picture class="c-picture" data-cdata="{"asset_id":2455674,"ratio":"*"}" data-cid="site/picture_element-1708447842_3532_14356" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><source sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/_QGzmt9XABmXvPeMBhHaa-vTVk4=/0x0:2538x2844/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:2538x2844):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455674/China_linguistic_map.0.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/r9H35VpG1V7Xr7K7ZTeXsXMYMFI=/0x0:2538x2844/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:2538x2844):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455674/China_linguistic_map.0.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/KSHXOdNSJJbUZ08WKwjcapnzTbU=/0x0:2538x2844/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:2538x2844):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455674/China_linguistic_map.0.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/_p6nTQVoVDQDZ9mIdUr7RVrEGGU=/0x0:2538x2844/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:2538x2844):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455674/China_linguistic_map.0.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/MG0wU7q5HgH4QeoGSD0Pns70V2s=/0x0:2538x2844/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:2538x2844):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455674/China_linguistic_map.0.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ywU84MbfbUh-K8KrbLryoleKqyo=/0x0:2538x2844/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:2538x2844):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455674/China_linguistic_map.0.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/hXURU_L0s1bRLbjCryNR7QQ80K0=/0x0:2538x2844/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:2538x2844):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455674/China_linguistic_map.0.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/HKFGt8ZdJFQGqtu8j2fcltzmjr0=/0x0:2538x2844/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:2538x2844):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455674/China_linguistic_map.0.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/fLrV_Ur4g7Br89RbBT11fKV9LVc=/0x0:2538x2844/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:2538x2844):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455674/China_linguistic_map.0.jpg 1920w" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" type="image/webp"></source></span><img alt="" data-upload-width="2538" height="2844" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/g7OAKKOMh7cqAh8dK-EWg6xTiHY=/0x0:2538x2844/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:2538x2844):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455674/China_linguistic_map.0.jpg" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/n80kGiECVO7eUQLAPXeDH6ImfbA=/0x0:2538x2844/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:2538x2844):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455674/China_linguistic_map.0.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/fUAYwCSXAZEDBOQ4ZydfQ5J5rq4=/0x0:2538x2844/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:2538x2844):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455674/China_linguistic_map.0.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/glGdbTrCG2sFobuHQNNyvJEM4GY=/0x0:2538x2844/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:2538x2844):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455674/China_linguistic_map.0.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/u4V_W5DiVlO-U7ZWBrTd6_v7LMs=/0x0:2538x2844/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:2538x2844):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455674/China_linguistic_map.0.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/XrVZ3m2OE7xiu4B4ehkybUXwNEI=/0x0:2538x2844/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:2538x2844):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455674/China_linguistic_map.0.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/CrjAymbasvdkVnkGB3e5UROBeDM=/0x0:2538x2844/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:2538x2844):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455674/China_linguistic_map.0.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/W7maF8NrKGhasuDacDqOmaFgwUk=/0x0:2538x2844/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:2538x2844):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455674/China_linguistic_map.0.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/gwhHZb2O_b8Z8P2lf1Xk6XK3F5I=/0x0:2538x2844/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:2538x2844):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455674/China_linguistic_map.0.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/eF87pUREylZYBQs28KJ4p4HAClc=/0x0:2538x2844/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:2538x2844):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455674/China_linguistic_map.0.jpg 1920w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: auto;" width="2538" /></picture></span></span><span class="e-image__meta" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; display: block; font-size: 0.75em; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.75; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="ql-link" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_China#mediaviewer/File:China_linguistic_map.jpg" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">Werran</span></a></cite></span></figure><p id="REgBZz" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Most people know that Mandarin Chinese — the official dialect used and promoted by the Chinese government and taught in most Western Chinese courses — is just one of many, and that a variety of other dialects (Cantonese, Shanghainese, Taiwanese, etc.) have millions of speakers as well. The above map illustrates the geographic distribution of the various dialects on mainland China and Taiwan. But perhaps less well known is exactly how different the dialects can be. They use the same character set, and most use Mandarin in writing, but the spoken dialects are often mutually unintelligible. As University of Wisconsin linguist Zhang Hongming once told the <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/10/international/asia/10chinese.html" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">New York Times</a>, “The degree of difference among dialects is much higher than the degree of difference among European languages.”</span></p><hr class="p-entry-hr" id="AIrjIz" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 242, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><h3 id="gPkbz1" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">8) India’s languages</span></h3><figure class="e-image" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455680/india-map-languages.0.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><picture class="c-picture" data-cdata="{"asset_id":2455680,"ratio":"*"}" data-cid="site/picture_element-1708447842_302_14357" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><source sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/dyfrAPah78H9OmJ5HWowF7lfQmQ=/0x0:600x708/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:600x708):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455680/india-map-languages.0.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/3E-ZdiMNgE2PiPy8P6V07NbFrDY=/0x0:600x708/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:600x708):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455680/india-map-languages.0.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/761n1ygqbRWj_n6LZibCNvIhTWY=/0x0:600x708/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:600x708):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455680/india-map-languages.0.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/aOofzvdgpviVRa8y_XOfr1_zY58=/0x0:600x708/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:600x708):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455680/india-map-languages.0.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ETxIHpnCdu6Kwf-WzapFJ5e6xno=/0x0:600x708/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:600x708):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455680/india-map-languages.0.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Grb0zw4nbuAYKU5EMD5W0Z1KipQ=/0x0:600x708/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:600x708):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455680/india-map-languages.0.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Rc-Nxe62WYQ9NA0Uqnk66EC1rLM=/0x0:600x708/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:600x708):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455680/india-map-languages.0.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/4r8qv3VzGZ5MVBNWpRyJDdg3WR8=/0x0:600x708/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:600x708):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455680/india-map-languages.0.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/928LpQWypTI4WMh2nqi4fXlfIIo=/0x0:600x708/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:600x708):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455680/india-map-languages.0.jpg 1920w" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" type="image/webp"></source></span><img alt="" data-upload-width="600" height="640" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/U4EbPXGqQxRpcMx3h04sYbxI68s=/0x0:600x708/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:600x708):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455680/india-map-languages.0.jpg" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Imw9kFLeVMlOa4-Axn2zJNPqDgY=/0x0:600x708/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:600x708):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455680/india-map-languages.0.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/PS1P4jloLQRsJhy_IsEDUt-MaMA=/0x0:600x708/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:600x708):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455680/india-map-languages.0.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/j1ZOHOznvLWjTQSpRsR7WEPExgc=/0x0:600x708/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:600x708):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455680/india-map-languages.0.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/forlM6TSaJmjZvMWM3JKxjgXDEk=/0x0:600x708/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:600x708):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455680/india-map-languages.0.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Xu3ioySildOTUwK9Wrhb7A41fVw=/0x0:600x708/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:600x708):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455680/india-map-languages.0.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/jT03KHbGIppAWPyMURfuwiRtjHI=/0x0:600x708/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:600x708):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455680/india-map-languages.0.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/aAbUDrGclCx1axPFiYl-ew5Jj_k=/0x0:600x708/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:600x708):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455680/india-map-languages.0.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/8U0zGrYFVqYXSYrQ0kKHS5H4Geo=/0x0:600x708/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:600x708):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455680/india-map-languages.0.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/v7-ucA417SweuwDnVOyu68Uppjc=/0x0:600x708/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:600x708):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455680/india-map-languages.0.jpg 1920w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 600px;" width="542" /></picture></span></span><span class="e-image__meta" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; display: block; font-size: 0.75em; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.75; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="ql-link" href="https://www.mapsofindia.com/" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">Maps of India</span></a></cite></span></figure><p id="YsrSEv" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Just as many of China’s most populous cities (Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Hong Kong) are located in regions where dialects other than Mandarin prevail, many of India’s biggest cities (Mumbai, Bangalore, Kolkata) are in states where Hindi does not dominate. This map is a bit outdated — Andhra Pradesh was split up in 2014, with the city of Hyderabad going to the new state of Telangana — but it’s a good indication of the levels of linguistic diversity in the country, which speaks about 780 languages total, and has <a href="http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2013/09/07/india-speaks-780-languages-220-lost-in-last-50-years-survey/" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">lost 220 in the past fifty years</a>.</span></p><hr class="p-entry-hr" id="coNO8B" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 242, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><h3 id="zRKJD6" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">9) Ukrainian v. Russian</span></h3><figure class="e-image" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455684/ukraine610-1.0.jpg_amp_w_1484" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><picture class="c-picture" data-cdata="{"asset_id":2455684,"ratio":"*"}" data-cid="site/picture_element-1708447842_6282_14358" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><source sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/3HZWVVRPnoHFsq7KXadvgfKGUyE=/0x0:610x416/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:610x416):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455684/ukraine610-1.0.jpg_amp_w_1484 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/TALS5TBiNOVTY-vOiXcDCwa0a6k=/0x0:610x416/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:610x416):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455684/ukraine610-1.0.jpg_amp_w_1484 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/I9yUnmiAeokrSNkcWFce2AQlU7k=/0x0:610x416/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:610x416):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455684/ukraine610-1.0.jpg_amp_w_1484 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/RCyqVSSPH0t2kjIjyckVejLAzL8=/0x0:610x416/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:610x416):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455684/ukraine610-1.0.jpg_amp_w_1484 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Hdy_-nrLLHZfBi_DBPlr0XEL85s=/0x0:610x416/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:610x416):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455684/ukraine610-1.0.jpg_amp_w_1484 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/gh_VEJyan8lLelDa7crYDzcALAU=/0x0:610x416/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:610x416):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455684/ukraine610-1.0.jpg_amp_w_1484 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/mpQbkOVJUqrHAzCuqSkMGPlKE5c=/0x0:610x416/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:610x416):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455684/ukraine610-1.0.jpg_amp_w_1484 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/TdaE2mLFfW_35vxzDMxs9T4ftKw=/0x0:610x416/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:610x416):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455684/ukraine610-1.0.jpg_amp_w_1484 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/_AssiRRdJrHSFP-PwgZWUtSDTDk=/0x0:610x416/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:610x416):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455684/ukraine610-1.0.jpg_amp_w_1484 1920w" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" type="image/webp"></source></span><img alt="" data-upload-width="610" height="416" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/tN75DOJpxVZ6dAHwee8Pvp1reTQ=/0x0:610x416/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:610x416):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455684/ukraine610-1.0.jpg_amp_w_1484" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/rwstn2Zr8y1jjK9-k8LMqQ6O7X0=/0x0:610x416/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:610x416):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455684/ukraine610-1.0.jpg_amp_w_1484 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/7N32nFCpaD0jJoxmrQ_WTtsNqQ4=/0x0:610x416/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:610x416):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455684/ukraine610-1.0.jpg_amp_w_1484 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/VrAEQJTaJGUVq__6aZZueFDsmkI=/0x0:610x416/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:610x416):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455684/ukraine610-1.0.jpg_amp_w_1484 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/3jz7jn-9vy-XSQyU2_WlMkoN1PQ=/0x0:610x416/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:610x416):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455684/ukraine610-1.0.jpg_amp_w_1484 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/hmCo9Ryvq-8VIUjTfFQrHmapl2o=/0x0:610x416/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:610x416):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455684/ukraine610-1.0.jpg_amp_w_1484 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/0zvRvGTEGX1jCdCEADn5hJgN3oo=/0x0:610x416/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:610x416):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455684/ukraine610-1.0.jpg_amp_w_1484 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/fAfDFEcob46tepJ2X85i70en7HQ=/0x0:610x416/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:610x416):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455684/ukraine610-1.0.jpg_amp_w_1484 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/AaWQMnpfATSD5ddKwGBl2jb4d9o=/0x0:610x416/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:610x416):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455684/ukraine610-1.0.jpg_amp_w_1484 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/eFSYPVrJT8p_e6jd1-NTKK5gqLc=/0x0:610x416/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:610x416):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455684/ukraine610-1.0.jpg_amp_w_1484 1920w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 610px;" width="610" /></picture></span></span><span class="e-image__meta" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; display: block; font-size: 0.75em; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.75; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="ql-link" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/01/30/9-questions-about-ukraine-you-were-too-embarrassed-to-ask/" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">Laris Karklis/Washington Post</span></a></cite></span></figure><p id="udegyX" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">As Max Fisher notes in our card stack on <a href="http://www.vox.com/cards/ukraine-everything-you-need-to-know/i-hear-that-ukraine-is-divided-between-east-and-west-can-you-explain" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">the Ukraine crisis</a>, maps of the Ukrainian/Russian divide in Ukraine look a LOT like maps of electoral results showing where the pro-Russian and pro-Western parties won. The linguistic divide itself is contentious — though some have adapted by having <a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2010/0315/Ukrainian-vs.-Russian-language-two-tongues-divide-former-Soviet-republic" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">conversations where each side speaks a different language</a> — but it’s really more of a proxy for the deeper underlying cultural and political splits that the past year’s tumults have brought to the fore.</span></p><hr class="p-entry-hr" id="jH0jYc" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 242, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><h3 id="bkG4ph" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">10) Endangered languages</span></h3><figure class="e-image" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457272/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.03.55.0.png" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><picture class="c-picture" data-cdata="{"asset_id":2457272,"ratio":"*"}" data-cid="site/picture_element-1708447842_6600_14359" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><source sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/6fll9dMSLgFktisZeZx4Jd_kSwY=/0x0:1366x579/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:1366x579):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457272/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.03.55.0.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/cnjlR4SoxUEdnoB0PnqN6d-6MRw=/0x0:1366x579/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:1366x579):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457272/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.03.55.0.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/QOFYbwBxOMT-KZzJdcgz_Bim7Oo=/0x0:1366x579/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:1366x579):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457272/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.03.55.0.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/5-2by4hdiI39_ytjyZGJ5OyhNkY=/0x0:1366x579/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:1366x579):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457272/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.03.55.0.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/jdL5C7ILQUAK9GpZgYpvAVpN8X8=/0x0:1366x579/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:1366x579):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457272/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.03.55.0.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/98MG8aCr6z3TXLKO14zOarS58X0=/0x0:1366x579/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:1366x579):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457272/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.03.55.0.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/z0zNkhWUYwXgo9jsK8763HE4CS8=/0x0:1366x579/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:1366x579):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457272/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.03.55.0.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/yejFke-_jB3jut_uXFsXTTZKW2s=/0x0:1366x579/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:1366x579):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457272/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.03.55.0.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/0bE6a7DOzgePVCGAA2OJzAvfd5s=/0x0:1366x579/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:1366x579):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457272/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.03.55.0.png 1920w" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" type="image/webp"></source></span><img alt="" data-upload-width="1366" height="579" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/uoCzokD4ZiJS5lQDO0q-P5OBCeg=/0x0:1366x579/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:1366x579):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457272/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.03.55.0.png" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/DrJmAYm1Dz7wJMxQ97KZ5FZZ7uU=/0x0:1366x579/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:1366x579):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457272/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.03.55.0.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/OTjHGf0LknfADSzCP0ycZCbZaf0=/0x0:1366x579/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:1366x579):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457272/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.03.55.0.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/4CiWOQgAnUPNGEuKl8wkSuuL9oY=/0x0:1366x579/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:1366x579):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457272/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.03.55.0.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/cXVW5-2HqSjeORaE39Pf5lEJnI0=/0x0:1366x579/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:1366x579):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457272/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.03.55.0.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/zNj-diOImjgc6C4QgOATcU58g2I=/0x0:1366x579/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:1366x579):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457272/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.03.55.0.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/I78N0Rxb4zCvqVynrigBLuK7V_0=/0x0:1366x579/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:1366x579):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457272/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.03.55.0.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/34NnF8XEsNG6z72bZRb_imvs3_s=/0x0:1366x579/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:1366x579):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457272/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.03.55.0.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/3AeuB8qv1XG8jXV_2AF3VFfK0Gs=/0x0:1366x579/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:1366x579):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457272/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.03.55.0.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/XzdqVV2n8ZxVdiFUhjAZs9asTDA=/0x0:1366x579/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:1366x579):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457272/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.03.55.0.png 1920w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: auto;" width="1366" /></picture></span></span><span class="e-image__meta" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; display: block; font-size: 0.75em; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.75; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="ql-link" href="http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/#/3/-2.516/206.624/0/100000/0/low/mid/high/dormant/awakening/unknown" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">The Endangered Languages Project</span></a></cite></span></figure><p id="epFvZR" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The Endangered Languages Project — launched with heavy support from Google and now sustained by the LINGUIST List and the First Peoples’ Cultural Council in Canada — created this <a href="http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/#/3/-2.516/206.624/0/100000/0/low/mid/high/dormant/awakening/unknown" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">interactive map</a> to document languages in danger of extinction. This screenshot excludes Europe and Africa, which contain significant numbers of threatened languages (Nigeria and East Africa especially), but the heaviest concentrations are in Southeast Asia and Latin America. The map also makes a sobering counterpoint to the previous two, in that it emphasizes how fragile Papua New Guinea’s unique linguistic diversity is, given just how many of its sundry languages are in danger of being lost forever.</span></p><hr class="p-entry-hr" id="v1JVmf" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 242, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><h3 id="fvO0wi" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">11) Who in Europe speaks English</span></h3><figure class="e-image" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/assets/4784292/english-eu.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><picture class="c-picture" data-cdata="{"asset_id":649768,"ratio":"*"}" data-cid="site/picture_element-1708447842_7969_14360" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><source sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/WAR3Q0KIZqaGSl4p44nqbXSHHbY=/0x0:650x607/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/assets/4784292/english-eu.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/4LW04SNNhEqspSyOJojQe6-arfA=/0x0:650x607/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/assets/4784292/english-eu.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/NcoVhL_Ysc6eTjQqhvZ1LexRuBQ=/0x0:650x607/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/assets/4784292/english-eu.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/K9ekTL9kRQoFc_t_oAbvaJDVxEo=/0x0:650x607/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/assets/4784292/english-eu.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/QRip9aC-7DDy7BRCt8rFfIkwwR8=/0x0:650x607/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/assets/4784292/english-eu.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/W1mjAKtX8uBD4FZYjbtUPJGNG58=/0x0:650x607/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/assets/4784292/english-eu.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/niHKs3usXIXf8-EJAB_3X80E-1I=/0x0:650x607/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/assets/4784292/english-eu.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/xJoa357SUXz9nfAglS5B7a2o42o=/0x0:650x607/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/assets/4784292/english-eu.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/FSDzF1LEw650ar54Pciq9nToeaU=/0x0:650x607/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/assets/4784292/english-eu.jpg 1920w" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" type="image/webp"></source></span><img alt="English" data-upload-width="650" height="607" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/i4OElE7bRw6DbS4F7h5LbGzBsEE=/0x0:650x607/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/assets/4784292/english-eu.jpg" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/AAqX9IoR_5BYsu0WkZW9IhZwlRo=/0x0:650x607/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/assets/4784292/english-eu.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Q4ppC27uR-nd9q6TtCvvBJuf1cA=/0x0:650x607/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/assets/4784292/english-eu.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/TMrK9qQSV6dBJAKb4FK923uKrbI=/0x0:650x607/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/assets/4784292/english-eu.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/AugtI_0IvQ7xflluDG-aH89hTJk=/0x0:650x607/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/assets/4784292/english-eu.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/OOFG93aKrBthbV6bzSTtcHgE-xM=/0x0:650x607/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/assets/4784292/english-eu.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/XrB3gthkYArdt2EKuBqPFgms-J0=/0x0:650x607/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/assets/4784292/english-eu.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/NQUqXXkp7AMeSg2J9rdyuPqWHy0=/0x0:650x607/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/assets/4784292/english-eu.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/dTg5Gj9dGFlLLUxyADjwbSO2Jm8=/0x0:650x607/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/assets/4784292/english-eu.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/yfzWZ0km4vjHkmQ-qqvE_ZyfcKI=/0x0:650x607/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/assets/4784292/english-eu.jpg 1920w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 650px;" width="650" /></picture></span></span><span class="e-image__meta" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; display: block; font-size: 0.75em; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.75; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="ql-link" href="http://jakubmarian.com/map-of-the-percentage-of-people-speaking-english-in-the-eu-by-country/" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jakub Marian</span></a></cite></span></figure><p id="eioH0j" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Many countries have more than one commonly used language, with many residents learning two or more. And due to both the British Empire and America’s dominance of global commerce and culture since World War II, English is often the second or third language people learn.</span></p><p id="L7ODqT" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This map shows how common English speaking is in a number of European countries. Strikingly, even in countries where proficiency is comparatively rare, it still makes up a sizable chunk of the population; 20 percent of Hungary and 22 percent of Spain is nothing to sneeze at.</span></p><div class="m-ad m-ad__dynamic_ad_unit mb-3 m-ad__desktop_feature_body_eoy_slot" data-concert-ads-name="desktop_feature_body_eoy_slot" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px 0px 32px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><div class="dynamic-js-slot" id="div-gpt-ad-desktop_feature_body_eoy_slot" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: height 0.2s ease-in 0s, background-color 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;"></div></div><p id="mQPPmD" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">But the penetration rates in countries speaking Germanic languages are especially astounding. 90 percent of Dutch people can hold a conversation in English; that’s nearly as high as Ireland, an actual English-speaking country.</span></p><p id="MND9yM" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Some of the variation here is explainable by <a href="http://www.vox.com/2014/6/11/5799678/map-where-europeans-speak-english" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">how countries deal with imported television programs and films</a>; in Northern European countries, TV and movies from the US tend to be subtitled whereas in Southern Europe dubbing is more common; the former amounts to a sort of low-intensity English class, if you watch enough TV.</span></p><hr class="p-entry-hr" id="a7oxQP" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 242, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><h3 id="wVdUWE" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">12) How many languages Europeans speak</span></h3><figure class="e-image" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455668/median-of-languages.0.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><picture class="c-picture" data-cdata="{"asset_id":2455668,"ratio":"*"}" data-cid="site/picture_element-1708447842_1281_14361" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><source sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/f_hbUkWEnNSKUFk7o56OM2Ur06E=/0x0:650x607/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455668/median-of-languages.0.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Lnng8sOa1w7D2xFIf_iHoDCwLWM=/0x0:650x607/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455668/median-of-languages.0.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/mMefPddSIsyB-ef0A1wQTr2DkNQ=/0x0:650x607/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455668/median-of-languages.0.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/j1fB9zCAmwY71C2-mgFYvSRInng=/0x0:650x607/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455668/median-of-languages.0.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/8rwJfrGrYZzmjQIV3fRscGqvas4=/0x0:650x607/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455668/median-of-languages.0.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/5H_GpehLajMn2w5Ri-vt0Kab3Xc=/0x0:650x607/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455668/median-of-languages.0.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/gS3M602bDAj35hp2D2j7RbJ_BMU=/0x0:650x607/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455668/median-of-languages.0.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/QULJjQkWW7iwTYE23i5aEJp31MQ=/0x0:650x607/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455668/median-of-languages.0.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/67IxFrhgVbYnc9XueYc24-qhloE=/0x0:650x607/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455668/median-of-languages.0.jpg 1920w" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" type="image/webp"></source></span><img alt="" data-upload-width="650" height="607" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/MCjkU5gwOdkX13IrGVVJLWx2TAk=/0x0:650x607/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455668/median-of-languages.0.jpg" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/WcjaAdB4ureR2stoygL7uzxfW50=/0x0:650x607/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455668/median-of-languages.0.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/r82sxrklLoMSo3q1W30E7ys_reE=/0x0:650x607/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455668/median-of-languages.0.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/6dx64qU1dGtrqLJA7jXMAZRInPQ=/0x0:650x607/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455668/median-of-languages.0.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/fpdMddchNpwGmNIB0HdewgT9FhQ=/0x0:650x607/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455668/median-of-languages.0.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/XTgINotZ71v5gwDYWmDBnGn-T1g=/0x0:650x607/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455668/median-of-languages.0.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/tL7R7aAEO6Oin3Jtdv52YBxBJtI=/0x0:650x607/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455668/median-of-languages.0.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/vBb-CYJX0QkKpLx1kBgb3OKHTvQ=/0x0:650x607/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455668/median-of-languages.0.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/EHyvFhJ-4dlUJGFPDlueII0HSpk=/0x0:650x607/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455668/median-of-languages.0.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/314j3jeZ1h9sBbO8-cezCk7X71c=/0x0:650x607/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:650x607):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455668/median-of-languages.0.jpg 1920w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 650px;" width="650" /></picture></span></span><span class="e-image__meta" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; display: block; font-size: 0.75em; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.75; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="ql-link" href="http://jakubmarian.com/average-number-of-languages-spoken-by-the-eu-population/" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jakub Marian</span></a></cite></span></figure><p id="rDaSpU" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Not only are Netherlands highly proficient in English, but the typical Dutch person knows a third language as well, Jakub Marian finds in this map. The term “median” requires a bit of explication here, since obviously there’s no person in France speaking 1.5 languages. Marian uses the fraction to highlight countries where there’s a close split. “X½ for a country means that between 45% and 55% (i.e. “about one half”) of its inhabitants speak X+1 languages,” Marian says. “For example, 1½ for France indicates that about one half of the French speak two languages, and the rest speak just a single language.”</span></p><hr class="p-entry-hr" id="leW2v3" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 242, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><h3 id="Hcuh5K" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">13) The second most popular language in US states</span></h3><figure class="e-image" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455686/CBOX_BlattLanguage_1.jpg.CROP.original-original.0.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><picture class="c-picture" data-cdata="{"asset_id":2455686,"ratio":"*"}" data-cid="site/picture_element-1708447842_5533_14362" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><source sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/s9hVqNuxyTNsytQbpU4NqeV5twc=/0x0:918x605/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:918x605):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455686/CBOX_BlattLanguage_1.jpg.CROP.original-original.0.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/H2U6m-WEwJsdHjDAtbEjm4ihJmg=/0x0:918x605/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:918x605):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455686/CBOX_BlattLanguage_1.jpg.CROP.original-original.0.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/pC3sQcXCfr9x_eNO0Lxf2JeK8DA=/0x0:918x605/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:918x605):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455686/CBOX_BlattLanguage_1.jpg.CROP.original-original.0.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/SQfSMao_6RKKQGKskxPW1sghOgg=/0x0:918x605/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:918x605):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455686/CBOX_BlattLanguage_1.jpg.CROP.original-original.0.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/D3LQp0BnO1MxzUxts-8RiNTFPl4=/0x0:918x605/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:918x605):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455686/CBOX_BlattLanguage_1.jpg.CROP.original-original.0.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/NlwwVeQIqtocGypDs70mRjpPgNo=/0x0:918x605/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:918x605):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455686/CBOX_BlattLanguage_1.jpg.CROP.original-original.0.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/5QyuBD0FKw8dj3sDphPp6ypewNI=/0x0:918x605/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:918x605):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455686/CBOX_BlattLanguage_1.jpg.CROP.original-original.0.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Kqo-DHB-o293NsTfQXXq7gHJ26s=/0x0:918x605/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:918x605):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455686/CBOX_BlattLanguage_1.jpg.CROP.original-original.0.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/9eVYNHp7Eetx5h1MkDHFasHbngc=/0x0:918x605/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:918x605):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455686/CBOX_BlattLanguage_1.jpg.CROP.original-original.0.jpg 1920w" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" type="image/webp"></source></span><img alt="" data-upload-width="918" height="605" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/8e4oEsT4XrAMTrIP-3vHQ0yuZyg=/0x0:918x605/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:918x605):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455686/CBOX_BlattLanguage_1.jpg.CROP.original-original.0.jpg" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/2wpqWNWWSYhZnj5hJ_r5cAZyIrA=/0x0:918x605/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:918x605):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455686/CBOX_BlattLanguage_1.jpg.CROP.original-original.0.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/DqcnqV5eo-19z79FOGGE8vfbESA=/0x0:918x605/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:918x605):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455686/CBOX_BlattLanguage_1.jpg.CROP.original-original.0.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/aC3qtE5iTKG_xWFZeplY4XVgtXU=/0x0:918x605/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:918x605):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455686/CBOX_BlattLanguage_1.jpg.CROP.original-original.0.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/CtQS6rDTpfCfjYckXXOaGc1QhQA=/0x0:918x605/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:918x605):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455686/CBOX_BlattLanguage_1.jpg.CROP.original-original.0.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/-JJ7p3OnZEKtITY06VSw-gH3DRY=/0x0:918x605/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:918x605):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455686/CBOX_BlattLanguage_1.jpg.CROP.original-original.0.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/aLce76mYb4vSwYs_CUjWKWP-R-c=/0x0:918x605/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:918x605):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455686/CBOX_BlattLanguage_1.jpg.CROP.original-original.0.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/gyTxtoNCshttfdSwxFplsv_SMwc=/0x0:918x605/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:918x605):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455686/CBOX_BlattLanguage_1.jpg.CROP.original-original.0.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/qjm4LeJ0uyX5vh6ZvO6Y6g4cBJI=/0x0:918x605/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:918x605):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455686/CBOX_BlattLanguage_1.jpg.CROP.original-original.0.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/3-WfxQ4Ex4QxnKYBMBz9fZBl8Wc=/0x0:918x605/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:918x605):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455686/CBOX_BlattLanguage_1.jpg.CROP.original-original.0.jpg 1920w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: auto;" width="918" /></picture></span></span><span class="e-image__meta" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; display: block; font-size: 0.75em; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.75; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="ql-link" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2014/05/language_map_what_s_the_most_popular_language_in_your_state.html" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">Ben Blatt/Slate</span></a></cite></span></figure><p id="M4m9kk" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">There’s an arguably more interesting version of this map showing the most popular non-English, non-Spanish language in each state, which generates some really interesting findings (Hmong in Minnesota! Russian in Oregon!). But this map conveys what’s probably a more important fact about languages in the US: they <a href="http://www.vox.com/2014/8/26/6067209/what-viral-maps-get-wrong-about-america" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">don’t vary as much by region as you might think</a>. Just about everywhere, the second most spoken language is Spanish. There are exceptions — Louisiana and states near Quebec favor French, for example — but ultimately, the US is a English-speaking country which has had many waves of immigration from Spanish-speaking countries, meaning that most states have sizable first-generation immigrant populations that speak Spanish.</span></p><hr class="p-entry-hr" id="Ax3v5f" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 242, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><h3 id="mOlY7v" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">14) New York tweets, by language</span></h3><figure class="e-image" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457252/Screen_Shot_2014-11-14_at_12.49.20_AM.0.png" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><picture class="c-picture" data-cdata="{"asset_id":2457252,"ratio":"*"}" data-cid="site/picture_element-1708447842_3559_14363" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><source sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Ic9ubAnMi9FtTlt6U3sk01XfRsA=/0x0:858x534/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:858x534):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457252/Screen_Shot_2014-11-14_at_12.49.20_AM.0.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/haFCWfEXsVnTeKTOg355dzeLNgM=/0x0:858x534/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:858x534):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457252/Screen_Shot_2014-11-14_at_12.49.20_AM.0.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/GMEfG2pANxj-5dLiCS9wmxIIGac=/0x0:858x534/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:858x534):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457252/Screen_Shot_2014-11-14_at_12.49.20_AM.0.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/fL__m2dYAzpDc_kCs39rC3VtYI0=/0x0:858x534/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:858x534):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457252/Screen_Shot_2014-11-14_at_12.49.20_AM.0.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/9D5JNVGf6yjyHxvbiTMzGgKvJvY=/0x0:858x534/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:858x534):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457252/Screen_Shot_2014-11-14_at_12.49.20_AM.0.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/tFkyehZ7gfHbGJSNEEIP6wT2zeU=/0x0:858x534/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:858x534):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457252/Screen_Shot_2014-11-14_at_12.49.20_AM.0.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/a0U8q_NWaezLIcSU70kgLf5opAA=/0x0:858x534/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:858x534):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457252/Screen_Shot_2014-11-14_at_12.49.20_AM.0.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/k5HKCIK5wFUR48Jh-05mBUJgSWo=/0x0:858x534/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:858x534):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457252/Screen_Shot_2014-11-14_at_12.49.20_AM.0.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/l5D7mcCYFQVimrz-xew1HUUlfL8=/0x0:858x534/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:858x534):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457252/Screen_Shot_2014-11-14_at_12.49.20_AM.0.png 1920w" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" type="image/webp"></source></span><img alt="" data-upload-width="858" height="534" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/a30WasgacjM6loVTsXB2NHtmD30=/0x0:858x534/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:858x534):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457252/Screen_Shot_2014-11-14_at_12.49.20_AM.0.png" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/incu4OUb9XGfnBAILqNi_GyKpkk=/0x0:858x534/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:858x534):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457252/Screen_Shot_2014-11-14_at_12.49.20_AM.0.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/5lMkospOw8OmvFXBFQfxVWRiswY=/0x0:858x534/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:858x534):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457252/Screen_Shot_2014-11-14_at_12.49.20_AM.0.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/9zvF8E2h7w_ZXQhd099AhZ3CrHg=/0x0:858x534/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:858x534):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457252/Screen_Shot_2014-11-14_at_12.49.20_AM.0.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/yWebW5GFPKQdeafbmFtwGAAzylM=/0x0:858x534/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:858x534):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457252/Screen_Shot_2014-11-14_at_12.49.20_AM.0.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/035ubBJ8vC0VWY3rq5-0bE-8bag=/0x0:858x534/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:858x534):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457252/Screen_Shot_2014-11-14_at_12.49.20_AM.0.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/aGcLAn2JjJ8mIZm9qeadUFbeLt0=/0x0:858x534/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:858x534):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457252/Screen_Shot_2014-11-14_at_12.49.20_AM.0.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/09knI9lUr0U7dv7oetzSFHYmrn4=/0x0:858x534/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:858x534):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457252/Screen_Shot_2014-11-14_at_12.49.20_AM.0.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/b0MVttPUyLAHxCACdKNGJv-zXTg=/0x0:858x534/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:858x534):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457252/Screen_Shot_2014-11-14_at_12.49.20_AM.0.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/e2vnD34bC8GswUz1wJ96Rqg-dLw=/0x0:858x534/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:858x534):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457252/Screen_Shot_2014-11-14_at_12.49.20_AM.0.png 1920w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: auto;" width="858" /></picture></span></span><span class="e-image__meta" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; display: block; font-size: 0.75em; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.75; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="ql-link" href="http://ny.spatial.ly/" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">John Barratt, Ed Manley, James Chesire, and Oliver O’Brien</span></a></cite></span></figure><p id="pkS1nY" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Obviously, the most common language for tweets originating from New York City is English; those tweets are represented in grey on the <a href="http://ny.spatial.ly/" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">interactive map</a> this screenshot is taken from. The more interesting data points are the other languages. Spanish is by far the most prevalent, with particular pockets in Queens, northern Manhattan, the Bronx, and Union City, NJ. Midtown Manhattan and JFK airport (the glowing area just a bit below the center of the image) have, understandably, the most linguistic diversity. And you can make out other enclaves: Russian in Brighton Beach, Portuguese in Astoria, etc. (Hat tip to <a href="http://flowingdata.com/2013/02/27/languages-of-new-york-via-twitter/" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">Flowing Data</a>.)</span></p><hr class="p-entry-hr" id="vaB79H" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 242, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><h2 id="cwaSCA" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.728em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">English</span></h2><h3 id="nnqaJv" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">15) The history of English</span></h3><figure class="e-image" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455666/history_of_english4.0.png" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><picture class="c-picture" data-cdata="{"asset_id":2455666,"ratio":"*"}" data-cid="site/picture_element-1708447842_6111_14364" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><source sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/BIO5tQU5M9KXH_GinaVXh04ZRkM=/0x0:924x504/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:924x504):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455666/history_of_english4.0.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/UqmvHNlwdwdrHJxF18E4vGDp9BI=/0x0:924x504/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:924x504):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455666/history_of_english4.0.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/D4e0It9WInIpvoTAmYSBpRNHL1Y=/0x0:924x504/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:924x504):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455666/history_of_english4.0.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/oopf71kYS0dsP76oCQ0mdI8I-TU=/0x0:924x504/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:924x504):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455666/history_of_english4.0.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/7xvF6dXJQVt0KuELutgKF8oyI60=/0x0:924x504/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:924x504):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455666/history_of_english4.0.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/s5V3XLXbAmhYI3qY0GL77FfeDCY=/0x0:924x504/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:924x504):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455666/history_of_english4.0.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/7z7g9IsHsU_yURsMWmmRSQxXXOg=/0x0:924x504/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:924x504):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455666/history_of_english4.0.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/L_XfvRIkdOGlBCD4zu8TEECd1ZQ=/0x0:924x504/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:924x504):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455666/history_of_english4.0.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/HL6r6M-5uoBqCyLAV-wWtsYCCxw=/0x0:924x504/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:924x504):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455666/history_of_english4.0.png 1920w" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" type="image/webp"></source></span><img alt="" data-upload-width="924" height="504" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/k4jEqFn0tQXBRHaSDezQw7ON6Cg=/0x0:924x504/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:924x504):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455666/history_of_english4.0.png" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/eXMIez06Umh2Q6w36Eg6h2xpKCM=/0x0:924x504/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:924x504):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455666/history_of_english4.0.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/4e-miXgWois_ZWTv7ucZK0i0bY8=/0x0:924x504/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:924x504):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455666/history_of_english4.0.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/mze2fLirWDb1Uimr4-z651I-JBg=/0x0:924x504/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:924x504):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455666/history_of_english4.0.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/PDu9nkyNAzQo-1h0qfr-b0KV3IY=/0x0:924x504/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:924x504):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455666/history_of_english4.0.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/d08e9ZGoUF1BPki3UZuZwz4sX4k=/0x0:924x504/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:924x504):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455666/history_of_english4.0.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/M-IuiW9gxMh2eg4HZlfkuaSaBA8=/0x0:924x504/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:924x504):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455666/history_of_english4.0.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/VPu8U3hVU8AeSD0bbYZfx5wSexM=/0x0:924x504/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:924x504):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455666/history_of_english4.0.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/HpJTJ612z8UJeayV2cLdty3WM1c=/0x0:924x504/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:924x504):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455666/history_of_english4.0.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/1DuKVcA2FthrKJC6ACLp5DFe6SA=/0x0:924x504/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:924x504):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455666/history_of_english4.0.png 1920w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: auto;" width="924" /></picture></span></span><span class="e-image__meta" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; display: block; font-size: 0.75em; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.75; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="ql-link" href="http://triangulations.wordpress.com/2014/09/30/the-history-of-the-english-language-a-diagram" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sabio Lantz</span></a></cite></span></figure><p id="mfMPJW" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">While Germanic at root, English has evolved into a hybrid with components from ancient Celtic languages (such as a continous tense, or -ing verb tenses), considerable vocabulary borrowed from Latin and French, and lots of words stolen from Hindi, Arabic, and other languages of British colonies. This chart by Sabio Lantz is a clear, detailed chronology of that process.</span></p><hr class="p-entry-hr" id="ge2q6x" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 242, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><h3 id="VVafvT" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">16) Where letters are used in English</span></h3><figure class="e-image" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457156/letters_brown_words_15.0.png" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><picture class="c-picture" data-cdata="{"asset_id":2457156,"ratio":"*"}" data-cid="site/picture_element-1708447843_3931_14365" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><source sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/q73bhz25lhRAPy8jH1ep0s3s2OU=/0x0:842x1600/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:842x1600):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457156/letters_brown_words_15.0.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/iKhj572rjo0mQCNfCTV4YGdPpa0=/0x0:842x1600/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:842x1600):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457156/letters_brown_words_15.0.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/O6AtASGxI4-Mb01_B09EF5eefy8=/0x0:842x1600/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:842x1600):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457156/letters_brown_words_15.0.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/nA_Pv0pJj411LJPSB3nHsCDnvA4=/0x0:842x1600/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:842x1600):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457156/letters_brown_words_15.0.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/0t5ytw9rSN8NSID8tlshrUEEhLg=/0x0:842x1600/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:842x1600):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457156/letters_brown_words_15.0.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/mAsRLVfrglV3aFC8VnDEtOYbeN4=/0x0:842x1600/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:842x1600):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457156/letters_brown_words_15.0.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/bmr6rvo6DcZ7_e0KyctWyK0MeOM=/0x0:842x1600/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:842x1600):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457156/letters_brown_words_15.0.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/C4ZcE-rfxVoUHeFlfmzxNW698Hc=/0x0:842x1600/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:842x1600):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457156/letters_brown_words_15.0.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/rYi7QPzZ5rxUM6UY0lKhQdGyUws=/0x0:842x1600/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:842x1600):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457156/letters_brown_words_15.0.png 1920w" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" type="image/webp"></source></span><img alt="" data-upload-width="842" height="1600" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Ndu6Tjt9esIPYVhH5JuKTI2sNrY=/0x0:842x1600/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:842x1600):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457156/letters_brown_words_15.0.png" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/jdWy9xgWUSYqEqrXou531BQkDRQ=/0x0:842x1600/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:842x1600):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457156/letters_brown_words_15.0.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/LObdc2WrgQjzOg-IUtJf39zDeaw=/0x0:842x1600/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:842x1600):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457156/letters_brown_words_15.0.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/SIDfFptCV0jvRhK1T5EvGa7PFIE=/0x0:842x1600/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:842x1600):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457156/letters_brown_words_15.0.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/51ft1eUbR2-ph-B5qCdL1zR0WvI=/0x0:842x1600/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:842x1600):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457156/letters_brown_words_15.0.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Suxbd0bQJQ7B8IvaeVflnOG69zE=/0x0:842x1600/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:842x1600):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457156/letters_brown_words_15.0.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/cxhK6pThI5tdBFxc91CzefPVDAU=/0x0:842x1600/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:842x1600):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457156/letters_brown_words_15.0.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/J5I8_lr9G28vQNzrYTzkhRoRsng=/0x0:842x1600/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:842x1600):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457156/letters_brown_words_15.0.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/rcKJdQqXkOC1zXahJ1v2Jh_MOlg=/0x0:842x1600/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:842x1600):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457156/letters_brown_words_15.0.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/DnxD8wDqybCIVVdV4a4P_s8cplM=/0x0:842x1600/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:842x1600):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457156/letters_brown_words_15.0.png 1920w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: auto;" width="842" /></picture></span></span><span class="e-image__meta" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; display: block; font-size: 0.75em; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.75; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="ql-link" href="http://www.prooffreader.com/2014/05/graphing-distribution-of-english.html" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">David Taylor</span></a></cite></span></figure><p id="GXizHb" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The point that some letters are more commonly used to end words and others to begin them is pretty self-evident, but it’s cool nonetheless to see the letter-by-letter breakdown, which this chart by David Taylor provides.</span></p><hr class="p-entry-hr" id="04viyV" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 242, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><h3 id="KSr61K" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">17) Which letters follow each other</span></h3><figure class="e-image" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457338/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.48.45.0.png" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><picture class="c-picture" data-cdata="{"asset_id":2457338,"ratio":"*"}" data-cid="site/picture_element-1708447843_9721_14366" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><source sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/6yZfGQKDCFQfWVbgakrWnrU0_gk=/0x0:647x684/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:647x684):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457338/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.48.45.0.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/MZ767eU0XKkBUCfPae3Sf8KKva0=/0x0:647x684/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:647x684):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457338/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.48.45.0.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/nZr3nZ5CvoRBdGJFCc22tn8kD2w=/0x0:647x684/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:647x684):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457338/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.48.45.0.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/MuqjxEmZOufrx054wuiODR0koD8=/0x0:647x684/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:647x684):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457338/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.48.45.0.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/xjS39QHZsz_Cczf45l7xw2Vu1YU=/0x0:647x684/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:647x684):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457338/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.48.45.0.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/YiEjjN5uf_nCLqMiujnoHjBd7dU=/0x0:647x684/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:647x684):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457338/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.48.45.0.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/R6PAm6YA-37Ynr7vsoLGuxELFrE=/0x0:647x684/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:647x684):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457338/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.48.45.0.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/aSF-8-47LnaZ8x68ZA6enyC5GQI=/0x0:647x684/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:647x684):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457338/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.48.45.0.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/9jyo2GGm6onHPdvbLzQByxNUMDc=/0x0:647x684/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:647x684):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457338/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.48.45.0.png 1920w" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" type="image/webp"></source></span><img alt="" data-upload-width="647" height="684" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/7Axr4OxuSCCev4w-dwkO76kwzFo=/0x0:647x684/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:647x684):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457338/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.48.45.0.png" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/JwfUHwYn5VM9wglsTU_x2h721M0=/0x0:647x684/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:647x684):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457338/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.48.45.0.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/2sKPpNYplfMQtdu2M7lxEoIwav8=/0x0:647x684/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:647x684):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457338/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.48.45.0.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/iwqaPiJhnuV30nIg4ubOEhkJVT4=/0x0:647x684/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:647x684):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457338/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.48.45.0.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/K8WjFGG5yVuWfegKmzCm26vCk88=/0x0:647x684/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:647x684):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457338/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.48.45.0.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/34cBPFbCqMPgxtZ4uARgk46GT7s=/0x0:647x684/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:647x684):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457338/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.48.45.0.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/UaA4gKVrNvQYiKxQJwhOGRCWKxQ=/0x0:647x684/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:647x684):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457338/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.48.45.0.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/-ErJrAG5fGvy6ifx9CmQA7Ub6vQ=/0x0:647x684/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:647x684):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457338/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.48.45.0.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/d2mePCZvBwkYy5CY8yo19gZTsSg=/0x0:647x684/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:647x684):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457338/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.48.45.0.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/oigZBY4OE9Gu99lfbxOiL-5y44w=/0x0:647x684/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:647x684):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457338/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.48.45.0.png 1920w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 647px;" width="647" /></picture></span></span><span class="e-image__meta" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; display: block; font-size: 0.75em; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.75; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="ql-link" href="http://www.prooffreader.com/2014/09/how-often-does-given-letter-follow.html" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">David Taylor</span></a></cite></span></figure><p id="dOoEfS" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">By the same author as the above chart and using data from the <a href="http://corpus.byu.edu/coha/" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">Corpus of Historical American English</a> at Brigham Young, this diagram delves deeper and shows the specific probability that a certain letter will follow a certain other letter in a word. The first column and first row are just a test of how frequently the letters in question are used to begin/end words. And naturally the Q/U relationship is quite strong.But I was surprised by how much V relies on E, and by the lack of a clear winner when it comes to starting words.</span></p><hr class="p-entry-hr" id="qyrOZD" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 242, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><h3 id="LxauQQ" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">18) Most common letter combos</span></h3><figure class="e-image" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457328/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.37.57.0.png" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><picture class="c-picture" data-cdata="{"asset_id":2457328,"ratio":"*"}" data-cid="site/picture_element-1708447843_7329_14367" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><source sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/di9AtlLzOVWvgkXv68hmv9r_r8g=/0x0:699x770/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:699x770):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457328/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.37.57.0.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/G4ag-ReY1tMPXJnHF_WL0JPIvww=/0x0:699x770/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:699x770):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457328/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.37.57.0.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/MP-jKcq4UOl8GJ-XFU3Ba84ig6Y=/0x0:699x770/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:699x770):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457328/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.37.57.0.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/c93btYqhwQLdEva7frWRBwrnHUA=/0x0:699x770/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:699x770):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457328/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.37.57.0.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/F4pHwdUY6yenJUMxjLrtHK7fpa8=/0x0:699x770/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:699x770):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457328/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.37.57.0.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/b6UmeH0CW8tzWczdC0isMXTPI90=/0x0:699x770/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:699x770):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457328/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.37.57.0.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/OCsYBKp4EPTVx4TfjWcnD8IsMN4=/0x0:699x770/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:699x770):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457328/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.37.57.0.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/l4vJWyjCGQd5B_2VCSqR1etAatg=/0x0:699x770/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:699x770):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457328/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.37.57.0.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/GI58alVLpL7A6__olC19Gh-98Ec=/0x0:699x770/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:699x770):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457328/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.37.57.0.png 1920w" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" type="image/webp"></source></span><img alt="" data-upload-width="699" height="770" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/w784-EA46MCzdiPXx8L-k8KMhrw=/0x0:699x770/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:699x770):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457328/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.37.57.0.png" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/7DMiHg_S0xdd0GEru-lGhA_izSE=/0x0:699x770/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:699x770):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457328/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.37.57.0.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/beTSygdxzWZTWD0HRNNH1oDdvE0=/0x0:699x770/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:699x770):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457328/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.37.57.0.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/esVDNL6xZlRhTi9oLrSFit1QKiE=/0x0:699x770/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:699x770):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457328/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.37.57.0.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/BOfl2ei1OJ6Bqf6o83JuHaNviBY=/0x0:699x770/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:699x770):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457328/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.37.57.0.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/sczPcJINWqa0BQc6rFGPIW7x64I=/0x0:699x770/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:699x770):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457328/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.37.57.0.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/V4TbKY4EBAUbSxpPVsRlLeTBsXU=/0x0:699x770/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:699x770):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457328/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.37.57.0.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/wYwaPmfsb0Wtdwz_rrxRLuXLCFo=/0x0:699x770/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:699x770):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457328/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.37.57.0.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/cUEEH8hHFP6U_31opR13Dh99pMo=/0x0:699x770/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:699x770):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457328/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.37.57.0.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/EcrNeHpUEs6ZlIgBCG8ccfWhQmY=/0x0:699x770/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:699x770):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457328/Screenshot_2014-11-14_01.37.57.0.png 1920w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 699px;" width="699" /></picture></span></span><span class="e-image__meta" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; display: block; font-size: 0.75em; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.75; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="ql-link" href="http://norvig.com/mayzner.html" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">Peter Norvig</span></a></cite></span></figure><p id="YJkGW5" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">”Our language,” Stephen Fry <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MSyIhapMdI8" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">once noted</a>, features “hundreds of thousands of available words, frillions of legitimate new ideas … And yet, oh, and yet, we, all of us, spend all our days saying to each other the same things time after weary time: ‘I love you,’ ‘Don’t go in there,’ ‘Get out,’ ‘You have no right to say that,’ ‘Stop it,’ ‘Why should I,’ ‘That hurt,’ ‘Help,’ ‘Marjorie is dead.’”</span></p><p id="S1fZfP" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google director of research Peter Norvig wasn’t able to confirm the ubiquity of “Marjorie is dead,” but he did reach some fascinating conclusions about the <a href="http://norvig.com/mayzner.html" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">frequency of various words and character combinations</a> in the Google Books archive. The chart of words is a bit dull (spoiler: “the” wins); more interesting, albeit less pretty, is this table he made of the most commonly searched character combinations for various character lengths. Note that this isn’t the same thing as searches by <em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">word</em> length — word segments like “ation” do very well for themselves — but it’s often clear what words those segments are a part of (see “governmen” or “politica”).</span></p><hr class="p-entry-hr" id="Ijono3" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 242, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><h3 id="0onuPI" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">19) The rise and fall of the semicolon</span></h3><figure class="e-image" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457334/SemicolonFreq.0.png" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><picture class="c-picture" data-cdata="{"asset_id":2457334,"ratio":"*"}" data-cid="site/picture_element-1708447843_40_14368" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><source sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/d9ilGUHhV3aGl2e2UAzwc1fOMYU=/0x0:900x330/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:900x330):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457334/SemicolonFreq.0.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/hWmug2vojKzNykerFDwE3r1X3MQ=/0x0:900x330/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:900x330):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457334/SemicolonFreq.0.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/BC0_I3Dr9oCVVe6lS1Vi9HZsszE=/0x0:900x330/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:900x330):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457334/SemicolonFreq.0.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/n5IvXjYGqV_JB55_VGme4hbmRPw=/0x0:900x330/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:900x330):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457334/SemicolonFreq.0.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/e8tECKa9uks_Jn_1K4ycZZbntEM=/0x0:900x330/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:900x330):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457334/SemicolonFreq.0.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/aY3FbrbuNCJQoM4TKR8N2l2miGM=/0x0:900x330/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:900x330):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457334/SemicolonFreq.0.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/lmw52us89jKkCAZbbcSewFdFLLg=/0x0:900x330/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:900x330):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457334/SemicolonFreq.0.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/gFeF34h4ZhvvnEjPdXQVb6l0JQ4=/0x0:900x330/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:900x330):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457334/SemicolonFreq.0.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/hCua__DB2oWEg6m7F8Ev1DFjp2c=/0x0:900x330/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:900x330):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457334/SemicolonFreq.0.png 1920w" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" type="image/webp"></source></span><img alt="" data-upload-width="900" height="330" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/KMI10uyshSoBVY6pSsg7vqnCb3o=/0x0:900x330/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:900x330):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457334/SemicolonFreq.0.png" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Nt9_C1oZ81NgJe5RhnIff9dzvsc=/0x0:900x330/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:900x330):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457334/SemicolonFreq.0.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/69CVX2_1oqT2Rw_2rfYlwuipSlk=/0x0:900x330/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:900x330):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457334/SemicolonFreq.0.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/KqysAArCN-gRf8qQN6ZrtMjAFFk=/0x0:900x330/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:900x330):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457334/SemicolonFreq.0.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/_KRagrtCZJOjFblM2h9cvpLZN_I=/0x0:900x330/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:900x330):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457334/SemicolonFreq.0.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/4tiKPIyCbhtLwJrcJmQibXbR9CQ=/0x0:900x330/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:900x330):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457334/SemicolonFreq.0.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/xz_Gik4NHFj1F6dxy7csVf4uMaw=/0x0:900x330/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:900x330):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457334/SemicolonFreq.0.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/uQF8amDeoJDqrnJQO3DH53zW5ho=/0x0:900x330/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:900x330):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457334/SemicolonFreq.0.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/u2mLzqNk8ZWhdYzgrMCSHvmgkFI=/0x0:900x330/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:900x330):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457334/SemicolonFreq.0.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Iob4NwJi6Psx_ud0KPnSYMkA6QI=/0x0:900x330/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:900x330):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457334/SemicolonFreq.0.png 1920w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: auto;" width="900" /></picture></span></span><span class="e-image__meta" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; display: block; font-size: 0.75em; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.75; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="ql-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SemicolonFreq.png" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">Brett</span></a></cite></span></figure><p id="Zh344J" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In another clever use of the Google Ngram search engine, Wikipedian Brett searched for semicolon usage throughout the centuries; he found a jagged upward trend that peaked around 1800, followed by a long, smooth decline.</span></p><hr class="p-entry-hr" id="4vYENT" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 242, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><h2 id="uL6siA" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.728em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">American English</span></h2><h3 id="OqkShO" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">20) American dialects</span></h3><figure class="e-image" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457228/AmericanEnglishDialects.0.png" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><picture class="c-picture" data-cdata="{"asset_id":2457228,"ratio":"*"}" data-cid="site/picture_element-1708447843_7960_14369" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><source sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Rnr-hr3q1fy7Zh8te2iH7W-YFwQ=/0x0:2717x2342/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:2717x2342):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457228/AmericanEnglishDialects.0.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/_8LYuitS02yqHQ1JXfYNr1AOAw4=/0x0:2717x2342/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:2717x2342):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457228/AmericanEnglishDialects.0.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/GktwTqXajec0NzauN6fZ7f-3kvI=/0x0:2717x2342/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:2717x2342):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457228/AmericanEnglishDialects.0.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/bg81Pe0gQDkxXPBkl7i0LnrUg4A=/0x0:2717x2342/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:2717x2342):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457228/AmericanEnglishDialects.0.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/a51fkPSXn0q2jVpInEQUbCXjOxQ=/0x0:2717x2342/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:2717x2342):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457228/AmericanEnglishDialects.0.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/dJhwRr5NAwyGfJiyuacpbK0RsLM=/0x0:2717x2342/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:2717x2342):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457228/AmericanEnglishDialects.0.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/qWz-48Gj6fDiFUnxBcrOYmjUfvA=/0x0:2717x2342/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:2717x2342):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457228/AmericanEnglishDialects.0.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/DeX3jsLqiDqsqtLtMTQEDvdp7Gs=/0x0:2717x2342/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:2717x2342):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457228/AmericanEnglishDialects.0.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/XUzF4xMgeAKg22tPz_7lYnyXvSA=/0x0:2717x2342/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:2717x2342):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457228/AmericanEnglishDialects.0.png 1920w" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" type="image/webp"></source></span><img alt="" data-upload-width="2717" height="2342" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/gqTA19FB2ydQm4yDabWD5LH6AFo=/0x0:2717x2342/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:2717x2342):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457228/AmericanEnglishDialects.0.png" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/UphqzBA8AIn547DdV_rwJMG9s88=/0x0:2717x2342/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:2717x2342):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457228/AmericanEnglishDialects.0.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/zsr2gMFrZjINl78ex85hM34DJvA=/0x0:2717x2342/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:2717x2342):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457228/AmericanEnglishDialects.0.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/2VOnMlAAk52Rb3_shFt2nGyqCYc=/0x0:2717x2342/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:2717x2342):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457228/AmericanEnglishDialects.0.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/_Rj7utgS53YcXUd1IrHPRGKmaZM=/0x0:2717x2342/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:2717x2342):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457228/AmericanEnglishDialects.0.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/fy14aNYPh7Q0aJduc41L1Nh0nq4=/0x0:2717x2342/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:2717x2342):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457228/AmericanEnglishDialects.0.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/xjbwD0tNbpkp_Ri01Z1rQdLs6tA=/0x0:2717x2342/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:2717x2342):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457228/AmericanEnglishDialects.0.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/FZTvvvp03Q-hagH2BQut9v-NfQ0=/0x0:2717x2342/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:2717x2342):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457228/AmericanEnglishDialects.0.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ZEpotDX4p1h-SAAT4i_fh1oWHj4=/0x0:2717x2342/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:2717x2342):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457228/AmericanEnglishDialects.0.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/EDVk2DO_W8-NVoBubVif2yx9o6E=/0x0:2717x2342/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:2717x2342):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2457228/AmericanEnglishDialects.0.png 1920w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 2717px;" width="2717" /></picture></span></span><span class="e-image__meta" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; display: block; font-size: 0.75em; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.75; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="ql-link" href="http://aschmann.net/AmEng/#LargeMap" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">Rick Aschmann</span></a></cite></span></figure><p id="VUfA7u" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This chart of American dialects was put together by Rick Aschmann as a hobby, but the level of detail is extraordinary, and makes playing around with the <a href="http://aschmann.net/AmEng/#LargeMap" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">larger, interactive version</a> a must. The map itself is just the tip of the iceberg. Aschmann has a detailed table outlining the distinctions between the various dialects represented here, over 900 audio examples for them, and much, much more. What I found most surprising was the contiguity of the “Inland South” dialects, which goes from the southernmost tip of West Virginia all the way down to eastern New Mexico and much of Texas.</span></p><hr class="p-entry-hr" id="V1eaW2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 242, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><h3 id="UwkP7N" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">21) Northern cities novel shift</span></h3><figure class="e-image" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455688/2000px-Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift.svg.0.png" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><picture class="c-picture" data-cdata="{"asset_id":2455688,"ratio":"*"}" data-cid="site/picture_element-1708447843_4699_14370" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><source sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/m2PUas-S3wS4xouNYnzCxmgpCg0=/0x0:2000x1091/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:2000x1091):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455688/2000px-Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift.svg.0.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/EjD177OLEL4KFWPHAw7naRKGGSs=/0x0:2000x1091/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:2000x1091):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455688/2000px-Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift.svg.0.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/xco4VJ0d8AkplloSfjWLZn65fyg=/0x0:2000x1091/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:2000x1091):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455688/2000px-Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift.svg.0.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/MMRJZ4NGCwlIy8CADNCHk1TEorI=/0x0:2000x1091/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:2000x1091):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455688/2000px-Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift.svg.0.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/J21PAjiItUmS-IYsXjYehXBHDgU=/0x0:2000x1091/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:2000x1091):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455688/2000px-Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift.svg.0.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/PK_wEBKospw65uQygghtopdGXaI=/0x0:2000x1091/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:2000x1091):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455688/2000px-Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift.svg.0.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Vxg-_nuhnnBIzmM4Hjxxg7osYsU=/0x0:2000x1091/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:2000x1091):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455688/2000px-Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift.svg.0.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/v7CxcauFH0EkxUOh674CTS9kfCs=/0x0:2000x1091/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:2000x1091):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455688/2000px-Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift.svg.0.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/LdNh53r156GtDLTGC-_5iVU9e-o=/0x0:2000x1091/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:2000x1091):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455688/2000px-Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift.svg.0.png 1920w" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" type="image/webp"></source></span><img alt="" data-upload-width="2000" height="1091" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/gl87oHnyEgCgUIXg6G1NUjMZcv0=/0x0:2000x1091/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:2000x1091):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455688/2000px-Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift.svg.0.png" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Ve6ROQLdJaPJ5fMOKdvHZJi0Do8=/0x0:2000x1091/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:2000x1091):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455688/2000px-Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift.svg.0.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ujIkpuUgnFbrFruCb-7AZru2vOg=/0x0:2000x1091/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:2000x1091):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455688/2000px-Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift.svg.0.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/B7EfLJk8WNS0f059T9FjqKvA8fk=/0x0:2000x1091/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:2000x1091):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455688/2000px-Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift.svg.0.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/_tyMiAFm1w5rqQlbL5KWpceicC8=/0x0:2000x1091/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:2000x1091):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455688/2000px-Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift.svg.0.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/BMaELSQ0fNUS7Im8mxCcTpsHPEc=/0x0:2000x1091/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:2000x1091):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455688/2000px-Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift.svg.0.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/9SWJfN-MTeERqxaeS6Zysq7z59g=/0x0:2000x1091/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:2000x1091):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455688/2000px-Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift.svg.0.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/dvNSfYIV8KuqAoiFBjs_INiQ2D8=/0x0:2000x1091/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:2000x1091):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455688/2000px-Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift.svg.0.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ZkPXQKui3g1JlX0sYrReoJ9e5VU=/0x0:2000x1091/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:2000x1091):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455688/2000px-Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift.svg.0.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Jfd_kJP9IMnKIan5H5VQMmzBvTc=/0x0:2000x1091/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:2000x1091):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455688/2000px-Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift.svg.0.png 1920w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: auto;" width="2000" /></picture></span></span><span class="e-image__meta" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; display: block; font-size: 0.75em; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.75; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="ql-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift.svg" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">Angr</span></a></cite></span></figure><p id="UqMKr6" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Vowels sound different around the Great Lakes. Penn linguist William Labov started documenting <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UoJ1-ZGb1w" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">the way short vowels were used</a> in cities like Syracuse, Cleveland, Detroit, Buffalo, and Chicago, and noticed that the way that, say, “block” was pronounced started to resemble the way the rest of the country says “black.” More than that, the changes caused a chain reaction. “Buses” started to sound more like “bosses.” To make the “o” sound that used to be part of “block,” you now used a “u” instead of an “o.” The map shows which areas have adopted various stages of that chained vowel shift. <a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/life/the_good_word/2012/08/northern_cities_vowel_shift_how_americans_in_the_great_lakes_region_are_revolutionizing_english_.single.html" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">Here</a>’s a more detailed explanation, and here are a number of <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3noS_0IdrRo" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">examples of the shift in action</a>.</span></p><hr class="p-entry-hr" id="MJAIcD" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 242, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><h3 id="gziFFe" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">22) Coke v. pop v. soda</span></h3><figure class="e-image" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/676368/soda_vs_pop.0.png" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><picture class="c-picture" data-cdata="{"asset_id":676368,"ratio":"*"}" data-cid="site/picture_element-1708447843_1663_14371" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><source sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/gz5st8D8rLC4Mc3eQ2W6RLX7E9s=/0x0:912x600/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:912x600):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/676368/soda_vs_pop.0.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/39Szal4TRF2MVi5A9MkymRIwCuY=/0x0:912x600/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:912x600):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/676368/soda_vs_pop.0.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Tdl26Rcd-usNs89mL4Wh19hSdrA=/0x0:912x600/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:912x600):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/676368/soda_vs_pop.0.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/vfVI3nsse1UINn5IleidAVJTrOI=/0x0:912x600/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:912x600):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/676368/soda_vs_pop.0.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/onxpuxUsGAE7oRhCje1xIOpwdpE=/0x0:912x600/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:912x600):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/676368/soda_vs_pop.0.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/0JFS-hw45NAFQ7Sm0O22rYUrGCs=/0x0:912x600/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:912x600):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/676368/soda_vs_pop.0.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/gfTXfgzUOhCvFksotdGYy5bN9N0=/0x0:912x600/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:912x600):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/676368/soda_vs_pop.0.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/rl9q1uqrEKjw_905iLzKFJiGM4A=/0x0:912x600/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:912x600):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/676368/soda_vs_pop.0.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/J97dFG1e-j1elomw7eFZOExtCT4=/0x0:912x600/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:912x600):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/676368/soda_vs_pop.0.png 1920w" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" type="image/webp"></source></span><img alt="Soda vs. pop" data-upload-width="912" height="600" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/SlSKUeq7DqIU7DP04jscabChizE=/0x0:912x600/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:912x600):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/676368/soda_vs_pop.0.png" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/1Pn9AM-Rx-z11dBHooZcMLZeM-A=/0x0:912x600/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:912x600):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/676368/soda_vs_pop.0.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/bhcr54BpluDuPZE7AGJkJpr-pwA=/0x0:912x600/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:912x600):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/676368/soda_vs_pop.0.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/AjzAY0kNjLHD7cELR38-xF3U5bc=/0x0:912x600/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:912x600):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/676368/soda_vs_pop.0.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/rxYbHX_iyYroBsyWt-VMrvBrBl8=/0x0:912x600/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:912x600):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/676368/soda_vs_pop.0.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/JsSwoPwPe4IfUvcdvBxkjPmQZ4g=/0x0:912x600/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:912x600):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/676368/soda_vs_pop.0.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ukPrBxTyAsoXgI-8x05cg9xJW2g=/0x0:912x600/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:912x600):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/676368/soda_vs_pop.0.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/TBvSWaK7APe9AjF-gcsh2H1pDw4=/0x0:912x600/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:912x600):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/676368/soda_vs_pop.0.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/v0_8P0ituOos-3A3QihT-c7uTpI=/0x0:912x600/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:912x600):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/676368/soda_vs_pop.0.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/lui8DlEzjay9cmjsegy_Ys918V0=/0x0:912x600/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:912x600):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/676368/soda_vs_pop.0.png 1920w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: auto;" width="912" /></picture></span></span><span class="e-image__meta" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; display: block; font-size: 0.75em; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.75; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="ql-link" href="http://spark.rstudio.com/jkatz/SurveyMaps/" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">Joshua Katz</span></a></cite></span></figure><p id="QmfMgW" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">You knew this was coming. Perhaps the most famous map of language disparities within the US, this map by Joshua Katz (now of the New York Times) uses data from the <a href="http://www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/maps.html" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">Harvard Dialect Survey</a> to show what people in different regions of the US use as a generic term for sugary, carbonated beverages. It’s a good reminder that while the US is linguistically cohesive compared to a lot of places, there are still revealing differences.</span></p><hr class="p-entry-hr" id="Bta1Kl" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 242, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><h3 id="VKX8Bt" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">23) Sunshowers</span></h3><figure class="e-image" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455716/article-0-1A2B94A7000005DC-573_634x450.0.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><picture class="c-picture" data-cdata="{"asset_id":2455716,"ratio":"*"}" data-cid="site/picture_element-1708447843_7824_14372" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><source sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/yKlLc1ti2lJubKrrQEYlgHwHE8k=/0x0:634x450/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:634x450):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455716/article-0-1A2B94A7000005DC-573_634x450.0.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/usReU54lDAsDOpYrG-NVkFHoVc8=/0x0:634x450/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:634x450):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455716/article-0-1A2B94A7000005DC-573_634x450.0.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/MmgaHGzeu-pCQTsJP5CXjyQD4S8=/0x0:634x450/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:634x450):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455716/article-0-1A2B94A7000005DC-573_634x450.0.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/vpEB6JkYYkThCXPw6uxjUODSHsI=/0x0:634x450/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:634x450):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455716/article-0-1A2B94A7000005DC-573_634x450.0.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/34tDkVrLA0d5Zss73oJiQP6Ms4s=/0x0:634x450/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:634x450):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455716/article-0-1A2B94A7000005DC-573_634x450.0.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/qz9iVklv75dxadv76UJW_NlNWw8=/0x0:634x450/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:634x450):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455716/article-0-1A2B94A7000005DC-573_634x450.0.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/uNwCohY2p4u_Chx7nFQG5Pv4JvU=/0x0:634x450/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:634x450):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455716/article-0-1A2B94A7000005DC-573_634x450.0.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/0OTsnQbGiyEGCkYLy-JN92SkQIY=/0x0:634x450/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:634x450):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455716/article-0-1A2B94A7000005DC-573_634x450.0.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/NnjR53TTlI5ndgus67cEGK0oFXQ=/0x0:634x450/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:634x450):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455716/article-0-1A2B94A7000005DC-573_634x450.0.jpg 1920w" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" type="image/webp"></source></span><img alt="" data-upload-width="634" height="450" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/aOZC-MLsssqBDk0bqiz6B4tCjzY=/0x0:634x450/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:634x450):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455716/article-0-1A2B94A7000005DC-573_634x450.0.jpg" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/J2KmFgGDIbtYYg6k7J2KW4lfr2s=/0x0:634x450/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:634x450):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455716/article-0-1A2B94A7000005DC-573_634x450.0.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/hhPQzB-vZkBILbcGGcXlcSekA-8=/0x0:634x450/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:634x450):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455716/article-0-1A2B94A7000005DC-573_634x450.0.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/rZRSOA5PXhecHt6zYhtGdLq_Xy0=/0x0:634x450/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:634x450):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455716/article-0-1A2B94A7000005DC-573_634x450.0.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/j9aMN7PEmPUelr2a3fyZ8mvtPz0=/0x0:634x450/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:634x450):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455716/article-0-1A2B94A7000005DC-573_634x450.0.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/NFhYOg2c30Ut4K8G0VdexiVEb5A=/0x0:634x450/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:634x450):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455716/article-0-1A2B94A7000005DC-573_634x450.0.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/iFy65IMAGzTPbkpebwK1Zx6yZAc=/0x0:634x450/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:634x450):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455716/article-0-1A2B94A7000005DC-573_634x450.0.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/1WMVC_Jm14K68FTGR6b_WLGXQ_4=/0x0:634x450/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:634x450):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455716/article-0-1A2B94A7000005DC-573_634x450.0.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/qc1P_sjSDw9zNbUvVRhuHwg3Oo4=/0x0:634x450/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:634x450):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455716/article-0-1A2B94A7000005DC-573_634x450.0.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/5Xb6BzS2UqIqttn-SctlyVDr1gI=/0x0:634x450/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:634x450):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2455716/article-0-1A2B94A7000005DC-573_634x450.0.jpg 1920w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 634px;" width="634" /></picture></span></span><span class="e-image__meta" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209); box-sizing: border-box; color: #626262; display: block; font-size: 0.75em; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: 730.017px;"><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.75; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="ql-link" href="http://spark.rstudio.com/jkatz/SurveyMaps/%E2%80%9D" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">Joshua Katz</span></a></cite></span></figure><p id="ufaG1M" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">At least nearly all Americans have a term for soda (or coke or pop or whatever). The phenomenon this other map of Katz’s is about — it raining while the sun is out — doesn’t have a specific term associated with it in most of the US. In Minnesota, southern Florida, and parts of the Northeast, it’s referred to, benignly, as a “sunshower.” It gets weird in central Alabama and Mississippi, where “the devil is beating his wife” is apparently a thing people say, raising all kinds of theological questions in the process.</span></p><hr class="p-entry-hr" id="Yc8EJN" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 242, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;" /><p id="qeUTab" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Learn more</span></span></p><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem 0.6rem; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1.2rem; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><li id="4wXdYj" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a href="http://www.vox.com/2014/11/13/7148855/40-maps-that-explain-world-war-ii" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">40 maps that explain World War II</span></a></li><li id="4PextY" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a href="http://www.vox.com/2014/9/22/6826869/a-linguist-s-history-of-the-foods-you-love" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">How a linguist reads a menu</span></a></li><li id="Cy8YS3" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><a href="http://www.vox.com/2014/6/11/5799678/map-where-europeans-speak-english" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Map: Where Europeans speak English</span></a></li></ul><p id="03q684" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Credits</span></span></p><p id="lTqb5D" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Writer <a href="http://twitter.com/dylanmatt" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">Dylan Matthews</a></span></p><p id="hIGbi5" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Developer <a href="http://twitter.com/yurivictor" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">Yuri Victor</a></span></p><p id="gsvPY0" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Editor <a href="http://twitter.com/mattyglesias" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">Matthew Yglesias</a></span></p><p id="veBlME" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Editor <a href="http://twitter.com/melissabell" style="border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">Melissa Bell</a></span></p></div></main></div>R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-16227674648162930572024-02-20T13:07:00.005-05:002024-02-20T13:11:35.403-05:00The Origins of Language by Boeree<p style="text-align: center;"><b></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYriZ5Ppriea5bRuntU5c6khFHWihmboJC5yyhpp_y87e-ro9v2qcNr4V-9gSwyi-rs3nq9eaQ-cZXcTNdcf190b2RgNiBeWMzipRFWSJQcnZPFcsRjkBKUBhYgS-PpvIVRkexg0QsxZtv1ZaB03tV6w1pgBKuweXOtBxrjYPT9vk26fsn3JfF2FjpviBb/s800/test.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="548" data-original-width="800" height="438" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYriZ5Ppriea5bRuntU5c6khFHWihmboJC5yyhpp_y87e-ro9v2qcNr4V-9gSwyi-rs3nq9eaQ-cZXcTNdcf190b2RgNiBeWMzipRFWSJQcnZPFcsRjkBKUBhYgS-PpvIVRkexg0QsxZtv1ZaB03tV6w1pgBKuweXOtBxrjYPT9vk26fsn3JfF2FjpviBb/w640-h438/test.jpg" width="640" /></a></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><b> <span style="color: #222222; font-family: Optima, Noto, Helvetica, "sans serif"; font-size: x-large;">The Origins of Language</span></b></b></div><p></p><center style="color: #222222; font-family: Optima, Noto, Helvetica, "sans serif";"><p><span style="font-size: large;">Dr. C. George Boeree</span></p></center><p style="color: #222222; font-family: Optima, Noto, Helvetica, "sans serif";"></p><hr style="color: #222222; font-family: Optima, Noto, Helvetica, "sans serif";" width="100%" /><p style="color: #222222; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">It is an intriguing question, to which we may never have a complete answer: How did we get from animal vocalization (barks, howls, calls...) to human language?</span></p><p style="color: #222222; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Animals often make use of <b>signs</b>, which point to what they represent, but they don't use <b>symbols</b>, which are arbitrary and conventional. Examples of signs include sniffles as a sign of an on-coming cold, clouds as a sign of rain, or a scent as a sign of territory. Symbols include things like the words we use. <i>Dog, Hund, chien, cane, perro</i> -- these are symbols that refer to the creature so named, yet each one contains nothing in it that in anyway indicates that creature.</span></p><p style="color: #222222; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In addition, language is a <b>system</b> of symbols, with several levels of organization, at least phonetics (the sounds), syntax (the grammar), and semantics (the meanings).</span></p><p style="color: #222222; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">So when did language begin? At the very beginnings of the genus Homo, perhaps 4 or 5 million years ago? Before that? Or with the advent of modern man, Cro-magnon, some 125,000 years ago? Did the neanderthal speak? We don't know.</span></p><p style="color: #222222; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">There are many theories about the origins of language. Many of these have traditional amusing names (invented by Max Müller and George Romanes a century ago), and I will create a couple more where needed.</span></p><p style="color: #222222; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">1. <b>The mama theory</b>. Language began with the easiest syllables attached to the most significant objects.</span></p><p style="color: #222222; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">2. <b>The ta-ta theory</b>. Sir Richard Paget, influenced by Darwin, believed that body movement preceded language. Language began as an unconscious vocal imitation of these movements -- like the way a child's mouth will move when they use scissors, or my tongue sticks out when I try to play the guitar. This evolved into the popular idea that language may have derived from gestures.<br /></span></p><p style="color: #222222; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">3. <b>The bow-wow theory</b>. Language began as imitations of natural sounds -- moo, choo-choo, crash, clang, buzz, bang, meow... This is more technically refered to as onomatopoeia or echoism.</span></p><p style="color: #222222; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">4. <b>The pooh-pooh theory</b>. Language began with interjections, instinctive emotive cries such as oh! for surprise and ouch! for pain.</span></p><p style="color: #222222; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">5. <b>The ding-dong theory</b>. Some people, including the famous linguist Max Muller, have pointed out that there is a rather mysterious correspondence between sounds and meanings. Small, sharp, high things tend to have words with high front vowels in many languages, while big, round, low things tend to have round back vowels! Compare itsy bitsy teeny weeny with moon, for example. This is often referred to as sound symbolism.</span></p><p style="color: #222222; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">6. <b>The yo-he-ho theory</b>. Language began as rhythmic chants, perhaps ultimately from the grunts of heavy work (heave-ho!). The linguist A. S. Diamond suggests that these were perhaps calls for assistance or cooperation accompanied by appropriate gestures. This may relate yo-he-ho to the ding-dong theory, as in such words as cut, break, crush, strike...</span></p><p style="color: #222222; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">7. <b>The sing-song theory</b>. Danish linguist Jesperson suggested that language comes out of play, laughter, cooing, courtship, emotional mutterings and the like. He even suggests that, contrary to other theories, perhaps some of our first words were actually long and musical, rather than the short grunts many assume we started with.</span></p><p style="color: #222222; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">8. <b>The hey you! theory</b>. A linguist by the name of Revesz suggested that we have always needed interpersonal contact, and that language began as sounds to signal both identity (here I am!) and belonging (I'm with you!). We may also cry out in fear, anger, or hurt (help me!). This is more commonly called the contact theory.</span></p><p style="color: #222222; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">9. <b>The hocus pocus theory</b>. My own contribution to these is the idea that language may have had some roots in a sort of magical or religious aspect of our ancestors' lives. Perhaps we began by calling out to game animals with magical sounds, which became their names.</span></p><p style="color: #222222; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">10. <b>The eureka! theory</b>. And finally, perhaps language was consciously invented. Perhaps some ancestor had the idea of assigning arbitrary sounds to mean certain things. Clearly, once the idea was had, it would catch on like wild-fire!</span></p><p style="color: #222222; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Another issue is how often language came into being (or was invented). Perhaps it was invented once, by our earliest ancestors -- perhaps the first who had whatever genetic and physiological properties needed to make complex sounds and organize them into strings. This is called <b>monogenesis</b>. Or perhaps it was invented many times -- <b>polygenesis</b> -- by many people.</span></p><p style="color: #222222; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">We can try to reconstruct earlier forms of language, but we can only go so far before cycles of change obliterate any possibility of reconstruction. Many say we can only go back perhaps 10,000 years before the trail goes cold. So perhaps we will simply never know.<br /></span></p><p></p><div style="color: #222222; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Water Babies</span></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div><span style="color: #222222;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">It may help us understand the origins of languages if we take a look at what is sometimes called the Hardy-Morgan hypothesis, for the orijinator of the hypothesis - Alister Hardy, an English marine biologist, and Elaine Morgan, a Welsh writer and journalist. It is more commonly known as the aquatic ape theory.</span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #222222;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Humans have quite a few characteristics we don't share with our primate relatives. We don't have much body hair; we have a layer of fat under our skin; we have a descended larynx; we produce tears; we sweat a lot; we tend to have sex face-to-fact; we can hold our breath quite easily; we are able to swim even before we walk; and most importantly, we walk on our two legs just about all the time.</span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #222222;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Hardy, in the 1960s suggested that perhaps (he was cautious, and waited 30 years to tell anyone about his idea) we, or at least our genus, Homo, must have spent some portion of our existence on this planet in the water, wading, swimming, even diving. This may have been why we learned to stand up straight (while wading, supported by water), then evolving the strength and coordination to do so without the support, and only then proceeding into the savannah.</span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #222222;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">There are other animales that have some of our odd characteristics: sea mammals like whales and dolphins have little hair, hold their breath, and have extra fat under their skin; others, like otters, have a lot of hair, but share the other abilities with us. The only other land animal that shares our lack of hair is the elephant, whose closest relatives include dugongs and manatees. Perhaps elephants, too, spent a portion of their evolution in the water. They do still breath through their trunks when under water. (Gaeth et al 1999)</span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #222222;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Perhaps our commonalities with these animals also extend to language.</span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><b style="color: #222222;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Musical Babies</span></b></div></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #222222;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Darwin himself once said "Humans don't speak unless they are taught to do so", ie language is learned, and not innate in the way that the famous linguist Noam Chomsky and Steven Pinker, the author of "The Language Instinct" say.</span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #222222;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mario Vaneechoutte and his students suggest that language comes from music, with some assitance from gestures and dance. Music is what is innate, not language. Like in many species of birds and mammals, singing (which uptight scientists prefer to call "calls", in order to keep language as our "special ability" distinct) in order to call for help, keep track of each other, and - most especially - in order to attract mates. That use of sound is most definitely something that can evolve, from simple to the complex.</span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #222222;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Babies like music. They love listening to their mothers speak to them. The mothers like to use a sort of sing-song speech ("motherese"), which babies like even more. Babies begin to vocalize in very "musical" ways, and often hum or sing in short or long "phrases", with modulations. Babies prefer major rather than minor intervals. And before they even learn individual words, they imitate the "melody of speech" (prosody). Even fetuses can remember sounds in the last trimester.</span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #222222;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Because our larynx is lower in the throat, our tongues are free to move around inside the mouth more and our ability to hold our breath means we can control our exhaling and inhaling. We are born ready to make music and so speech. In fact, music and speech use the same areas of the brain, including Broca's area.</span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #222222;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In regards to dancing, we see babies moving rhythmically while listening to music and even when not. We see the ease with which they can imitate the movements of others (perhaps by way of the famous "mirror neurons"?). And regarding gestures, maybe you have noticed the connection between movements of the body, especially the hands, and movements of the mouth, especially the tongue. I still stick out my tongue when I try to play guitar, and I have seen children make grinding movements of their mouths when using the old school pencil sharpeners.</span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #222222;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A lot of the grammar that seems so essential when we look at written language, in speech is much more obvious: We use pauses, tone changes, melodies, rhythms, eye movements, facial expressions, and gestures that add information to our speech. Perhaps you (like myself) use the pauses we hear or imagine to guide our use of commas and periods. And perhaps you have noticed how much more difficult it is to understand someone when talking on the phone than when you are across the table from them.</span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #222222;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In addition to the hypothesis that we were once "aquatic apes", Vaneechoutte adds that we were and still are very much "musical apes".</span></div></span><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="color: #222222;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: x-large;">References</span></u></b></div></span><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><span style="color: #222222;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span>Chomsky. N. (1957). <b>Syntactic Structures.</b> Mouton, The Hague.</span></div></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span><br /></span></div><span style="color: #222222;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span>Darwin, C. (1871). <b>The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex.</b> Concise Editon and Commentary by Carl Zimmer (2007), Plume, Penguin Books.</span></div></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span><br /></span></div><span style="color: #222222;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span>Gaeth, A.P., Short, R.V., & Renfree, M.B. (1999). The Developing Renal, Reproductive, and Respiratory Systems of the African Elephant Suggest an Aquatic Ancestry. <b>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,</b> 96, 5555–5558.</span></div></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span><br /></span></div><span style="color: #222222;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span>Hardy, Alister Clavering (1977). "Was there a Homo aquaticus?". <b>Zenith.</b> 15 (1): 4–6.</span></div></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span><br /></span></div><span style="color: #222222;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span>Morgan, E. (1997). <b>The Aquatic Ape Hypothesis - The Most Credible Theory of Human Evolution.</b> London, UK: Souvenir Press.</span></div></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span><br /></span></div><span style="color: #222222;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span>Pinker, S. (1994). <b>The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language.</b> New York: Morrow.</span></div></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span><br /></span></div><span style="color: #222222;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span>Vaneechoutte, M., & Skoyles, J.R. (1998). The Memetic Origin of Language: Humans as Musical Primates. J. Memetics, 2. Accessible at: http://users.ugent.be/~mvaneech/ORILA.FIN.html</span></div></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span><br /></span></div><span style="color: #222222;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span>Vaneechoutte, M. (2014). The Origin of Articulate Language Revisited: The Potential of a Semi-Aquatic Past of Human Ancetors to Explain the Orijin of Human Musicality and Articulate Language. <b>Human Evolution</b>, 29, 1-33.</span></div></span></span><p></p><p style="color: #222222;"></p><hr style="color: #222222; text-align: left;" width="100%" /><p style="color: #222222; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">© Copyright 2003, C. George Boeree</span></p>R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-83045500766498953492024-02-20T12:47:00.015-05:002024-02-20T13:08:37.265-05:00The Origin of Language by Weir<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="333" src="https://ahtaitay.files.wordpress.com/2017/09/language-tree.png?w=1200" style="font-family: arial;" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">The origin of language:</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">what’s underneath the tree of languages.</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://ahtaitay.wordpress.com/2017/09/15/the-origin-of-language-whats-underneath-the-tree-of-languages/" target="_blank">article link</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><div style="text-align: center;">by<span style="color: #2b00fe;"> <a href="http://freeuni.academia.edu/ThomasWier">Thomas Wier</a></span></div></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The question of the origin of language is by far the most interesting and probably the most mysterious in linguistic research. The answer to this question is complicated by a number of factors, some of which are obvious and some of which are not. There are many attemts out there chasing the so-called Proto Language, but they all remain a long shot in the dark. The present explanation remains very closely aimed at this question, and provides a very researched-backed account to this interesting issue by stiching together linguistic, biological, and evolutionary facts to fit in the bigger picture of language origin. Before we get to when language evolved, we first need to know what evolved.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: x-large;">THE FOSSIL RECORD</span></u></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Let’s start with the obvious fact that language leaves no fossil record. Ancient peoples (including other hominids) may have had spoken language, but if a language dies out completely, as theirs certainly have, we have no idea how it functioned and therefore whether it was like modern languages. All we have to go on is physical remains of actual bodies. From the perspective of the fossil record, here is what we know happened:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>A. </b>Other hominid species had similar but not identical vocal tracts — e.g. Neanderthals had hyoid bones like we do, though this is only a necessary and not a sufficient factor in human vocalization.</span></div></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>B.</b> Earlier hominid species had brain cases both of increasing size and increasing complexity. Unfortunately, we can derive relatively very little information about how language functioned from this fact alone — almost nothing at all, in fact. It is even disputable that an enlargement in the brain mass and/or development of particular regions of the brain have a direct implication for particular functions of the brain, which in all cases is of course missing.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img height="296" src="https://ahtaitay.files.wordpress.com/2017/09/main-qimg-93ec8e4a65eb76b52c82e4d70722b37b-c.jpg?w=840" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A Neanderthal hyoid bone (replica)</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: x-large;">WHAT IS LANGUAGE?</span></u></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Evolution essentially never operates by great leaps but instead usually operates by small changes that accumulate over time. I think this is the key fact that we must consider: how could something as seemingly complex and interconnected as language evolve on its own? I’d argue that’s because most people who’ve made proposals before have not fully articulated what evolved.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I think we can do this by breaking down the human language faculty into its component characteristics. In the 1950s and 60s, Charles Hockett articulated what he called the Design Features of Language, a set of criteria that distinguish different kinds of animal communications systems from each other. This was important because it anchored the study of the origins of human speech firmly in a biological context with which we could compare the properties of human languages with that of other species. These design features relevant for humans included:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>The use of a vocal-auditory tract</b> — humans emit noises from their bodies to communicate, and do not emit chemical trails or flashes of light as other species do.</span></li></ul></div></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Broadcast transmission and directional reception</b>: human speech spreads through the air in all directions, and is received by anyone within the field of broadcast.</span></li></ul></div></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Transitoriness</b> — human speech fades rapidly and can only be received roughly at the time of transmission.</span></li></ul></div></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Interchangeability</b> — a human has the ability to both send and receive the same signal. This is not true of some kinds of insect communication, for example.</span></li></ul></div></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Total feedback</b> — a human has the ability to hear oneself.</span></li></ul></div></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Specialization</b> — human language sounds are specialized for the use of language and do not in general have any other functional use.</span></li></ul></div></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Semanticity</b> — human speech signals can be matched with specific predictable meanings</span></li></ul></div></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Arbitrariness</b> — the relationship between the semantic content of the speech signal and the acoustic form of that signal is essentially arbitrary (onomatopoeia are the exceptions that prove the rule).</span></li></ul></div></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Discreteness</b> — human speech signals can be broken down into discrete units that do not bear any meaning in and of themselves (namely, phonemes).</span></li></ul></div></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Displacement</b> — human speech can be used outside of the contexts for which the signal was originally designed (all kinds of natural language negation might fall under this phenomenon).</span></li></ul></div></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Productivity </b>– language can be used to create new and unique meanings that have never been uttered before.</span></li></ul></div></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Traditional transmission</b> — the actual words of human languages are not innate, but are rather trasmitted from one generation to the next via culture.</span></li></ul></div></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Duality of patterning</b> — meaningless units of sound are combined to create meaningful words.</span></li></ul></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Some of these criterial features of language are related to each other; others are independent. What is important to recognize though is how many of these criteria are found in the communication systems of other plants and animals. For example, the highly complex system of alarm calls used by vervet monkeys to warn the troop of predators involves many of these features, including the vocal-auditory tract, transitoriness, broadcast transmission, semanticity, and even arbitrariness, since a call for an eagle has no particular iconic similarity to an eagle in comparison to that for a leopard (the uniqueness of arbitrariness of human languages has been exaggerated by some).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="508" src="https://ahtaitay.files.wordpress.com/2017/09/main-qimg-bfb34e6bb4a52ce3a33defccdf592799-c.jpg?w=840" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><u>TIMING</u></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I think Hockett’s list of criterial features gives us a much better starting point than trying to intuit language-y things from the fossil record. More importantly, it allows us to compartmentalize the development of particular aspects of language in particular parts of human evolution, and does not require us to believe all facets of it exploded into being all at once. To get the relative timing of these events though requires us to look at these Hockettian criteria through cladistics, the study of branching relationships in species, languages, etc. In cladistics, the principle of cladistic parsimony suggests that if two organisms Y and Z descend from an ancestor X, and both descendants have the same evolutionary feature, then we must assume that that that feature was also present in their ancestor organism. Using this cladistic principle we can trace the evolution of specific features back quite a long way:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The use of the Vocal-Auditory tract for communication has probably been with us primates for tens of millions of years, since the origin of primates in fact, if not before that. The same goes for the other early features (2)-(5). At least 65 million years ago to this fellow, Notharctus:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAu_vBKt76BLf3jLavbe0QB5eUdQXE55qO2ktd-WstTN8K2vPZ4tLr5LUyHed_JJ5wpuTk-7vTmE476fsxHpAx-rtqUj9tXNwyuYYhzCLAuVLG2HDDocEMoWE1sFXiv2BJfin2o9dBiBcfnQ59UTGwkGIVbCgtBUDFT3rYI81E5sKoIcaOuXq6KL73mexi/s506/test.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="385" data-original-width="506" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAu_vBKt76BLf3jLavbe0QB5eUdQXE55qO2ktd-WstTN8K2vPZ4tLr5LUyHed_JJ5wpuTk-7vTmE476fsxHpAx-rtqUj9tXNwyuYYhzCLAuVLG2HDDocEMoWE1sFXiv2BJfin2o9dBiBcfnQ59UTGwkGIVbCgtBUDFT3rYI81E5sKoIcaOuXq6KL73mexi/w400-h304/test.webp" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Walking with Dinosaurers<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Specialization, Semanticity and Arbitrariness are features that are actually found in nonprimate communication systems, such as those found in birds. This means that these features have arisen independently in different genera of animals and so are probably easier to acquire and therefore (?) earlier than other more sophisticated criteria. I will hazard a guess that we had these by the time our line, close to the apes, broke away from Old World Monkeys about 25 million years ago</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">Where things really get tricky is identifying when the last five criteria arose, those which truly set us apart from other animal communication systems:</span></u></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Discreteness basically boils down to the ability of the brain to coordinate the vocal tract to articulate segments of sound and consistently treat those segments of sound separately from other possibly similar segments of sound. Human children start learning to aurally distinguish different speech sounds essentially from birth, and begin to control and articulate different aspects of the vocal tract in the first year of life (the babbling stage). Probably the late Australopithecines had similarly extremely rudimentary ability to articulate different kinds of speech sounds consistently on target, as it were, but we can’t know for sure if this is true and when these facts became categorical phonemes in the modern sense (probably the distinction between phones and phonemes is late in the evolution of speech). I will assign this a (somewhat arbitrary) age though of 2-3 million years ago.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Once our ancestors had discreteness, they were primed to evolve Productivity (because they could suddenly create many more words than they could have before) and the Duality of Patterning (since discreteness largely implies that sounds are distinct from meaning). I really don’t know when this might have evolved, but we would want to look for evidence that early hominids’ interactions with their environment are increasingly complex both in the sense of tool use and in the manner in which they process food. Homo erectus arises on the scene roughly 1.8 million years ago (either in east Africa or, less likely, perhaps in what is now the Middle East as evidenced by the finds in Dmanisi Georgia). One of the things we know about H. Erectus is that they had more advanced tool designs than earlier Australopithecines, and they discovered how to manipulate fire and they also learned how to cook food. To my mind, this increasingly sophisticated kind of manipulation of their environment could have necessitated the kind of proto-language that we have been talking about here. I will guesstimate an age based on the earliest evidence of fire being used for cooking, splitting the difference between the oldest suggested ages and the youngest: 900k to 1 million years ago.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The most sophisticated aspects of human language on Hockett’s list are aspects of traditional transmission and displacement, the ability to use language outside of the context for which it was envisioned. These facets of language use would be necessary for the development of idioms and any lexicon larger than a few hundred words. We know that displacement is one of the features that human babies learn somewhat late, around the age 3-4 if I recall correctly, so it must have been very late to evolve. Displacement would also have been necessary to use any form of negation, to talk about is not happening, as well as any form of tense system that distinguishes past, present and future. Combined, these two features would allow something like the kind of discourse possible in the most technologically primitive societies today.. Because we have (very) tentative evidence of art among Neanderthals (though nowhere near as much as from the earliest Homo sapiens) and other evidence that Neanderthals could plan for the future, I will take a shot in the dark and say that something like the earliest form of modern language appeared at roughly the time H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens speciated, around 450-500k years ago.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></u></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">So, there we have it: evolutionarily modern human language might have arisen about half a million years ago.</span></u></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I want to stress that much of this timeline is highly speculative. My specialization is linguistics, not human evolution (although I do read quite a bit about human evolution in my spare time). I would like to invite any specialists in human evolution to cross-check their understanding of the fossil evidence with what I have articulated here.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: x-large;">So, did language evolve only once?</span></u></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">If we view language evolution as a complicated multistage process, the question becomes moot, since ‘language’ is not one thing but many</span></b>. At each stage of human language evolution, some of our ancestors developed a more advanced form of communication, and others did not. Half a million years ago, when there were probably at least four or five different hominid species still extant (H. sapiens, H. neanderthalensis, H. denisova, H. floresiensis, and H. erectus), probably each of these hominids had some form of communication system more advanced than any nonhominid communication system. Where we draw the line between proto-language and full-on language is to a certain extent a matter of degree than a categorial fact.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div></span></div>R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-90567007627062508622024-02-20T12:35:00.003-05:002024-02-20T12:38:32.840-05:00EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE<div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO3s6imNBYOC8jNCXcmaneJHZLLwZMgVZpyONPR5jEKjd829lKNIbDBXFKBAYwO94nWEzGPjsSQOBrAiodgTCC0t6Tr08_t03-ppEzYFFMDdFRidMwcpx-lkQtZkvW0cbhLKjxuN25_uo44ut1VosWdBjg0bGQ-jxmsT-WGvI-FishFdDBGT-55Q-5gafL/s1015/The%20origin%20of%20language.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1015" data-original-width="720" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO3s6imNBYOC8jNCXcmaneJHZLLwZMgVZpyONPR5jEKjd829lKNIbDBXFKBAYwO94nWEzGPjsSQOBrAiodgTCC0t6Tr08_t03-ppEzYFFMDdFRidMwcpx-lkQtZkvW0cbhLKjxuN25_uo44ut1VosWdBjg0bGQ-jxmsT-WGvI-FishFdDBGT-55Q-5gafL/w454-h640/The%20origin%20of%20language.webp" width="454" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.vox.com/2014/11/17/7082317/language-maps-charts" target="_blank">illustration link</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-family: arial;">How languages evolve - Alex Gendler</b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@TEDEd"><img src="https://yt3.ggpht.com/HjXKmDGoAp6b-JdGYpqJYYeN4S_CMpD_kqWvldpN53cbzn-i73t6mVNo8mNki-xLPwi0BVSFi-o=s48-c-k-c0x00ffffff-no-rj" /></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@TEDEd">TED-Ed</a> | 04:02</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/iWDKsHm6gTA" width="320" youtube-src-id="iWDKsHm6gTA"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></div></div><blockquote><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 27, 2014 - </span><span style="font-family: arial;">View full lesson: <a href="http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-languag..." target="_blank">http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-languag...</a></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><blockquote>Over the course of human history, thousands of languages have developed from what was once a much smaller number. How did we end up with so many? And how do we keep track of them all? Alex Gendler explains how linguists group languages into language families, demonstrating how these linguistic trees give us crucial insights into the past.</blockquote></span></div></blockquote><p> </p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>The Origins Of Human Language</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">by </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Ancient Yoke | </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 21, 2023 | 20:20</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2gE5BRfcSh0" width="320" youtube-src-id="2gE5BRfcSh0"></iframe></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></div></blockquote></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: center;"><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This week's video is about the origins of our species communication and how It's developed into the languages we speak today. As always, thanks for watching and please consider liking and subscribing.</span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Daniel Everett, "Homo Erectus and the</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Invention of Human Language"</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Harvard Science Book Talks and Research Lectures</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: justify;">Mar 31, 2020 | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | 1:10:42</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/4uUilIN-8gk" width="320" youtube-src-id="4uUilIN-8gk"></iframe></div></div><blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">HARVARD SCIENCE BOOK TALK</span><span style="text-align: center;"> </span></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Daniel L. Everett is the dean of arts and sciences at Bentley University. He has published more than one hundred articles and twelve books on linguistic theory, including Dark Matter of the Mind: The Culturally Articulated Unconscious.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this video, Everett examines the culture of the first known human species, <i>Homo erectu</i>s, focusing especially on their physical and cultural evolution such as tools, travel, and settlements.</span></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">He then makes the case that these accomplishments are best explained by the invention of language. Language in turn is shown to be the transfer of information by symbols, where other components of language, such as grammar, play roles in support of symbolic communication.</span><span style="text-align: center;"> </span></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Concrete evidence for symbols among <i>erectus</i> populations is found in their tool construction and “dialectal” tool distinctions. The talk is based of Everett's book, <i>How Language Began: The Story of Humanity's Greatest Invention.</i></span></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: center;">* * * * * * * *</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">by NGS</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Language allows us to share our thoughts, ideas, emotions, and intention with others. Over thousands of years, humans have developed a wide variety of systems to assign specific meaning to sounds, forming words and systems of grammar to create languages. Many languages developed written forms using symbols to visually record their meaning. Some languages, like American Sign Language (ASL), are an entirely visual language without the need for vocalizations.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Although languages are defined by rules, they are by no means static, and evolve over time. Some languages are incredibly old and have changed very little over time, such as modern Icelandic, which strongly resembles its parent, Old Norse. Other languages evolve rapidly by incorporating elements of other languages. Still other languages die out due to political oppression or social assimilation, though many dying languages live on in the vocabularies and dialects of prominent languages around the world.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Teach your students how the languages of the world have evolved over time, and how their own languages continue to evolve today with this curated collection of resources.</span></div></span><div class="decorator-divider m-0 pt-0" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #121212; font-size: 20px; margin: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center;"></div><div class="pt-3 pt-md-0" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #121212; font-size: 20px; overflow-anchor: none; padding-top: 0px;"></div><div class="my-3 mt-md-5 mb-md-0 container" data-test-id="container" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #121212; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 3rem !important; margin: 3rem auto 0px; max-width: 1320px; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-right: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); width: 1015.56px;"><div class="justify-content-center row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 30px; --bs-gutter-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="py-2 d-none d-md-flex col-xl-10 col-lg-12 col-md-12" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-bottom: 0.5rem; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-top: 0.5rem; width: 1015.56px;"><a class="card-light text-decoration-none shadow horizontal-card light w-100 card" data-test-id="horizontal-card" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/linguistics" style="background-clip: initial; background-color: white; border-radius: 0px; border: 0px solid transparent; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #121212; display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-width: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; text-underline-offset: 3px; width: 985.556px;"><div class="g-0 row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 0; --bs-gutter-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="position-relative bg-color-gray-300 overflow-hidden d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center col-sm-4 col-2" data-test-id="col" style="align-items: center; background-color: #cccccc; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex: 0 0 auto; justify-content: center; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); position: relative; width: 328.507px;"><div class="card-img overflow-hidden h-100 w-100" style="border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: 160px; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; width: 160px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="Linguistics" class="image-cover" data-test-id="cardImage" src="https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/t_edhub_resource_key_image/v1638892479/EducationHub/photos/noam-chomsky.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 273.993px; object-fit: cover; overflow-anchor: none; transition: transform 0.35s ease-out 0s; vertical-align: middle; width: 328.507px;" /></span></div></div><div class="col-sm-7 col-9" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); width: 574.896px;"><div class="card-body" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 1 1 auto; overflow-anchor: none; padding: 1.25rem;"><div class="card-kicker mb-3" data-test-id="cardKicker" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.65rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.13rem; line-height: 0.8rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; overflow-anchor: none; text-transform: uppercase;"><div class="g-0 align-items-center d-inline-flex row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 0; --bs-gutter-y: 0; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="ps-0 col-md-auto col-sm-12" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); width: auto;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">ENCYCLOPEDIC ENTRY</span></span></div></div></div><h1 class="card-title line-clamp line-clamp-2 mb-1" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; box-sizing: border-box; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 1.25rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 1px; text-decoration-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: underline; text-overflow: ellipsis; transition: text-decoration 0.35s ease-out 0s, -webkit-text-decoration 0.35s ease-out 0s;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Linguistics</span></span></h1><h2 class="card-subtitle mb-3 text-color-gray-600" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 0.8rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.2rem; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: -0.25rem; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Social Studies, English Language Arts, World History</span></span></h2><p class="card-text line-clamp line-clamp-4 mb-3" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 4; box-sizing: border-box; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 55ch; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Linguistics, the study of language, gives us a window into the way we communicate.</span></span></p><div class="p-0 container-fluid" data-test-id="container" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow-anchor: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-right: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-top: 0px; width: 524.896px;"><div class="g-0 row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 0; --bs-gutter-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="col-6" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); width: 262.448px;"><div class="card-metadata p-0 mb-0 container-fluid" data-test-id="cardMeta" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow-anchor: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-right: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-top: 0px; width: 262.448px;"><h2 class="display-4 text-uppercase mb-1" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.65rem; letter-spacing: 0.13rem; line-height: 0.8rem; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">GRADES</span></span></h2><p class="text-small mb-0" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 55ch; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">5 - 8</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="justify-content-center row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 30px; --bs-gutter-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="py-2 d-none d-md-flex col-xl-10 col-lg-12 col-md-12" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-bottom: 0.5rem; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-top: 0.5rem; width: 1015.56px;"><a class="card-light text-decoration-none shadow horizontal-card light w-100 card" data-test-id="horizontal-card" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/evolution-of-words" style="background-clip: initial; background-color: white; border-radius: 0px; border: 0px solid transparent; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #121212; display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-width: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; text-underline-offset: 3px; width: 985.556px;"><div class="g-0 row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 0; --bs-gutter-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="position-relative bg-color-gray-300 overflow-hidden d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center col-sm-4 col-2" data-test-id="col" style="align-items: center; background-color: #cccccc; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex: 0 0 auto; justify-content: center; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); position: relative; width: 328.507px;"><div class="card-img overflow-hidden h-100 w-100" style="border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: 160px; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; width: 160px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="Evolution of Words" class="image-cover" data-test-id="cardImage" src="https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/t_edhub_resource_key_image/v1638890053/EducationHub/photos/linguistics.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 273.993px; object-fit: cover; overflow-anchor: none; transition: transform 0.35s ease-out 0s; vertical-align: middle; width: 328.507px;" /></span></div></div><div class="col-sm-7 col-9" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); width: 574.896px;"><div class="card-body" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 1 1 auto; overflow-anchor: none; padding: 1.25rem;"><div class="card-kicker mb-3" data-test-id="cardKicker" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.65rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.13rem; line-height: 0.8rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; overflow-anchor: none; text-transform: uppercase;"><div class="g-0 align-items-center d-inline-flex row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 0; --bs-gutter-y: 0; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="ps-0 col-md-auto col-sm-12" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); width: auto;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">INFOGRAPHIC</span></span></div></div></div><h1 class="card-title line-clamp line-clamp-2 mb-1" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; box-sizing: border-box; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 1.25rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 1px; text-decoration-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: underline; text-overflow: ellipsis; transition: text-decoration 0.35s ease-out 0s, -webkit-text-decoration 0.35s ease-out 0s;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Evolution of Words</span></span></h1><h2 class="card-subtitle mb-3 text-color-gray-600" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 0.8rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.2rem; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: -0.25rem; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Social Studies, English Language Arts, Arts and Music</span></span></h2><p class="card-text line-clamp line-clamp-4 mb-3" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 4; box-sizing: border-box; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 55ch; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Discover the words that have shown the least change in meaning across time.</span></span></p><div class="p-0 container-fluid" data-test-id="container" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow-anchor: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-right: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-top: 0px; width: 524.896px;"><div class="g-0 row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 0; --bs-gutter-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="col-6" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); width: 262.448px;"><div class="card-metadata p-0 mb-0 container-fluid" data-test-id="cardMeta" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow-anchor: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-right: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-top: 0px; width: 262.448px;"><h2 class="display-4 text-uppercase mb-1" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.65rem; letter-spacing: 0.13rem; line-height: 0.8rem; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">GRADES</span></span></h2><p class="text-small mb-0" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 55ch; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">6 - 12+</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="justify-content-center row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 30px; --bs-gutter-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="py-2 d-none d-md-flex col-xl-10 col-lg-12 col-md-12" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-bottom: 0.5rem; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-top: 0.5rem; width: 1015.56px;"><a class="card-light text-decoration-none shadow horizontal-card light w-100 card" data-test-id="horizontal-card" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/language-family" style="background-clip: initial; background-color: white; border-radius: 0px; border: 0px solid transparent; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #121212; display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-width: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; text-underline-offset: 3px; width: 985.556px;"><div class="g-0 row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 0; --bs-gutter-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="position-relative bg-color-gray-300 overflow-hidden d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center col-sm-4 col-2" data-test-id="col" style="align-items: center; background-color: #cccccc; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex: 0 0 auto; justify-content: center; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); position: relative; width: 328.507px;"><div class="card-img overflow-hidden h-100 w-100" style="border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: 160px; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; width: 160px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="Language Family" class="image-cover" data-test-id="cardImage" src="https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/t_edhub_resource_key_image/v1690230102/EducationHub/photos/the-spread-of-latin-family-of-languages.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 297.986px; object-fit: cover; overflow-anchor: none; transition: transform 0.35s ease-out 0s; vertical-align: middle; width: 328.507px;" /></span></div></div><div class="col-sm-7 col-9" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); width: 574.896px;"><div class="card-body" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 1 1 auto; overflow-anchor: none; padding: 1.25rem;"><div class="card-kicker mb-3" data-test-id="cardKicker" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.65rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.13rem; line-height: 0.8rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; overflow-anchor: none; text-transform: uppercase;"><div class="g-0 align-items-center d-inline-flex row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 0; --bs-gutter-y: 0; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="ps-0 col-md-auto col-sm-12" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); width: auto;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">ENCYCLOPEDIC ENTRY</span></span></div></div></div><h1 class="card-title line-clamp line-clamp-2 mb-1" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; box-sizing: border-box; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 1.25rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 1px; text-decoration-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: underline; text-overflow: ellipsis; transition: text-decoration 0.35s ease-out 0s, -webkit-text-decoration 0.35s ease-out 0s;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Language Family</span></span></h1><h2 class="card-subtitle mb-3 text-color-gray-600" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 0.8rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.2rem; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: -0.25rem; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Social Studies, Geography, Human Geography, English Language Arts, World History</span></span></h2><p class="card-text line-clamp line-clamp-4 mb-3" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 4; box-sizing: border-box; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 55ch; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">When a group of languages shares a common origin language, or a protolanguage, they can be considered a language family.</span></span></p><div class="p-0 container-fluid" data-test-id="container" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow-anchor: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-right: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-top: 0px; width: 524.896px;"><div class="g-0 row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 0; --bs-gutter-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="col-6" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); width: 262.448px;"><div class="card-metadata p-0 mb-0 container-fluid" data-test-id="cardMeta" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow-anchor: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-right: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-top: 0px; width: 262.448px;"><h2 class="display-4 text-uppercase mb-1" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.65rem; letter-spacing: 0.13rem; line-height: 0.8rem; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">GRADES</span></span></h2><p class="text-small mb-0" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 55ch; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">5 - 8</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="justify-content-center row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 30px; --bs-gutter-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="py-2 d-none d-md-flex col-xl-10 col-lg-12 col-md-12" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-bottom: 0.5rem; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-top: 0.5rem; width: 1015.56px;"><a class="card-light text-decoration-none shadow horizontal-card light w-100 card" data-test-id="horizontal-card" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/oral-language" style="background-clip: initial; background-color: white; border-radius: 0px; border: 0px solid transparent; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #121212; display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-width: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; text-underline-offset: 3px; width: 985.556px;"><div class="g-0 row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 0; --bs-gutter-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="position-relative bg-color-gray-300 overflow-hidden d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center col-sm-4 col-2" data-test-id="col" style="align-items: center; background-color: #cccccc; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex: 0 0 auto; justify-content: center; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); position: relative; width: 328.507px;"><div class="card-img overflow-hidden h-100 w-100" style="border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: 160px; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; width: 160px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="Oral Language" class="image-cover" data-test-id="cardImage" src="https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/t_edhub_resource_key_image/v1638892476/EducationHub/photos/office-workers-talking.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 273.993px; object-fit: cover; overflow-anchor: none; transition: transform 0.35s ease-out 0s; vertical-align: middle; width: 328.507px;" /></span></div></div><div class="col-sm-7 col-9" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); width: 574.896px;"><div class="card-body" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 1 1 auto; overflow-anchor: none; padding: 1.25rem;"><div class="card-kicker mb-3" data-test-id="cardKicker" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.65rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.13rem; line-height: 0.8rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; overflow-anchor: none; text-transform: uppercase;"><div class="g-0 align-items-center d-inline-flex row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 0; --bs-gutter-y: 0; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="ps-0 col-md-auto col-sm-12" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); width: auto;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">ENCYCLOPEDIC ENTRY</span></span></div></div></div><h1 class="card-title line-clamp line-clamp-2 mb-1" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; box-sizing: border-box; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 1.25rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 1px; text-decoration-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: underline; text-overflow: ellipsis; transition: text-decoration 0.35s ease-out 0s, -webkit-text-decoration 0.35s ease-out 0s;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oral Language</span></span></h1><h2 class="card-subtitle mb-3 text-color-gray-600" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 0.8rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.2rem; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: -0.25rem; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Social Studies, Anthropology, World History, English Language Arts</span></span></h2><p class="card-text line-clamp line-clamp-4 mb-3" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 4; box-sizing: border-box; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 55ch; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Comprised of syntax, pragmatics, morphology, and phonology, oral language is how we verbally communicate with one another.</span></span></p><div class="p-0 container-fluid" data-test-id="container" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow-anchor: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-right: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-top: 0px; width: 524.896px;"><div class="g-0 row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 0; --bs-gutter-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="col-6" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); width: 262.448px;"><div class="card-metadata p-0 mb-0 container-fluid" data-test-id="cardMeta" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow-anchor: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-right: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-top: 0px; width: 262.448px;"><h2 class="display-4 text-uppercase mb-1" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.65rem; letter-spacing: 0.13rem; line-height: 0.8rem; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">GRADES</span></span></h2><p class="text-small mb-0" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 55ch; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">5 - 8</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="justify-content-center row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 30px; --bs-gutter-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="py-2 d-none d-md-flex col-xl-10 col-lg-12 col-md-12" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-bottom: 0.5rem; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-top: 0.5rem; width: 1015.56px;"><a class="card-light text-decoration-none shadow horizontal-card light w-100 card" data-test-id="horizontal-card" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/sign-language" style="background-clip: initial; background-color: white; border-radius: 0px; border: 0px solid transparent; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #121212; display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-width: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; text-underline-offset: 3px; width: 985.556px;"><div class="g-0 row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 0; --bs-gutter-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="position-relative bg-color-gray-300 overflow-hidden d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center col-sm-4 col-2" data-test-id="col" style="align-items: center; background-color: #cccccc; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex: 0 0 auto; justify-content: center; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); position: relative; width: 328.507px;"><div class="card-img overflow-hidden h-100 w-100" style="border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: 160px; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; width: 160px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="Sign Language" class="image-cover" data-test-id="cardImage" src="https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/t_edhub_resource_key_image/v1638892470/EducationHub/photos/sign-language-speakers.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 298.003px; object-fit: cover; overflow-anchor: none; transition: transform 0.35s ease-out 0s; vertical-align: middle; width: 328.507px;" /></span></div></div><div class="col-sm-7 col-9" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); width: 574.896px;"><div class="card-body" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 1 1 auto; overflow-anchor: none; padding: 1.25rem;"><div class="card-kicker mb-3" data-test-id="cardKicker" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.65rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.13rem; line-height: 0.8rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; overflow-anchor: none; text-transform: uppercase;"><div class="g-0 align-items-center d-inline-flex row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 0; --bs-gutter-y: 0; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="ps-0 col-md-auto col-sm-12" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); width: auto;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">ENCYCLOPEDIC ENTRY</span></span></div></div></div><h1 class="card-title line-clamp line-clamp-2 mb-1" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; box-sizing: border-box; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 1.25rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 1px; text-decoration-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: underline; text-overflow: ellipsis; transition: text-decoration 0.35s ease-out 0s, -webkit-text-decoration 0.35s ease-out 0s;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sign Language</span></span></h1><h2 class="card-subtitle mb-3 text-color-gray-600" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 0.8rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.2rem; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: -0.25rem; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">English Language Arts, Social Studies</span></span></h2><p class="card-text line-clamp line-clamp-4 mb-3" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 4; box-sizing: border-box; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 55ch; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Primarily used as a means of communication for the deaf or hard of hearing, there are 300 different forms of sign language around the world.</span></span></p><div class="p-0 container-fluid" data-test-id="container" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow-anchor: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-right: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-top: 0px; width: 524.896px;"><div class="g-0 row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 0; --bs-gutter-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="col-6" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); width: 262.448px;"><div class="card-metadata p-0 mb-0 container-fluid" data-test-id="cardMeta" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow-anchor: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-right: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-top: 0px; width: 262.448px;"><h2 class="display-4 text-uppercase mb-1" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.65rem; letter-spacing: 0.13rem; line-height: 0.8rem; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">GRADES</span></span></h2><p class="text-small mb-0" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 55ch; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">5 - 8</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="justify-content-center row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 30px; --bs-gutter-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="py-2 d-none d-md-flex col-xl-10 col-lg-12 col-md-12" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-bottom: 0.5rem; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-top: 0.5rem; width: 1015.56px;"><a class="card-light text-decoration-none shadow horizontal-card light w-100 card" data-test-id="horizontal-card" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/sequoyah-and-creation-cherokee-syllabary" style="background-clip: initial; background-color: white; border-radius: 0px; border: 0px solid transparent; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #121212; display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-width: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; text-underline-offset: 3px; width: 985.556px;"><div class="g-0 row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 0; --bs-gutter-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="position-relative bg-color-gray-300 overflow-hidden d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center col-sm-4 col-2" data-test-id="col" style="align-items: center; background-color: #cccccc; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex: 0 0 auto; justify-content: center; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); position: relative; width: 328.507px;"><div class="card-img overflow-hidden h-100 w-100" style="border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: 160px; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; width: 160px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="Sequoyah and the Creation of the Cherokee Syllabary" class="image-cover" data-test-id="cardImage" height="319" src="https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/t_edhub_resource_key_image/v1638892661/EducationHub/photos/sequoyah.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 328.003px; object-fit: cover; overflow-anchor: none; transition: transform 0.35s ease-out 0s; vertical-align: middle; width: 328.507px;" width="320" /></span></div></div><div class="col-sm-7 col-9" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); width: 574.896px;"><div class="card-body" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 1 1 auto; overflow-anchor: none; padding: 1.25rem;"><div class="card-kicker mb-3" data-test-id="cardKicker" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.65rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.13rem; line-height: 0.8rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; overflow-anchor: none; text-transform: uppercase;"><div class="g-0 align-items-center d-inline-flex row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 0; --bs-gutter-y: 0; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="ps-0 col-md-auto col-sm-12" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); width: auto;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">ARTICLE</span></span></div></div></div><h1 class="card-title line-clamp line-clamp-2 mb-1" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; box-sizing: border-box; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 1.25rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 1px; text-decoration-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: underline; text-overflow: ellipsis; transition: text-decoration 0.35s ease-out 0s, -webkit-text-decoration 0.35s ease-out 0s;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sequoyah and the Creation of the Cherokee Syllabary</span></span></h1><h2 class="card-subtitle mb-3 text-color-gray-600" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 0.8rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.2rem; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: -0.25rem; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Social Studies, U.S. History, World History</span></span></h2><p class="card-text line-clamp line-clamp-4 mb-3" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 4; box-sizing: border-box; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 55ch; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The written form of the Cherokee language, introduced by Sequoyah in 1821, offered its people a bridge between prehistory and modernity.</span></span></p><div class="p-0 container-fluid" data-test-id="container" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow-anchor: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-right: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-top: 0px; width: 524.896px;"><div class="g-0 row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 0; --bs-gutter-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="col-6" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); width: 262.448px;"><div class="card-metadata p-0 mb-0 container-fluid" data-test-id="cardMeta" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow-anchor: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-right: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-top: 0px; width: 262.448px;"><h2 class="display-4 text-uppercase mb-1" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.65rem; letter-spacing: 0.13rem; line-height: 0.8rem; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">GRADES</span></span></h2><p class="text-small mb-0" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 55ch; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">5 - 8</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="justify-content-center row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 30px; --bs-gutter-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="py-2 d-none d-md-flex col-xl-10 col-lg-12 col-md-12" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-bottom: 0.5rem; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-top: 0.5rem; width: 1015.56px;"><a class="card-light text-decoration-none shadow horizontal-card light w-100 card" data-test-id="horizontal-card" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/unique-speak" style="background-clip: initial; background-color: white; border-radius: 0px; border: 0px solid transparent; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #121212; display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-width: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; text-underline-offset: 3px; width: 985.556px;"><div class="g-0 row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 0; --bs-gutter-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="position-relative bg-color-gray-300 overflow-hidden d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center col-sm-4 col-2" data-test-id="col" style="align-items: center; background-color: #cccccc; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex: 0 0 auto; justify-content: center; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); position: relative; width: 328.507px;"><div class="card-img overflow-hidden h-100 w-100" style="border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: 160px; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; width: 160px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="Unique Speak" class="image-cover" data-test-id="cardImage" height="267" src="https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/t_edhub_resource_key_image/v1638890121/EducationHub/photos/motoring-in-tangier.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 273.993px; object-fit: cover; overflow-anchor: none; transition: transform 0.35s ease-out 0s; vertical-align: middle; width: 328.507px;" width="320" /></span></div></div><div class="col-sm-7 col-9" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); width: 574.896px;"><div class="card-body" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 1 1 auto; overflow-anchor: none; padding: 1.25rem;"><div class="card-kicker mb-3" data-test-id="cardKicker" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.65rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.13rem; line-height: 0.8rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; overflow-anchor: none; text-transform: uppercase;"><div class="g-0 align-items-center d-inline-flex row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 0; --bs-gutter-y: 0; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="ps-0 pe-3 col-md-auto col-sm-12" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); width: auto;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">ARTICLE</span></span></div><div class="display-4 decorator-index ps-0 ps-md-3 col" data-test-id="col" style="align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex: 1 0 0%; font-size: 0.65rem; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.13rem; line-height: 0.8rem; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: 1.53846em; padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); position: relative; width: 92.6562px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">LEVELED</span></span></div></div></div><h1 class="card-title line-clamp line-clamp-2 mb-1" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; box-sizing: border-box; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 1.25rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 1px; text-decoration-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: underline; text-overflow: ellipsis; transition: text-decoration 0.35s ease-out 0s, -webkit-text-decoration 0.35s ease-out 0s;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Unique Speak</span></span></h1><h2 class="card-subtitle mb-3 text-color-gray-600" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 0.8rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.2rem; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: -0.25rem; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Geography, Human Geography, Physical Geography</span></span></h2><p class="card-text line-clamp line-clamp-4 mb-3" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 4; box-sizing: border-box; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 55ch; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Largely isloated, Tangier Island has developed a unique linguistic heritage.</span></span></p><div class="p-0 container-fluid" data-test-id="container" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow-anchor: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-right: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-top: 0px; width: 524.896px;"><div class="g-0 row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 0; --bs-gutter-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="col-6" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); width: 262.448px;"><div class="card-metadata p-0 mb-0 container-fluid" data-test-id="cardMeta" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow-anchor: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-right: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-top: 0px; width: 262.448px;"><h2 class="display-4 text-uppercase mb-1" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.65rem; letter-spacing: 0.13rem; line-height: 0.8rem; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">GRADES</span></span></h2><p class="text-small mb-0" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 55ch; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">3 - 12+</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="justify-content-center row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 30px; --bs-gutter-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="py-2 d-none d-md-flex col-xl-10 col-lg-12 col-md-12" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-bottom: 0.5rem; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-top: 0.5rem; width: 1015.56px;"><a class="card-light text-decoration-none shadow horizontal-card light w-100 card" data-test-id="horizontal-card" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/on-speaking-a-second-language" style="background-clip: initial; background-color: white; border-radius: 0px; border: 0px solid transparent; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #121212; display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-width: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; text-underline-offset: 3px; width: 985.556px;"><div class="g-0 row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 0; --bs-gutter-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="position-relative bg-color-gray-300 overflow-hidden d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center col-sm-4 col-2" data-test-id="col" style="align-items: center; background-color: #cccccc; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex: 0 0 auto; justify-content: center; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); position: relative; width: 328.507px;"><div class="card-img overflow-hidden h-100 w-100" style="border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: 160px; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; width: 160px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="On Speaking a Second Language" class="image-cover" data-test-id="cardImage" src="https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/t_edhub_resource_key_image/v1607340499/videos/posters/On%20Speaking%20a%20Second%20Language.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 321.997px; object-fit: cover; overflow-anchor: none; transition: transform 0.35s ease-out 0s; vertical-align: middle; width: 328.507px;" /></span></div></div><div class="col-sm-7 col-9" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); width: 574.896px;"><div class="card-body" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 1 1 auto; overflow-anchor: none; padding: 1.25rem;"><div class="card-kicker mb-3" data-test-id="cardKicker" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.65rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.13rem; line-height: 0.8rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; overflow-anchor: none; text-transform: uppercase;"><div class="g-0 align-items-center d-inline-flex row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 0; --bs-gutter-y: 0; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="ps-0 col-md-auto col-sm-12" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); width: auto;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">VIDEO</span></span></div></div></div><h1 class="card-title line-clamp line-clamp-2 mb-1" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; box-sizing: border-box; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 1.25rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 1px; text-decoration-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: underline; text-overflow: ellipsis; transition: text-decoration 0.35s ease-out 0s, -webkit-text-decoration 0.35s ease-out 0s;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On Speaking a Second Language</span></span></h1><h2 class="card-subtitle mb-3 text-color-gray-600" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 0.8rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.2rem; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: -0.25rem; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Social Studies, English Language Arts, English as a Second Language, Experiential Learning</span></span></h2><p class="card-text line-clamp line-clamp-4 mb-3" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 4; box-sizing: border-box; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 55ch; overflow-anchor: none; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">American and Chinese students take turns speaking in their own languages in order to experience the power and security that comes when one is comfortable in the language that is spoken.</span></span></p><div class="p-0 container-fluid" data-test-id="container" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow-anchor: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-right: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-top: 0px; width: 524.896px;"><div class="g-0 row" data-test-id="row" style="--bs-gutter-x: 0; --bs-gutter-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5); margin-top: calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1); overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="col-6" data-test-id="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y); max-width: 100%; overflow-anchor: none; padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5); width: 262.448px;"><div class="card-metadata p-0 mb-0 container-fluid" data-test-id="cardMeta" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow-anchor: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-right: var(--bs-gutter-x,15px); padding-top: 0px; width: 262.448px;"><h2 class="display-4 text-uppercase mb-1" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.65rem; letter-spacing: 0.13rem; line-height: 0.8rem; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-anchor: none; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">GRADES</span></span></h2><p class="text-small mb-0" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 55ch; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-anchor: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">7 - 12+</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><br />R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-2747222412115483042024-02-20T12:06:00.009-05:002024-02-20T15:41:53.524-05:00The Church Needs a New Love Language: The Origins of Language<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh24AxZhd1b0z9dVaT7FKhUWj4a5DWwghhMhDjWx4Sv7X4LLde64EbfJr6lX5j90IFf-WPo-AxD6BJRMjL5mjIDATplA4QPgz_2yaMAOcKC_n9--lGsm9FshTqPOh983AAP3cVj3S3U1glmvs4w-bf2aIuaQXYECdO8WgcnliEqXlo1VErD6PIKdwg9-z50" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1080" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh24AxZhd1b0z9dVaT7FKhUWj4a5DWwghhMhDjWx4Sv7X4LLde64EbfJr6lX5j90IFf-WPo-AxD6BJRMjL5mjIDATplA4QPgz_2yaMAOcKC_n9--lGsm9FshTqPOh983AAP3cVj3S3U1glmvs4w-bf2aIuaQXYECdO8WgcnliEqXlo1VErD6PIKdwg9-z50=w640-h640" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Why Language is Important</span></b></div></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">by R.E. Slater</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I tend to wander in my studies and since leaving an earlier post on the <i><b>Garden of Eden</b></i> - which I will shortly be returning to - I wanted to catch up with several processual posts as well as put together several posts on the evolutionary science of language.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The subject of <i><b>language</b></i> tying into <b><i>man's origins and communication</i></b> is a big part of humanity's journey. Especially as it seems to be failing massively across domestic and international lines.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Thus my central focus on the many actualizing opportunities for love... that if we can refocus on the centrality of working together altruistically with one another we might be able to overcome the differences which separate us.</span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">One of those focuses being that of <b>tolerance and allowance </b>for a culture to be what it is and not what it isn't.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><u>Democracy Allows a Society to Become Itself</u></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">For myself, I don't understand MAGA's willingness to blow everything up that is civilly good and right so that it can force their unloving religious ideas and beliefs of bondage upon society.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">It's something I deeply resist as being uncivil, oppressive, and <i>ungodly</i>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This last character trait of "ungodliness" is ironic as I am well-aware of Lot's predicament in Sodom and how the homosexual community intended to force all non-gays to participate into their obsessive abuse.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The evil there, as now, is not that the gay lifestyle is denying its humanity through same sex intercourse - although I do highly value covenanted relationships between all sexes, whether hetero- or homo- sexual over illicit usury and abuse. But the act of <u>forcing non-gays</u> to enact the gay lifestyle against their will... starting with Lot's two daughters, was the evil of Sodom.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">The Sin of Sodom</span></u></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This evil is not unlike what MAGA is enacting now upon America's democratic union between disparate geographical regions throughout the 50 states.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">MAGA leaders and participants are actively removing the American Constitution for some fictitious <i>theocratic kingdom</i> thought to be just and justly righteous. However, it is conducting itself exactly opposite to God's all inclusive vision of sameness.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Essentially, MAGA is removing the rights of non-whites while also overlooking the cultural ties of the races black, red, brown, or that of gays, trans, women, Muslims, Jews, or Asians.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">To me, MAGA laws-and-rules are fascist laws-and-rules and not democratic rules... the later seeking an more open, fair, and expansive observation of people's civil rights and freedoms.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Where MAGA thinks its religious freedoms are becoming delimited by America's polyplural society is the very thing which is odious to the rest of America resisting the uncivil and unloving acts of white supremacy.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Racial disallowance, or intolerance, has never been socially fair nor equal and always unequally applied. And when pursuing <i>white supremacy</i>/ala <i>white (Christian) nationalism</i>, those who are racist in heart and mind and crying foul against all non-white, unassimilated, Americans are doubling down against the freedoms which are plainly offered in the Constitution and Bill of Rights - including the Magna Carta!</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Hence, MAGA cries foul and wishes to force it's white culture of privilege, religious legalisms, and racisms upon America in what it sees as <i>Christ's coming kingdom</i>. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><u>The Kingdom of Christ is Here and Becoming</u></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">MAGA's vision is an evil. And in it's beliefs and behaviours lies a wicked thing. Do we not know that <u>Christ's kingdom is HERE? An</u>d in the truest sense of the word <u>BECOMING</u> in America by an <u>expanding democracy extending to all elements</u><u> of its society</u> Whereas <u>the church's "kindgom" is simply a reiteration of religious abuse, oppression, iniquity, and inquisition, against people's civil rights</u>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><u>Thus and Thus, We Need a New Language</u></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">One that may evolve from where it is to where it could become among the religious and racist populations of the world.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: medium;">And if done, this love-language may empower all elements of society upwards towards the fuller ideal of an open and equal, participatory civil justice, and conduct of behaviour, which I believe more aptly describes Christ's Kingdom.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><i>R.E. Slater</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>February 20, 202</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"> * * * * * *</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhvANfWAlZeNpBtrZKonZSdnxrizdiRs8mBkRdQwA9kPUqEMIuLGhPSI_Y9RTj-8h5RTqdyp67ey9Gf_ZxqiYOgOAq8WGnK9OsqhSlkeTMe16kcJMzRCsxWtr1urhpnoh0vWjI-suexTECHP3Qzf1CldjyEEC8myh5KdJzxnAnmCwDRwGGr3X5nYql8-R5Q" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="72" data-original-width="445" height="65" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhvANfWAlZeNpBtrZKonZSdnxrizdiRs8mBkRdQwA9kPUqEMIuLGhPSI_Y9RTj-8h5RTqdyp67ey9Gf_ZxqiYOgOAq8WGnK9OsqhSlkeTMe16kcJMzRCsxWtr1urhpnoh0vWjI-suexTECHP3Qzf1CldjyEEC8myh5KdJzxnAnmCwDRwGGr3X5nYql8-R5Q=w400-h65" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="text-align: justify;">How Did Language Begin</span><span style="text-align: justify;">?</span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.linguisticsociety.org/content/how-did-language-begin" target="_blank">article link</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">by Ray Jackendoff</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.linguisticsociety.org/sites/default/files/4-26-18%20edit%20pdf.pdf" style="text-align: justify;">Download this document as a pdf.</a></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">What does the question mean?</span></u></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In asking about the origins of human language, we first have to make clear what the question is. The question is not how languages gradually developed over time into the languages of the world today. Rather, it is <span style="color: #0b5394;">how the human species developed over time so that we - and not our closest relatives, the chimpanzees and bonobos - became capable of using language</span>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">And what an amazing development this was! No other natural communication system is like human language. <u>Human language can express thoughts on an unlimited number of topics</u> (the weather, the war, the past, the future, mathematics, gossip, fairy tales, how to fix the sink...). It can be used not just <u>to convey information, but to solicit information</u> (questions) <u>and to give orders</u>. Unlike any other animal communication system, <u>it contains an expression for negation</u> - what is not the case.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Every human language has a vocabulary of tens of thousands of words, built up from several dozen speech sounds. Speakers can build an unlimited number of phrases and sentences out of words plus a smallish collection of prefixes and suffixes, and the meanings of sentences are built from the meanings of the individual words. <span style="color: #0b5394;">What is still more remarkable is that every typically-developing child learns the whole system from hearing others use it.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Animal communication systems, in contrast, typically have at most a few dozen distinct calls, and they are used only to communicate immediate issues such as food, danger, threat, or reconciliation. Many of the sorts of meanings conveyed by chimpanzee communication have counterparts in human 'body language'. For animals that use combinations of calls (such as some songbirds and some whales), the meanings of the combinations are not made up of the meanings of the parts (though there are many species that have not been studied yet). And the attempts to teach apes some version of human language, while fascinating, have produced only rudimentary results. <span style="color: #0b5394;">So the properties of human language are unique in the natural world.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><u>How did we get from there to here?</u></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">All present-day languages, including those of hunter-gatherer cultures, have lots of words, can be used to talk about anything under the sun, and can express negation. As far back as we have written records of human language - 5000 years or so - things look basically the same. Languages change gradually over time, sometimes due to changes in culture and fashion, sometimes in response to contact with other languages. But the basic architecture and expressive power of language stays the same.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The question, then, is how the properties of human language got their start. Obviously, it couldn't have been a bunch of cavemen sitting around and deciding to make up a language, since in order to do so, they would have had to have a language to start with! Intuitively, one might speculate that hominids (human ancestors) started by grunting or hooting or crying out, and 'gradually' this 'somehow' developed into the sort of language we have today. (Such speculations were so rampant 150 years ago that in 1866 the <i>French Academy</i> banned papers on the origins of language!) The problem is in the 'gradually' and the 'somehow'. Chimps grunt and hoot and cry out, too. <span style="color: #0b5394;"><b>What happened to humans in the 6 million years or so since the hominid and chimpanzee lines diverged, and when and how did hominid communication begin to have the properties of modern language?</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Of course, many other properties besides language differentiate humans from chimpanzees: lower extremities suitable for upright walking and running, opposable thumbs, lack of body hair, weaker muscles, smaller teeth - and larger brains. According to current thinking, the changes crucial for language were not just in the size of the brain, but in its character: the kinds of tasks it is suited to do - as it were, the 'software' it comes furnished with. <span style="color: #0b5394;"><b>So the question of the origin of language rests on the differences between human and chimpanzee brains, when these differences came into being, and under what evolutionary pressures.</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">What are we looking for?</span></u></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The basic difficulty with studying the evolution of language is that the evidence is so sparse. Spoken languages don't leave fossils, and fossil skulls only tell us the overall shape and size of hominid brains, not what the brains could do. <span style="color: #0b5394;">About the only definitive evidence we have is the shape of the vocal tract (the mouth, tongue, and throat)</span>: <b><span style="color: #0b5394;">Until anatomically modern humans, about 100,000 years ago, the shape of hominid vocal tracts didn't permit the modern range of speech sounds.</span></b> But that doesn't mean that language necessarily began then. Earlier hominids could have had a sort of language that used a more restricted range of consonants and vowels, and the changes in the vocal tract may only have had the effect of making speech faster and more expressive. Some researchers even propose that <u>language began as sign language</u>, <u>then (gradually or suddenly) switched to the vocal modality, leaving modern gesture as a residue.</u></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">These issues and many others are undergoing lively investigation among linguists, psychologists, and biologists. One important question is the degree to which precursors of human language ability are found in animals. For instance, how similar are apes' systems of thought to ours? Do they include things that hominids would find it useful to express to each other? <span style="color: #0b5394;">There is indeed some consensus that apes' spatial abilities and their ability to negotiate their social world provide foundations on which the human system of concepts could be built.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u>A related question is what aspects of language are unique to language and what aspects just draw on other human abilities not shared with other primates</u>. This issue is particularly controversial. Some researchers claim that everything in language is built out of other human abilities: the ability for vocal imitation, the ability to memorize vast amounts of information (both needed for learning words), the desire to communicate, the understanding of others' intentions and beliefs, and the ability to cooperate. Current research seems to show that these human abilities are absent or less highly developed in apes. Other researchers acknowledge the importance of these factors but argue that hominid brains required additional changes that adapted them specifically for language.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">Did it happen all at once or in stages?</span></u></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">How did these changes take place? Some researchers claim that they came in a single leap, creating through one mutation the complete system in the brain by which humans express complex meanings through combinations of sounds. These people also tend to claim that there are few aspects of language that are not already present in animals.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Other researchers suspect that the special properties of language evolved in stages, perhaps over some millions of years, through a succession of hominid lines</u></span>. In an early stage, sounds would have been used to name a wide range of objects and actions in the environment, and individuals would be able to invent new vocabulary items to talk about new things. In order to achieve a large vocabulary, an important advance would have been the ability to 'digitize' signals into sequences of discrete speech sounds - consonants and vowels - rather than unstructured calls. This would require changes in the way the brain controls the vocal tract and possibly in the way the brain interprets auditory signals (although the latter is again subject to considerable dispute).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">These two changes alone would yield a communication system of single signals - better than the chimpanzee system but far from modern language. <u><span style="color: #0b5394;">A next plausible step would be the ability to string together several such 'words' to create a message built out of the meanings of its parts</span></u>. This is still not as complex as modern language. It could have a rudimentary 'me Tarzan, you Jane' character and still be a lot better than single-word utterances. In fact, we do find such<b> 'protolanguage'</b> in <u>two-year-old children</u>, in the beginning efforts of adults learning a foreign language, and in so-called 'pidgins', the systems cobbled together by adult speakers of disparate languages when they need to communicate with each other for trade or other sorts of cooperation. This has led some researchers to propose that the system of 'protolanguage' is still present in modern human brains, hidden under the modern system except when the latter is impaired or not yet developed.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">A final change or series of changes would add to 'protolanguage' a richer structure, encompassing such grammatical devices as plural markers, tense markers, relative clauses, and complement clauses</span></u> ("Joe thinks that the earth is flat"). Again, some hypothesize that this could have been a purely cultural development, and some think it required genetic changes in the brains of speakers. The jury is still out.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">When did this all happen? Again, it's very hard to tell. <span style="color: #0b5394;"><b>We do know that something important happened in the human line between 100,000 and 50,000 years ago</b></span>: This is when we start to find cultural artifacts such as art and ritual objects, evidence of what we would call civilization. What changed in the species at that point? Did they just get smarter (even if their brains didn't suddenly get larger)? Did they develop language all of a sudden? Did they become smarter because of the intellectual advantages that language affords (such as the ability to maintain an oral history over generations)? If this is when they developed language, were they changing from no language to modern language, or perhaps from 'protolanguage' to modern language? And if the latter, when did 'protolanguage' emerge? Did our cousins the Neanderthals speak a protolanguage? At the moment, we don't know.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">One tantalizing source of evidence has emerged recently. <u>A mutation in a gene called FOXP2 has been shown to lead to deficits in language as well as in control of the face and mouth</u>. This gene is a slightly altered version of a gene found in apes, and it seems to have achieved its present form between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago. It is very tempting therefore to call FOXP2 a 'language gene', but nearly everyone regards this as <u>oversimplified</u>. Are individuals afflicted with this mutation really language impaired or do they just have trouble speaking?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #0b5394;">On top of that, despite great advances in neuroscience, we currently know very little about how genes determine the growth and structure of brains or how the structure of the brain determines the ability to use language</span></b>. Nevertheless, if we are ever going to learn more about how the human language ability evolved, the most promising evidence will probably come from the human genome, which preserves so much of our species' history. The challenge for the future will be to decode it.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><u>For further information</u></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Christiansen, Morton H. and Simon Kirby (eds.). 2003. Language Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Hauser, Marc; Noam Chomsky; and W. Tecumseh Fitch. 2002. The faculty of language: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? Science 298.1569-79.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Hurford, James; Michael Studdert-Kennedy; and Chris Knight (eds.). 1998. Approaches to the Evolution of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Jackendoff, Ray. 1999. Some possible stages in the evolution of the language capacity. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3.272-79.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Pinker, Steven, and Ray Jackendoff. 2005. The faculty of language: What's special about it? Cognition 95.210-36.</div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span>R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-88961805597479568462024-02-20T00:57:00.006-05:002024-02-20T01:05:35.528-05:00The Evolutionary Origins of Language<div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf1HYx_QQmrKC9k2-HEPn5LgJRx_vW1UB6l48jkMtxKiqP5dASg1YiYeWS05g1IoWoBDexTehZfeH5GZO2ZxUEVsWsh27KLlN3RjjoKVyAXl7lhzGJkmFYhPFM8R28RqIU4W39up6_ZSj3i8tO-HQ70G1VeOFFBrQDhvskoAXeBByDOspz-d8oCH9AVLz0/s776/The%20Origin%20of%20Language%2000.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="583" data-original-width="776" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf1HYx_QQmrKC9k2-HEPn5LgJRx_vW1UB6l48jkMtxKiqP5dASg1YiYeWS05g1IoWoBDexTehZfeH5GZO2ZxUEVsWsh27KLlN3RjjoKVyAXl7lhzGJkmFYhPFM8R28RqIU4W39up6_ZSj3i8tO-HQ70G1VeOFFBrQDhvskoAXeBByDOspz-d8oCH9AVLz0/w640-h480/The%20Origin%20of%20Language%2000.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://issuu.com/li2015/docs/origins_of_language" target="_blank">click to enlarge</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar" style="align-items: center; background-color: white; box-shadow: none; color: #202122; display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; grid-area: titlebar; justify-content: flex-end; position: relative;"><h1 class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" id="firstHeading" style="border: 0px; color: black; flex-grow: 1; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-page-title-main"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">Origin of language</span></span></h1></header><div aria-labelledby="firstHeading" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" data-mw-ve-target-container="" id="bodyContent" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; grid-area: content; line-height: var(--line-height-medium); position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div class="vector-body-before-content" style="overflow: hidden;"><div class="mw-indicators" style="column-gap: 10px; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; float: right; line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 8px; position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="margin-top: 8px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#:~:text=The%20time%20range%20for%20the,some%2050%2C000%E2%80%93150%2C000%20years%20ago." target="_blank">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a></span></div><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="margin-top: 8px;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="margin-top: 8px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;">The </span><b style="font-style: italic;">origin of language</b><span style="font-style: italic;"> (spoken and signed, as well as language-related technological systems such as writing), its relationship with human evolution, and its consequences have been subjects of study for centuries. Scholars wishing to study the origins of language must draw inferences from evidence such as the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; font-style: italic; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human evolution">fossil record</a><span style="font-style: italic;">, archaeological evidence, contemporary language diversity, studies of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_acquisition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; font-style: italic; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language acquisition">language acquisition</a><span style="font-style: italic;">, and comparisons between human </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; font-style: italic; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language">language</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> and systems of communication existing </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_communication" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; font-style: italic; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Animal communication">among animals</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> (particularly </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_ape_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; font-style: italic; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great ape language">other primates</a><span style="font-style: italic;">).</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT-20230920_1-0" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-NYT-20230920-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><span style="font-style: italic;"> Many argue that the origins of language probably relate closely to the origins of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; font-style: italic; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Behavioral modernity">modern human behavior</a><span style="font-style: italic;">, but there is little agreement about the facts and implications of this connection.</span></span></div></div><div class="mw-body-content" id="mw-content-text" style="margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" dir="ltr" lang="en"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The shortage of direct, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_evidence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Empirical evidence">empirical evidence</a> has caused many scholars to regard the entire topic as unsuitable for serious study; in 1866, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Society_of_Paris" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Linguistic Society of Paris">Linguistic Society of Paris</a> banned any existing or future debates on the subject, a prohibition which remained influential across much of the Western world until late in the twentieth century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> Various hypotheses have been developed about how, why, when, and where language might have emerged.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Tallerman_2012_4-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Tallerman_2012-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> Still, little more has been universally agreed upon by 1996 than over a century and a half ago, when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_evolution" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theory of evolution">theory of evolution</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> had provoked a surge of speculation on the topic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> Since the early 1990s, however, a number of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Linguist">linguists</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Archaeologist">archaeologists</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychologist">psychologists</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anthropologist">anthropologists</a>, and others have attempted to address this issue with new, modern methods.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Christiansen_6-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Christiansen-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></span></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Approaches">Approaches</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Attempts to explain the origin of language take a variety of forms:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ulbæk_1998_7-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Ulb%C3%A6k_1998-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></span></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">"Continuity theories" build on the idea that language exhibits so much complexity that one cannot imagine it simply appearing from nothing in its final form; therefore it must have evolved from earlier pre-linguistic systems among humans' primate ancestors.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">"Discontinuity theories" take the opposite approach—that language, as a unique trait which cannot be compared to anything found among non-humans, must have appeared fairly suddenly during the course of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human evolution">human evolution</a>.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Some theories consider language mostly as an innate faculty—largely genetically encoded.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Other theories regard language as a mainly <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cultural">cultural</a> system—learned through social interaction.</span></li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">A majority of linguistic scholars as of 2023 favour continuity-based theories, but they vary in how they hypothesize language development. Among those who consider language as mostly innate, some avoid speculating about specific precursors in nonhuman primates, stressing simply that the language faculty must have evolved in the usual gradual way.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pinker_1994_8-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Pinker_1994-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> Others in this intellectual camp—notably Ib Ulbæk<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ulbæk_1998_7-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Ulb%C3%A6k_1998-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup>—hold that language evolved not from primate communication but from primate cognition, which is significantly more complex.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Those who consider language as learned socially, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tomasello" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michael Tomasello">Michael Tomasello</a>, consider it developing from the cognitively controlled aspects of primate communication, these being mostly gestural as opposed to vocal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Tomasello_1996_9-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Tomasello_1996-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pika_Mitani_2006_10-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Pika_Mitani_2006-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> Where vocal precursors are concerned, many continuity theorists envisage language evolving from early human capacities for song.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dunn_2011_11-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Dunn_2011-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cross_Woodruff_2009_13-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Cross_Woodruff_2009-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-auto_14-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-auto-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, a proponent of discontinuity theory, argues that a single chance mutation occurred in one individual in the order of 100,000 years ago, installing the language faculty (a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_module" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language module">hypothetical component of the mid-brain</a>) in "perfect" or "near-perfect" form.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Transcending the continuity-versus-discontinuity divide, some scholars view the emergence of language as the consequence of some kind of social transformation<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Knight_Power_2012_16-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Knight_Power_2012-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> that, by generating unprecedented levels of public trust, liberated a genetic potential for linguistic creativity that had previously lain dormant.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rappaport_1999_17-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Rappaport_1999-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Knight_2008_18-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Knight_2008-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Knight_2010_19-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Knight_2010-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> "Ritual/speech coevolution theory" exemplifies this approach.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Knight_1998_20-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Knight_1998-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Knight_2006_21-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Knight_2006-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> Scholars in this intellectual camp point to the fact that even <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bonobo">bonobos</a> have latent symbolic capacities that they rarely—if ever—use in the wild.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Savage-Rumbaugh_1988_22-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Savage-Rumbaugh_1988-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup> Objecting to the sudden mutation idea, these authors argue that even if a chance mutation were to install a language organ in an evolving bipedal primate, it would be adaptively useless under all known primate social conditions. A very specific social structure—one capable of upholding unusually high levels of public accountability and trust—must have evolved before or concurrently with language to make reliance on "cheap signals" (words) an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionarily_stable_strategy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Evolutionarily stable strategy">evolutionarily stable strategy</a>.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Since the emergence of language lies so far back in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_prehistory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human prehistory">human prehistory</a>, the relevant developments have left no direct historical traces; neither can comparable processes be observed today. Despite this, the emergence of new sign languages in modern times—<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaraguan_Sign_Language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicaraguan Sign Language">Nicaraguan Sign Language</a>, for example—may potentially offer insights into the developmental stages and creative processes necessarily involved.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup> Another approach inspects early human fossils, looking for traces of physical adaptation to language use.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Arensburg_Tillier_1989_25-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Arensburg_Tillier_1989-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> In some cases, when the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DNA">DNA</a> of extinct humans can be recovered, the presence or absence of genes considered to be language-relevant—<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXP2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="FOXP2">FOXP2</a>, for example—may prove informative.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Diller_2009_26-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Diller_2009-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> Another approach, this time archaeological, involves invoking <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_behavior" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Symbolic behavior">symbolic behavior</a> (such as repeated ritual activity) that may leave an archaeological trace—such as mining and modifying ochre pigments for <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body-painting" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Body-painting">body-painting</a>—while developing theoretical arguments to justify inferences from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Symbol">symbolism</a> in general to language in particular.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Henshilwood_2009_27-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Henshilwood_2009-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-C._Knight_2009_28-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-C._Knight_2009-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Watts_2009_29-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Watts_2009-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The time range for the evolution of language or its anatomical prerequisites extends, at least in principle, from the phylogenetic divergence of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homo">Homo</a></i> (2.3 to 2.4 million years ago) from <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(genus)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pan (genus)">Pan</a></i> (5 to 6 million years ago) to the emergence of full <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Behavioral modernity">behavioral modernity</a> some 50,000–150,000 years ago. Few dispute that <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i> probably lacked vocal communication significantly more sophisticated than that of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_ape" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great ape">great apes</a> in general,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Arcadi_2000_30-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Arcadi_2000-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> but scholarly opinions vary as to the developments since the appearance of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homo">Homo</a></i> some 2.5 million years ago. Some scholars assume the development of primitive language-like systems (<i>proto-language</i>) as early as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_habilis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i>, while others place the development of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_communication" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Symbolic communication">symbolic communication</a> only with <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> (1.8 million years ago) or with <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i> (0.6 million years ago) and the development of language proper with <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i>, currently estimated at less than 200,000 years ago.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Using statistical methods to estimate the time required to achieve the current spread and diversity in modern languages, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna_Nichols" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Johanna Nichols">Johanna Nichols</a>—a linguist at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>—argued in 1998 that vocal languages must have begun diversifying in the human species at least 100,000 years ago.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup> Estimates of this kind are not universally accepted, but jointly considering genetic, archaeological, palaeontological, and much other evidence indicates that language probably emerged somewhere in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a>, roughly contemporaneous with the speciation of <i>Homo sapiens</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Botha_2009_32-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Botha_2009-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup></span></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Language_origin_hypotheses">Language origin hypotheses</span></span></h2><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_speculations">Early speculations</span></span></h3><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">I cannot doubt that language owes its origin to the imitation and modification, aided by signs and gestures, of various natural sounds, the voices of other animals, and man's own instinctive cries.</span></p><div class="templatequotecite" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">— <cite style="font-style: inherit;">Charles Darwin, 1871. <i>The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup></cite></span></div></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In 1861, historical linguist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a> published a list of speculative theories concerning the origins of spoken language:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup></span></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>Bow-wow</i>. The <i>bow-wow</i> or <i>cuckoo</i> theory, which Müller attributed to the German philosopher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a>, saw early words as imitations of the cries of beasts and birds.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>Pooh-pooh</i>. The <i>pooh-pooh</i> theory saw the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interjectional_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Interjectional theory">first words as emotional interjections and exclamations</a> triggered by pain, pleasure, surprise, etc.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>Ding-dong</i>. Müller suggested what he called the <i>ding-dong</i> theory, which states that all things have a vibrating natural resonance, echoed somehow by man in his earliest words.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>Yo-he-ho</i>. The <i>yo-he-ho</i> theory claims language emerged from collective rhythmic labor, the attempt to synchronize muscular effort resulting in sounds such as <i>heave</i> alternating with sounds such as <i>ho</i>.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>Ta-ta</i>. This did not feature in Max Müller's list, having been proposed in 1930 by Sir Richard Paget.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup> According to the <i>ta-ta</i> theory, humans made the earliest words by tongue movements that mimicked manual gestures, rendering them audible.</span></li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Most scholars today consider all such theories not so much wrong—they occasionally offer peripheral insights—as naïve and irrelevant.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup> The problem with these theories is that they rest on the assumption that once early humans had discovered a workable <i>mechanism</i> for linking sounds with meanings, language would automatically have evolved.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Much earlier, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Islamic Golden Age">Medieval Muslim scholars</a> developed theories on the origin of language.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup> Their theories were of five general types:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-40" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup></span></p><ol style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>Naturalist</i>: There is a natural relation between expressions and the things they signify. Language thus emerged from a natural human inclination to imitate the sounds of nature.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>Conventionalist</i>: Language is a social convention. The names of things are arbitrary inventions of humans.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>Revelationist</i>: Language was gifted to humans by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Allah">God</a>, and it was thus God—and not humans—who named everything.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>Revelationist-Conventionalist</i>: God revealed to humans a core base of language—enabling humans to communicate with each other—and then humans invented the rest of language.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>Non-Committal</i>: The view that conventionalist and revelationist theories are equally plausible.</span></li></ol><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Problems_of_reliability_and_deception">Problems of reliability and deception</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Signalling theory">Signalling theory</a></span></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">From the perspective of signalling theory, the main obstacle to the evolution of language-like communication in nature is not a mechanistic one. Rather, it is the fact that symbols—arbitrary associations of sounds or other perceptible forms with corresponding meanings—are unreliable and may well be false.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Zahavi_1993_41-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Zahavi_1993-41" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup> As the saying goes, "words are cheap".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Smith_1994_43-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Smith_1994-43" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup> The problem of reliability was not recognized at all by Darwin, Müller or the other early evolutionary theorists.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Animal vocal signals are, for the most part, intrinsically reliable. When a cat purrs, the signal constitutes direct evidence of the animal's contented state. The signal is trusted, not because the cat is inclined to be honest, but because it just cannot fake that sound. Primate vocal calls may be slightly more manipulable, but they remain reliable for the same reason—because they are hard to fake.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Goodall_1986_44-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Goodall_1986-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> Primate social intelligence is "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiavellian_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Machiavellian intelligence">Machiavellian</a>"—self-serving and unconstrained by moral scruples. Monkeys and apes often attempt to deceive each other, while at the same time remaining constantly on guard against falling victim to deception themselves.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Byrne_1988_45-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Byrne_1988-45" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-de_Waal_(2005)_46-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-de_Waal_(2005)-46" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup> Paradoxically, it is theorized that primates' resistance to deception is what blocks the evolution of their signalling systems along language-like lines. Language is ruled out because the best way to guard against being deceived is to ignore all signals except those that are instantly verifiable. Words automatically fail this test.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Knight_1998_20-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Knight_1998-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Words are easy to fake. Should they turn out to be lies, listeners will adapt by ignoring them in favor of hard-to-fake indices or cues. For language to work, then, listeners must be confident that those with whom they are on speaking terms are generally likely to be honest.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Power_1998_47-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Power_1998-47" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup> A peculiar feature of language is "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Displacement (linguistics)">displaced reference</a>", which means reference to topics outside the currently perceptible situation. This property prevents utterances from being corroborated in the immediate "here" and "now". For this reason, language presupposes relatively high levels of mutual trust in order to become established over time as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionarily_stable_strategy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Evolutionarily stable strategy">evolutionarily stable strategy</a>. This stability is born of a longstanding mutual trust and is what grants language its authority. A theory of the origins of language must therefore explain why humans could begin trusting cheap signals in ways that other animals apparently cannot (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Signalling theory">signalling theory</a>).</span></p><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span id="The_.22mother_tongues.22_hypothesis"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_"mother_tongues"_hypothesis">The "mother tongues" hypothesis</span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The "mother tongues" hypothesis was proposed in 2004 as a possible solution to this problem.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fitch_2004_48-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Fitch_2004-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Tecumseh_Fitch" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="W. Tecumseh Fitch">W. Tecumseh Fitch</a> suggested that the Darwinian principle of "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin_selection" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kin selection">kin selection</a>"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-49" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup>—the convergence of genetic interests between relatives—might be part of the answer. Fitch suggests that languages were originally "mother tongues". If language evolved initially for communication between mothers and their own biological offspring, extending later to include adult relatives as well, the interests of speakers and listeners would have tended to coincide. Fitch argues that shared genetic interests would have led to sufficient trust and cooperation for intrinsically unreliable signals—words—to become accepted as trustworthy and so begin evolving for the first time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-50" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Critics of this theory point out that kin selection is not unique to humans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Tallerman_2013_51-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Tallerman_2013-51" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup> So even if one accepts Fitch's initial premises, the extension of the posited "mother tongue" networks from close relatives to more distant relatives remains unexplained.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Tallerman_2013_51-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Tallerman_2013-51" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup> Fitch argues, however, that the extended period of physical immaturity of human infants and the postnatal growth of the human brain give the human-infant relationship a different and more extended period of intergenerational dependency than that found in any other species.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fitch_2004_48-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Fitch_2004-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup></span></p><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span id="The_.22obligatory_reciprocal_altruism.22_hypothesis"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_"obligatory_reciprocal_altruism"_hypothesis">The "obligatory reciprocal altruism" hypothesis</span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Ib Ulbæk<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ulbæk_1998_7-2" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Ulb%C3%A6k_1998-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> invokes another standard Darwinian principle—"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_altruism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reciprocal altruism">reciprocal altruism</a>"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-52" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup>—to explain the unusually high levels of intentional honesty necessary for language to evolve. "Reciprocal altruism" can be expressed as the principle that <i>if you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours</i>. In linguistic terms, it would mean that <i>if you speak truthfully to me, I'll speak truthfully to you</i>. Ordinary Darwinian reciprocal altruism, Ulbæk points out, is a relationship established between frequently interacting individuals. For language to prevail across an entire community, however, the necessary reciprocity would have needed to be enforced universally instead of being left to individual choice. Ulbæk concludes that for language to evolve, society as a whole must have been subject to moral regulation.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Critics point out that this theory fails to explain when, how, why or by whom "obligatory reciprocal altruism" could possibly have been enforced.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Knight_2006_21-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Knight_2006-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> Various proposals have been offered to remedy this defect.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Knight_2006_21-2" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Knight_2006-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> A further criticism is that language does not work on the basis of reciprocal altruism anyway. Humans in conversational groups do not withhold information to all except listeners likely to offer valuable information in return. On the contrary, they seem to want to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Signalling theory">advertise to the world</a> their access to socially relevant information, broadcasting that information without expectation of reciprocity to anyone who will listen.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dessalles_1998_53-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Dessalles_1998-53" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup></span></p><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="The_gossip_and_grooming_hypothesis">The gossip and grooming hypothesis</span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Gossip, according to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Dunbar" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robin Dunbar">Robin Dunbar</a> in his book <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grooming,_Gossip_and_the_Evolution_of_Language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language">Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language</a></i>, language does for group-living humans what <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_grooming" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Social grooming">manual grooming</a> does for other primates—it allows individuals to service their relationships and so maintain their alliances on the basis of the principle: <i>if you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours</i>. Dunbar argues that as humans began living in increasingly larger social groups, the task of manually grooming all one's friends and acquaintances became so time-consuming as to be unaffordable.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dunbar_1996_54-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Dunbar_1996-54" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup> In response to this problem, humans developed "a cheap and ultra-efficient form of grooming"—<i>vocal grooming</i>. To keep allies happy, one now needs only to "groom" them with low-cost vocal sounds, servicing multiple allies simultaneously while keeping both hands free for other tasks. Vocal grooming then evolved gradually into vocal language—initially in the form of "gossip".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dunbar_1996_54-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Dunbar_1996-54" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup> Dunbar's hypothesis seems to be supported by the fact that the structure of language shows adaptations to the function of narration in general.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-55" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Critics of this theory point out that the very efficiency of "vocal grooming"—the fact that words are so cheap—would have undermined its capacity to signal commitment of the kind conveyed by time-consuming and costly manual grooming.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-56" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup> A further criticism is that the theory does nothing to explain the crucial transition from vocal grooming—the production of pleasing but meaningless sounds—to the cognitive complexities of syntactical speech.</span></p><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span id="Ritual.2Fspeech_coevolution"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ritual/speech_coevolution">Ritual/speech coevolution</span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The ritual/speech coevolution theory was originally proposed by social anthropologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Rappaport" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roy Rappaport">Roy Rappaport</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-57" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup> before being elaborated by anthropologists such as Chris Knight,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup> Jerome Lewis,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-59" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[59]</a></sup> Nick Enfield,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Enfield_2010_60-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Enfield_2010-60" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup> Camilla Power<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-61" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[61]</a></sup> and Ian Watts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-62" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[62]</a></sup> Cognitive scientist and robotics engineer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Steels" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Luc Steels">Luc Steels</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-63" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[63]</a></sup> is another prominent supporter of this general approach, as is biological anthropologist and neuroscientist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Deacon" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Terrence Deacon">Terrence Deacon</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Deacon_1997_64-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Deacon_1997-64" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[64]</a></sup> A more recent champion of the approach is the Chomskyan specialist in linguistic syntax, Cedric Boeckx.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10.3389_fnins.2023.1080861_65-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-10.3389_fnins.2023.1080861-65" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">These scholars argue that there can be no such thing as a "theory of the origins of language". This is because language is not a separate adaptation but an internal aspect of something much wider—namely, the entire domain known to anthropologists as human <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_culture" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Symbolic culture">symbolic culture</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-66" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a></sup> Attempts to explain language independently of this wider context have failed, say these scientists, because they are addressing a problem with no solution. Language would not work outside its necessary environment of confidence-building social mechanisms and institutions. For example, it would not work for a nonhuman ape communicating with others of its kind in the wild. Not even the cleverest nonhuman ape could make language work under such conditions.</span></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Lie and alternative, inherent in language ... pose problems to any society whose structure is founded on language, which is to say all human societies. I have therefore argued that if there are to be words at all it is necessary to establish <i>The Word</i>, and that The Word is established by the invariance of liturgy.</span></p><div class="templatequotecite" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">— <cite style="font-style: inherit;">Roy Rappaport<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rappaport_1979_67-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Rappaport_1979-67" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[67]</a></sup></cite></span></div></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Advocates of this school of thought point out that words are cheap. Should an especially clever nonhuman ape, or even a group of articulate nonhuman apes, try to use words in the wild, they would carry no conviction. The primate vocalizations that do carry conviction—those they actually use—are unlike words, in that they are emotionally expressive, intrinsically meaningful, and reliable because they are relatively costly and hard to fake.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Language consists of contrasts whose cost is essentially zero. As pure social conventions, signals of this kind cannot evolve in a Darwinian social world—they are a theoretical impossibility.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-68" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[68]</a></sup> Being intrinsically unreliable, language works only if one can build up a reputation for trustworthiness within a certain kind of society—namely, one where symbolic cultural facts (sometimes called "institutional facts") can be established and maintained through collective social endorsement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-69" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup> In any hunter-gatherer society, the basic mechanism for establishing trust in symbolic cultural facts is collective <i>ritual</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-70" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[70]</a></sup> Therefore, the task facing researchers into the origins of language is more multidisciplinary than is usually supposed. It involves addressing the evolutionary emergence of human ritual, kinship, religion and symbolic culture taken as a whole, with language an important but subsidiary component.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">An authoritative current proponent of the 'ritual/speech co-evolution' approach is Cedric Boeckx, a specialist in syntax known for his work in explicating Chomsky's 'Minimalist' program.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-71" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup> In a 2023 article, Boeckx<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10.3389_fnins.2023.1080861_65-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-10.3389_fnins.2023.1080861-65" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></sup> endorses the Rappaport/Searle/Knight way of capturing the "special" nature of human words. Words are symbols. This means that, from a standpoint in Darwinian signal evolution theory, they are "patently false signals." Words are facts, but "facts whose existence depends entirely on subjective belief".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-72" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></sup> In philosophical terms, they are "institutional facts": fictions that are granted factual status within human social institutions<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-73" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[73]</a></sup> From this standpoint, according to Boeckx, linguistic utterances are symbolic to the extent that they are patent falsehoods serving as guides to communicative intentions. "They are communicatively useful untruths, as it were."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10.3389_fnins.2023.1080861_65-2" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-10.3389_fnins.2023.1080861-65" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></sup> The reason why words can survive among humans despite being false is largely down to a matter of trust. The corresponding origins theory is that language can only have begun to evolve from the moment humans started reciprocally faking in communicatively helpful ways, i.e., whey they became capable of upholding the levels of trust necessary for linguistic communication to work.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The point here is that an ape or other nonhuman must always carry at least some of the burden of generating the trust necessary for communication to work. That is, in order to be taken seriously, each signal it emits must be a patently reliable one, trusted because it is rooted in some way in the real world. But now imagine what might happen under social conditions where trust could be taken for granted. The signaller could stop worrying about reliability and concentrate instead on perceptual discriminability. Carried to its conclusion, this should permit digital signaling—the cheapest and most efficient kind of communication.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">From this philosophical standpoint, animal communication cannot be digital because it does not have the luxury of being patently false. Costly signals of any kind can only be evaluated on an analog scale. Put differently, truly symbolic, digital signals become socially acceptable only under highly unusual conditions—such as those internal to a ritually bonded community whose members are not tempted to lie.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Critics of the speech/ritual co-evolution idea theory include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, who terms it the "non-existence" hypothesis—a denial of the very existence of language as an object of study for natural science.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-74" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[74]</a></sup> Chomsky's own theory is that language emerged in an instant and in perfect form,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-75" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[75]</a></sup> prompting his critics in turn, to retort that only something that does not exist—a theoretical construct or convenient scientific fiction—could possibly emerge in such a miraculous way.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Knight_2008_18-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Knight_2008-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup> The controversy remains unresolved.</span></p><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span id="Tool_resiliency.2C_grammar_and_language_production"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Tool_resiliency,_grammar_and_language_production">Tool resiliency, grammar and language production</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acheulean" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a> tool use began during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a> approximately 1.75 million years ago. Studies focusing on the lateralization of Acheulean tool production and language production have noted similar areas of blood flow when engaging in these activities separately; this theory suggests that the brain functions needed for the production of tools across generations is consistent with the brain systems required for producing language. Researchers used functional transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (fTDC) and had participants perform activities related to the creation of tools using the same methods during the Lower Paleolithic as well as a task designed specifically for word generation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Uomini_e72693_76-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Uomini_e72693-76" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[76]</a></sup> The purpose of this test was to focus on the planning aspect of Acheulean tool making and cued word generation in language (an example of cued word generation would be trying to list all words beginning with a given letter). Theories of language developing alongside tool use has been theorized by multiple individuals,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-77" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[77]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-78" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[78]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-79" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[79]</a></sup> however until recently there has been little empirical data to support these hypotheses. Focusing on the results of the study performed by Uomini et al. evidence for the usage of the same brain areas has been found when looking at cued word generation and Achuelean tool use. The relationship between tool use and language production is found in working and planning memory respectively and was found to be similar across a variety of participants, furthering evidence that these areas of the brain are shared.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Uomini_e72693_76-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Uomini_e72693-76" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[76]</a></sup> This evidence lends credibility to the theory that language developed alongside tool use in the Lower Paleolithic.</span></p><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Humanistic_theory">Humanistic theory</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Humanism">humanistic</a> tradition considers language as a human invention. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance philosopher</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antoine Arnauld">Antoine Arnauld</a> gave a detailed description of his idea of the origin of language in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-Royal_Grammar" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Port-Royal Grammar">Port-Royal Grammar</a>. According to Arnauld, people are social and rational by nature, and this urged them to create language as a means to communicate their ideas to others. Language construction would have occurred through a slow and gradual process.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-80" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup> In later theory, especially in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Functional linguistics">functional linguistics</a>, the primacy of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Communication">communication</a> is emphasised over psychological needs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Daneš_1987_81-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Dane%C5%A1_1987-81" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The exact way language evolved is however not considered as vital to the study of languages. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Structural linguistics">Structural linguist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a> abandoned <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Evolutionary linguistics">evolutionary linguistics</a> after having come to the firm conclusion that it would not be able to provide any further revolutionary insight after the completion of the major works in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguistics</a> by the end of the 19th century. Saussure was particularly sceptical of the attempts of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Schleicher" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="August Schleicher">August Schleicher</a> and other Darwinian linguists to access prehistorical languages through series of reconstructions of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Proto-language">proto-languages</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Aronoff_2017_82-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Aronoff_2017-82" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[82]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Saussure's solution to the problem of language evolution involves dividing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theoretical linguistics">theoretical linguistics</a> in two. Evolutionary and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguistics</a> are renamed as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diachronic_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Diachronic linguistics">diachronic linguistics</a>. It is the study of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_change" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language change">language change</a>, but it has only limited explanatory power due to the inadequacy of all of the reliable research material that could ever be made available. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronic_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Synchronic linguistics">Synchronic linguistics</a>, in contrast, aims to widen scientists' understanding of language through a study of a given contemporary or historical language stage as a system in its own right.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Saussure_1959_83-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Saussure_1959-83" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[83]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Although Saussure paid much focus to diachronic linguistics, later structuralists who equated structuralism with the synchronic analysis were sometimes criticised of ahistoricism. According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_anthropology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Structural anthropology">structural anthropologist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a>, language and meaning—in opposition to "knowledge, which develops slowly and progressively"—must have appeared in an instant.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-84" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[84]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Structuralism, as first introduced to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sociology">sociology</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a>, is nonetheless a type of humanistic evolutionary theory which explains diversification as necessitated by growing complexity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hejl_2013_85-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Hejl_2013-85" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[85]</a></sup> There was a shift of focus to functional explanation after Saussure's death. Functional structuralists including the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Linguistic_Circle" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prague Linguistic Circle">Prague Circle</a> linguists and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Martinet" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="André Martinet">André Martinet</a> explained the growth and maintenance of structures as being necessitated by their functions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Daneš_1987_81-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Dane%C5%A1_1987-81" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup> For example, novel technologies make it necessary for people to invent new words, but these may lose their function and be forgotten as the technologies are eventually replaced by more modern ones.</span></p><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span id="Chomsky.27s_single-step_theory"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Chomsky's_single-step_theory">Chomsky's single-step theory</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>'s single-mutation theory, the emergence of language resembled the formation of a crystal; with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_infinity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Digital infinity">digital infinity</a> as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_crystal" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seed crystal">seed crystal</a> in a super-saturated primate brain, on the verge of blossoming into the human mind, by physical law, once <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Darwinism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Universal Darwinism">evolution</a> added a single small but crucial keystone.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-86" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[86]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Three_factors_in_language_design_87-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Three_factors_in_language_design-87" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[87]</a></sup> Thus, in this theory, language appeared rather suddenly within the history of human evolution. Chomsky, writing with computational linguist and computer scientist Robert C. Berwick, suggests that this scenario is completely compatible with modern biology. They note that "none of the recent accounts of human language evolution seem to have completely grasped the shift from conventional Darwinism to its fully <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stochastic">stochastic</a> modern version—specifically, that there are stochastic effects not only due to sampling like directionless drift, but also due to directed stochastic variation in fitness, migration, and heritability—indeed, all the "forces" that affect individual or gene frequencies<span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span>... All this can affect evolutionary outcomes—outcomes that as far as we can make out are not brought out in recent books on the evolution of language, yet would arise immediately in the case of any new genetic or individual innovation, precisely the kind of scenario likely to be in play when talking about language's emergence."</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Citing evolutionary geneticist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a>, they concur that a substantial difference must have occurred to differentiate <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a> to "prompt the relentless spread of our species, who had never crossed open water, up and out of Africa and then on across the entire planet in just a few tens of thousands of years.<span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span>... What we do not see is any kind of 'gradualism' in new tool technologies or innovations like fire, shelters, or figurative art." Berwick and Chomsky therefore suggest language emerged approximately between 200,000 years ago and 60,000 years ago (between the appearance of the first anatomically modern humans in southern Africa and the last exodus from Africa respectively). "That leaves us with about 130,000 years, or approximately 5,000–6,000 generations of time for evolutionary change. This is not 'overnight in one generation' as some have (incorrectly) inferred—but neither is it on the scale of geological eons. It's time enough—within the ballpark for what Nilsson and Pelger (1994) estimated as the time required for the full evolution of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> eye from a single cell, even without the invocation of any 'evo-devo' effects."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Berwick_and_Chomsky_2016_88-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Berwick_and_Chomsky_2016-88" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[88]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The single-mutation theory of language evolution has been directly questioned on different grounds. A formal analysis of the probability of such a mutation taking place and going to fixation in the species has concluded that such a scenario is unlikely, with multiple mutations with more moderate fitness effects being more probable.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-89" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a></sup> Another criticism has questioned the logic of the argument for single mutation and puts forward that from the formal simplicity of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merge_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Merge (linguistics)">Merge</a>, the capacity Berwick and Chomsky deem the core property of human language that emerged suddenly, one cannot derive the (number of) evolutionary steps that led to it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-90" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[90]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Romulus_and_Remus_hypothesis">The Romulus and Remus hypothesis</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion#In_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Recursion">Recursion § In language</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_synthesis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prefrontal synthesis">Prefrontal synthesis</a></span></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The Romulus and Remus hypothesis, proposed by neuroscientist Andrey Vyshedskiy, seeks to address the question as to why the modern speech apparatus originated over 500,000 years before the earliest signs of modern human imagination. This hypothesis proposes that there were two phases that led to modern recursive language. The phenomenon of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion#In_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Recursion">recursion</a> occurs across multiple linguistic domains, arguably most prominently in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Syntax">syntax</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>. Thus, by nesting a structure such as a sentence or a word within themselves, it enables the generation of potentially (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable_set" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Countable set">countably</a>) infinite new variations of that structure. For example, the base sentence [Peter likes apples.] can be nested in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrealis_mood" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Irrealis mood">irrealis</a> clauses to produce [[Mary said [Peter likes apples.]], [Paul believed [Mary said [Peter likes apples.]]] and so forth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-91" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[91]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The first phase includes the slow development of non-recursive language with a large vocabulary along with the modern speech apparatus, which includes changes to the hyoid bone, increased voluntary control of the muscles of the diaphragm, the evolution of the FOXP2 gene, as well as other changes by 600,000 years ago.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-92" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[92]</a></sup> Then, the second phase was a rapid <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#Chomsky's_single-step_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Chomskian single step</a>, consisting of three distinct events that happened in quick succession around 70,000 years ago and allowed the shift from non-recursive to recursive language in early hominins.</span></p><ol style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">A genetic mutation that slowed down the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_synthesis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prefrontal synthesis">prefrontal synthesis</a> (PFS) critical period of at least two children that lived together.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This allowed these children to create recursive elements of language such as spatial prepositions.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Then this merged with their parents' non-recursive language to create recursive language.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:6_93-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-:6-93" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[93]</a></sup></span></li></ol><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">It is not enough for children to have a modern prefrontal cortex (PFC) to allow the development of PFS; the children must also be mentally stimulated and have recursive elements already in their language to acquire PFS. Since their parents would not have invented these elements yet, the children would have had to do it themselves, which is a common occurrence among young children that live together, in a process called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptophasia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cryptophasia">cryptophasia</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-94" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[94]</a></sup> This means that delayed PFC development would have allowed more time to acquire PFS and develop recursive elements.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Delayed PFC development also comes with negative consequences, such as a longer period of reliance on one's parents to survive and lower survival rates. For modern language to have occurred, PFC delay had to have an immense survival benefit in later life, such as PFS ability. This suggests that the mutation that caused PFC delay and the development of recursive language and PFS occurred simultaneously, which lines up with evidence of a genetic bottleneck around 70,000 years ago.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-95" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[95]</a></sup> This could have been the result of a few individuals who developed PFS and recursive language which gave them significant competitive advantage over all other humans at the time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:6_93-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-:6-93" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[93]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Gestural_theory">Gestural theory</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The gestural theory states that human language developed from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesture" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gesture">gestures</a> that were used for simple communication.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Two types of evidence support this theory.</span></p><ol style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Gestural language and vocal language depend on similar neural systems. The regions on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cerebral cortex">cortex</a> that are responsible for mouth and hand movements border each other.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nonhuman <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Primates">primates</a> can use gestures or symbols for at least primitive communication, and some of their gestures resemble those of humans, such as the "begging posture", with the hands stretched out, which humans share with chimpanzees.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-96" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[96]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-97" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[97]</a></sup></span></li></ol><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Research has found strong support for the idea that <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_communication" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oral communication">verbal language</a> and sign language depend on similar neural structures. Patients who used sign language, and who suffered from a left-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cerebral hemisphere">hemisphere</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lesion">lesion</a>, showed the same disorders with their sign language as vocal patients did with their oral language.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kimura_1993_98-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Kimura_1993-98" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[98]</a></sup> Other researchers found that the same left-hemisphere brain regions were active during sign language as during the use of vocal or written language.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-99" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-99" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[99]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Primate gesture is at least partially genetic: different nonhuman apes will perform gestures characteristic of their species, even if they have never seen another ape perform that gesture. For example, gorillas beat their breasts. This shows that gestures are an intrinsic and important part of primate communication, which supports the idea that language evolved from gesture.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Arbib_Liebal_Pika_2008_100-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Arbib_Liebal_Pika_2008-100" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Further evidence suggests that gesture and language are linked. In humans, manually gesturing has an effect on concurrent vocalizations, thus creating certain natural vocal associations of manual efforts. Chimpanzees move their mouths when performing fine motor tasks. These mechanisms may have played an evolutionary role in enabling the development of intentional vocal communication as a supplement to gestural communication. Voice modulation could have been prompted by preexisting manual actions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Arbib_Liebal_Pika_2008_100-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Arbib_Liebal_Pika_2008-100" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">From infancy, gestures both supplement and predict speech.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-101" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-102" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[102]</a></sup> This addresses the idea that gestures quickly change in humans from a sole means of communication (from a very young age) to a supplemental and predictive behavior that is used despite the ability to communicate verbally. This too serves as a parallel to the idea that gestures developed first and language subsequently built upon it.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Two possible scenarios have been proposed for the development of language,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rizzolatti_2008_103-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Rizzolatti_2008-103" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup> one of which supports the gestural theory:</span></p><ol style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Language developed from the calls of human ancestors.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Language was derived from gesture.</span></li></ol><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The first perspective that language evolved from the calls of human ancestors seems logical because both humans and animals make sounds or cries. One evolutionary reason to refute this is that, anatomically, the centre that controls calls in monkeys and other animals is located in a completely different part of the brain than in humans. In monkeys, this centre is located in the depths of the brain related to emotions. In the human system, it is located in an area unrelated to emotion. Humans can communicate simply to communicate—without emotions. So, anatomically, this scenario does not work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rizzolatti_2008_103-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Rizzolatti_2008-103" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup> This suggests that language was derived from gesture<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Reflections_on_the_gesture-first_104-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Reflections_on_the_gesture-first-104" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[104]</a></sup>(humans communicated by gesture first and sound was attached later).</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The important question for gestural theories is why there was a shift to vocalization. Various explanations have been proposed:</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><ol style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Human ancestors started to use more and more tools, meaning that their hands were occupied and could no longer be used for gesturing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Corballis_2002_105-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Corballis_2002-105" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[105]</a></sup></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Manual gesturing requires that speakers and listeners be visible to one another. In many situations, they might need to communicate, even without visual contact—for example after nightfall or when foliage obstructs visibility.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">A composite hypothesis holds that early language took the form of part gestural and part vocal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimesis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mimesis">mimesis</a> (imitative 'song-and-dance'), combining modalities because all signals (like those of nonhuman apes and monkeys) still needed to be costly in order to be intrinsically convincing. In that event, each multi-media display would have needed not just to disambiguate an intended meaning but also to inspire confidence in the signal's reliability. The suggestion is that only once community-wide contractual understandings had come into force<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Knight_2007_106-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Knight_2007-106" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[106]</a></sup> could trust in communicative intentions be automatically assumed, at last allowing <i>Homo sapiens</i> to shift to a more efficient default format. Since vocal distinctive features (sound contrasts) are ideal for this purpose, it was only at this point—when intrinsically persuasive body-language was no longer required to convey each message—that the decisive shift from manual gesture to the current primary reliance on <i>spoken</i> language occurred.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Knight_2008_18-2" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Knight_2008-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Knight_1998_20-2" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Knight_1998-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Knight_2000_107-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Knight_2000-107" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[107]</a></sup></span></li></ol><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">A comparable hypothesis states that in 'articulate' language, gesture and vocalisation are intrinsically linked, as language evolved from equally intrinsically linked dance and song.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-auto_14-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-auto-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Humans still use manual and facial gestures when they speak, especially when people meet who have no language in common.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-108" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-108" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[108]</a></sup> There are also a great number of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sign language">sign languages</a> still in existence, commonly associated with Deaf communities. These sign languages are equal in complexity, sophistication, and expressive power, to any oral language.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-109" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-109" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[109]</a></sup> The cognitive functions are similar and the parts of the brain used are similar. The main difference is that the "phonemes" are produced on the outside of the body, articulated with hands, body, and facial expression, rather than inside the body articulated with tongue, teeth, lips, and breathing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-110" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-110" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[110]</a></sup> (Compare the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_theory_of_speech_perception" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Motor theory of speech perception">motor theory of speech perception</a>.)</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Critics of gestural theory note that it is difficult to name serious reasons why the initial pitch-based vocal communication (which is present in primates) would be abandoned in favor of the much less effective non-vocal, gestural communication.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-111" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-111" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[111]</a></sup> However, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Corballis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michael Corballis">Michael Corballis</a> has pointed out that it is supposed that primate vocal communication (such as alarm calls) cannot be controlled consciously, unlike hand movement, and thus it is not credible as precursor to human language; primate vocalization is rather homologous to and continued in involuntary reflexes (connected with basic human emotions) such as screams or laughter (the fact that these can be faked does not disprove the fact that genuine involuntary responses to fear or surprise exist).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Reflections_on_the_gesture-first_104-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Reflections_on_the_gesture-first-104" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[104]</a></sup> Also, gesture is not generally less effective, and depending on the situation can even be advantageous, for example in a loud environment or where it is important to be silent, such as on a hunt. Other challenges to the "gesture-first" theory have been presented by researchers in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycholinguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psycholinguistics">psycholinguistics</a>, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McNeill" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David McNeill">David McNeill</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-112" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-112" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[112]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Tool-use_associated_sound_in_the_evolution_of_language">Tool-use associated sound in the evolution of language</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Proponents of the motor theory of language evolution have primarily focused on the visual domain and communication through observation of movements. The <i>Tool-use sound hypothesis</i> suggests that the production and perception of sound also contributed substantially, particularly <i>incidental sound of locomotion</i> (<i>ISOL</i>) and <i>tool-use sound</i> (<i>TUS</i>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Larsson,_M._2015_113-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Larsson,_M._2015-113" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[113]</a></sup> Human bipedalism resulted in rhythmic and more predictable <i>ISOL</i>. That may have stimulated the evolution of musical abilities, auditory working memory, and abilities to produce complex vocalizations, and to mimic natural sounds.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-114" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-114" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[114]</a></sup> Since the human brain proficiently extracts information about objects and events from the sounds they produce, <i>TUS</i>, and mimicry of <i>TUS</i>, might have achieved an iconic function. The prevalence of sound symbolism in many extant languages supports this idea. Self-produced TUS activates multimodal brain processing (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_neuron" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Motor neuron">motor neurons</a>, hearing, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a>, touch, vision), and <i>TUS</i> stimulates primate audiovisual mirror neurons, which is likely to stimulate the development of association chains. Tool use and auditory gestures involve motor-processing of the forelimbs, which is associated with the evolution of vertebrate vocal communication. The production, perception, and mimicry of <i>TUS</i> may have resulted in a limited number of vocalizations or protowords that were associated with tool use.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Larsson,_M._2015_113-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Larsson,_M._2015-113" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[113]</a></sup> A new way to communicate about tools, especially when out of sight, would have had selective advantage. A gradual change in acoustic properties, meaning, or both could have resulted in arbitrariness and an expanded repertoire of words. Humans have been increasingly exposed to <i>TUS</i> over millions of years, coinciding with the period during which spoken language evolved.</span></p><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Mirror_neurons_and_language_origins">Mirror neurons and language origins</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In humans, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">functional MRI</a> studies have reported finding areas homologous to the monkey <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_neuron" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mirror neuron">mirror neuron</a> system in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Frontal lobe">inferior frontal cortex</a>, close to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broca%27s_area" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Broca's area">Broca's area</a>, one of the language regions of the brain. This has led to suggestions that human language evolved from a gesture performance/understanding system implemented in mirror neurons. Mirror neurons have been said to have the potential to provide a mechanism for action-understanding, imitation-learning, and the simulation of other people's behavior.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-115" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-115" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[115]</a></sup> This hypothesis is supported by some <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoarchitectonics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cytoarchitectonics">cytoarchitectonic</a> homologies between monkey premotor area F5 and human Broca's area.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Petrides_2005_116-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Petrides_2005-116" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[116]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Rates of vocabulary expansion link to the ability of children to vocally mirror non-words and so to acquire the new word pronunciations. Such <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_repetition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Speech repetition">speech repetition</a> occurs automatically, quickly<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Porter_1980_117-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Porter_1980-117" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[117]</a></sup> and separately in the brain to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_perception" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Speech perception">speech perception</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McCarthy_1984_118-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-McCarthy_1984-118" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[118]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McCarthy_2001_119-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-McCarthy_2001-119" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[119]</a></sup> Moreover, such vocal imitation can occur without comprehension such as in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_shadowing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Speech shadowing">speech shadowing</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-120" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-120" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[120]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echolalia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Echolalia">echolalia</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Petrides_2005_116-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Petrides_2005-116" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[116]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fay_1977_121-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Fay_1977-121" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[121]</a></sup> Further evidence for this link comes from a recent study in which the brain activity of two participants was measured using fMRI while they were gesturing words to each other using hand gestures with a game of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charades" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charades">charades</a>—a modality that some have suggested might represent the evolutionary precursor of human language. Analysis of the data using <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granger_Causality" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Granger Causality">Granger Causality</a> revealed that the mirror-neuron system of the observer indeed reflects the pattern of activity of in the motor system of the sender, supporting the idea that the motor concept associated with the words is indeed transmitted from one brain to another using the mirror system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Schippers_122-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Schippers-122" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[122]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Not all linguists agree with the above arguments, however. In particular, supporters of Noam Chomsky argue against the possibility that the mirror neuron system can play any role in the hierarchical recursive structures essential to syntax.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Moro_2008_123-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Moro_2008-123" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[123]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Putting-down-the-baby_theory">Putting-down-the-baby theory</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Falk" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dean Falk">Dean Falk</a>'s "putting-down-the-baby" theory, vocal interactions between early hominid mothers and infants began a sequence of events that led, eventually, to human ancestors' earliest words.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Falk_2004_124-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Falk_2004-124" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[124]</a></sup> The basic idea is that evolving human mothers, unlike their counterparts in other primates, could not move around and forage with their infants clinging onto their backs. Loss of fur in the human case left infants with no means of clinging on. Frequently, therefore, mothers had to put their babies down. As a result, these babies needed to be reassured that they were not being abandoned. Mothers responded by developing 'motherese'—an infant-directed communicative system embracing facial expressions, body language, touching, patting, caressing, laughter, tickling, and emotionally expressive contact calls. The argument is that language developed out of this interaction.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Falk_2004_124-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Falk_2004-124" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[124]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mental_and_Social_Life_of_Babies" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Mental and Social Life of Babies">The Mental and Social Life of Babies</a></i>, psychologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaye" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kenneth Kaye">Kenneth Kaye</a> noted that no usable adult language could have evolved without interactive communication between very young children and adults. "No symbolic system could have survived from one generation to the next if it could not have been easily acquired by young children under their normal conditions of social life."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-125" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-125" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[125]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="From-where-to-what_theory">From-where-to-what theory</span></span></h3><figure class="mw-default-size" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: right; display: table; float: right; line-height: 0; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; min-width: 100px; text-align: center;" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:From_where_to_what.png" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; display: block; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1536" data-file-width="2048" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/From_where_to_what.png/220px-From_where_to_what.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/From_where_to_what.png/330px-From_where_to_what.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/From_where_to_what.png/440px-From_where_to_what.png 2x" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 3px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><figcaption style="border-bottom-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; caption-side: bottom; display: table-caption; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 6px 6px; text-align: left; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">An illustration of the "from where to what" model of language evolution</span></figcaption></figure><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The "from where to what" model is a language evolution model that is derived primarily from the organization of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_processing_in_the_brain" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language processing in the brain">language processing in the brain</a> into two structures: the auditory dorsal stream and the auditory ventral stream.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-126" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-126" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[126]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-127" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-127" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[127]</a></sup> It hypothesizes seven stages of language evolution (see illustration). Speech originated for the purpose of exchanging contact calls between mothers and their offspring to find one another in the event they became separated (illustration part 1). The contact calls could be modified with intonations in order to express either a higher or lower level of distress (illustration part 2). The use of two types of contact calls enabled the first question-answer conversation. In this scenario, the child would emit a low-level distress call to express a desire to interact with an object, and the mother would respond with either another low-level distress call (to express approval of the interaction) or a high-level distress call (to express disapproval) (illustration part 3). Over time, the improved use of intonations and vocal control led to the invention of unique calls (phonemes) associated with distinct objects (illustration part 4). At first, children learned the calls (phonemes) from their parents by imitating their lip-movements (illustration part 5). Eventually, infants were able to encode into long-term memory all the calls (phonemes). Consequentially, mimicry via lip-reading was limited to infancy and older children learned new calls through mimicry without lip-reading (illustration part 6). Once individuals became capable of producing a sequence of calls, this allowed multi-syllabic words, which increased the size of their vocabulary (illustration part 7). The use of words, composed of sequences of syllables, provided the infra structure for communicating with sequences of words (i.e., sentences).</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The theory's name is derived from the two auditory streams, which are both found in the brains of humans and other primates. The auditory ventral stream is responsible for sound recognition, and so it is referred to as the auditory <i>what</i> stream.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-128" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-128" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[128]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-129" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-129" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[129]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-130" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-130" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[130]</a></sup> In primates, the auditory dorsal stream is responsible for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_localization" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sound localization">sound localization</a>, and thus it is called the auditory <i>where</i> stream. Only in humans (in the left hemisphere), is it also responsible for other processes associated with language use and acquisition, such as speech repetition and production, integration of phonemes with their lip movements, perception and production of intonations, phonological <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_memory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Long-term memory">long-term memory</a> (long-term memory storage of the sounds of words), and phonological working memory (the temporary storage of the sounds of words).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Buchsbaum_Baldo_et_al_2011_131-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Buchsbaum_Baldo_et_al_2011-131" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[131]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-132" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-132" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[132]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Campbell_2008_133-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Campbell_2008-133" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[133]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-134" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-134" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[134]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-135" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-135" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[135]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Schwartz_Faseyitan_Kim_Coslett_2012_136-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Schwartz_Faseyitan_Kim_Coslett_2012-136" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[136]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gow_2012_137-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Gow_2012-137" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[137]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-138" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-138" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[138]</a></sup> Some evidence also indicates a role in recognising others by their voices.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-139" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-139" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[139]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-140" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-140" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[140]</a></sup> The emergence of each of these functions in the auditory dorsal stream represents an intermediate stage in the evolution of language.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">A contact call origin for human language is consistent with animal studies, as like human language, contact call discrimination in monkeys is lateralised to the left hemisphere.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-141" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-141" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[141]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-142" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-142" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[142]</a></sup> Mice with knock-out to language related genes (such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXP2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="FOXP2">FOXP2</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRPX2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SRPX2">SRPX2</a>) also resulted in the pups no longer emitting contact calls when separated from their mothers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-143" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-143" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[143]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-144" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-144" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[144]</a></sup> Supporting this model is also its ability to explain unique human phenomena, such as the use of intonations when converting words into commands and questions, the tendency of infants to mimic vocalisations during the first year of life (and its disappearance later on) and the protruding and visible <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_lip" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human lip">human lips</a>, which are not found in other apes. This theory could be considered an elaboration of the putting-down-the-baby theory of language evolution.</span></p><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Grammaticalisation_theory">Grammaticalisation theory</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammaticalization" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Grammaticalization">Grammaticalisation</a>" is a continuous historical process in which free-standing words develop into grammatical appendages, while these in turn become ever more specialised and grammatical. An initially "incorrect" usage, in becoming accepted, leads to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unforeseen_consequence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Unforeseen consequence">unforeseen consequences</a>, triggering knock-on effects and extended sequences of change. Paradoxically, grammar evolves because, in the final analysis, humans care less about grammatical niceties than about making themselves understood.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-145" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-145" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[145]</a></sup> If this is how grammar evolves today, according to this school of thought, similar principles at work can be legitimately inferred among distant human ancestors, when grammar itself was first being established.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Deutscher_2005_146-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Deutscher_2005-146" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[146]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-147" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-147" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[147]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Heine_2007_148-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Heine_2007-148" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[148]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In order to reconstruct the evolutionary transition from early language to languages with complex grammars, it is necessary to know which hypothetical sequences are plausible and which are not. In order to convey abstract ideas, the first recourse of speakers is to fall back on immediately recognizable concrete imagery, very often deploying <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Metaphor">metaphors</a> rooted in shared bodily experience.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lakoff,_G_1980_149-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Lakoff,_G_1980-149" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[149]</a></sup> A familiar example is the use of concrete terms such as "belly" or "back" to convey abstract meanings such as "inside" or "behind". Equally metaphorical is the strategy of representing temporal patterns on the model of spatial ones. For example, English speakers might say "It is going to rain", modelled on "I am going to London." This can be abbreviated colloquially to "It's gonna rain." Even when in a hurry, English speakers do not say "I'm gonna London"—the contraction is restricted to the job of specifying tense. From such examples it can be seen why grammaticalisation is consistently unidirectional—from concrete to abstract meaning, not the other way around.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Deutscher_2005_146-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Deutscher_2005-146" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[146]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Grammaticalisation theorists picture early language as simple, perhaps consisting only of nouns.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Heine_2007_148-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Heine_2007-148" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[148]</a></sup><sup style="line-height: 1;">p. 111</sup> Even under that extreme theoretical assumption, however, it is difficult to imagine what would realistically have prevented people from using, say, "spear" as if it were a verb ("Spear that pig!"). People might have used their nouns as verbs or their verbs as nouns as occasion demanded. In short, while a noun-only language might seem theoretically possible, grammaticalisation theory indicates that it cannot have remained fixed in that state for any length of time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Deutscher_2005_146-2" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Deutscher_2005-146" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[146]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Heine_Kuteva_2012_150-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Heine_Kuteva_2012-150" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[150]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Creativity drives grammatical change.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Heine_Kuteva_2012_150-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Heine_Kuteva_2012-150" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[150]</a></sup> This presupposes a certain attitude on the part of listeners. Instead of punishing deviations from accepted usage, listeners must prioritise imaginative mind-reading. Imaginative creativity—emitting a leopard alarm when no leopard was present, for example—is not the kind of behaviour which, say, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vervet_monkey" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vervet monkey">vervet monkeys</a> would appreciate or reward.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cheney_Seyfarth_2005_151-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Cheney_Seyfarth_2005-151" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[151]</a></sup> Creativity and reliability are incompatible demands; for "Machiavellian" primates as for animals generally, the overriding pressure is to demonstrate reliability.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maynard_Smith_2003_152-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Maynard_Smith_2003-152" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[152]</a></sup> If humans escape these constraints, it is because in their case, listeners are primarily interested in mental states.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">To focus on mental states is to accept fictions—inhabitants of the imagination—as potentially informative and interesting. An example is metaphor: a metaphor is, literally, a false statement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-153" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-153" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[153]</a></sup> In <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a></i>, Romeo declares "Juliet is the sun!". Juliet is a woman, not a ball of plasma in the sky, but human listeners are not (or not usually) pedants insistent on point-by-point factual accuracy. They want to know what the speaker has in mind. Grammaticalisation is essentially based on metaphor. To outlaw its use would be to stop grammar from evolving and, by the same token, to exclude all possibility of expressing abstract thought.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lakoff,_G_1980_149-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Lakoff,_G_1980-149" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[149]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-154" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-154" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[154]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">A criticism of all this is that while grammaticalisation theory might explain language change today, it does not satisfactorily address the really difficult challenge—explaining the initial transition from primate-style communication to language as it is known today. Rather, the theory assumes that language already exists. As <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Heine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bernd Heine">Bernd Heine</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tania_Kuteva" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tania Kuteva">Tania Kuteva</a> acknowledge: "Grammaticalisation requires a linguistic system that is used regularly and frequently within a community of speakers and is passed on from one group of speakers to another".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Heine_2007_148-2" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Heine_2007-148" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[148]</a></sup> Outside modern humans, such conditions do not prevail.</span></p><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Evolution-progression_model">Evolution-progression model</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Human language is used for self-expression; however, expression displays different stages. The consciousness of self and feelings represents the stage immediately prior to the external, phonetic expression of feelings in the form of sound, i.e., language. Intelligent animals such as dolphins, Eurasian magpies, and chimpanzees live in communities, wherein they assign themselves roles for group survival and show emotions such as sympathy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gallup_155-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Gallup-155" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[155]</a></sup> When such animals view their reflection (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_test" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mirror test">mirror test</a>), they recognise themselves and exhibit <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Self-consciousness">self-consciousness</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mitchell_156-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Mitchell-156" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[156]</a></sup> Notably, humans evolved in a quite different environment than that of these animals. Human survival became easier with the development of tools, shelter, and fire, thus facilitating further advancement of social interaction, self-expression, and tool-making, as for hunting and gathering.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-157" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-157" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[157]</a></sup> The increasing brain size allowed advanced provisioning and tools and the technological advances during the Palaeolithic era that built upon the previous evolutionary innovations of bipedalism and hand versatility allowed the development of human language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></p><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Self-domesticated_ape_theory">Self-domesticated ape theory</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">According to a study investigating the song differences between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-rumped_munia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="White-rumped munia">white-rumped munias</a> and its domesticated counterpart (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_finch" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Society finch">Bengalese finch</a>), the wild munias use a highly stereotyped song sequence, whereas the domesticated ones sing a highly unconstrained song. In wild finches, song syntax is subject to female preference—<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_selection" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a>—and remains relatively fixed. However, in the Bengalese finch, natural selection is replaced by breeding, in this case for colourful plumage, and thus, decoupled from selective pressures, stereotyped song syntax is allowed to drift. It is replaced, supposedly within 1000 generations, by a variable and learned sequence. Wild finches, moreover, are thought incapable of learning song sequences from other finches.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Soma_158-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Soma-158" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[158]</a></sup> In the field of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_vocalisation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bird vocalisation">bird vocalisation</a>, brains capable of producing only an innate song have very simple neural pathways: the primary forebrain motor centre, called the robust nucleus of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcopallium" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arcopallium">arcopallium</a>, connects to midbrain vocal outputs, which in turn project to brainstem motor nuclei. By contrast, in brains capable of learning songs, the arcopallium receives input from numerous additional forebrain regions, including those involved in learning and social experience. Control over song generation has become less constrained, more distributed, and more flexible.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Soma_158-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Soma-158" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[158]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">One way to think about human evolution is that humans are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-domestication#In_humans" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Self-domestication">self-domesticated apes</a>. Just as domestication relaxed selection for stereotypic songs in the finches—mate choice was supplanted by choices made by the aesthetic sensibilities of bird breeders and their customers—so might human cultural domestication have relaxed selection on many of their primate behavioural traits, allowing old pathways to degenerate and reconfigure. Given the highly indeterminate way that mammalian brains develop—they basically construct themselves "bottom up", with one set of neuronal interactions preparing for the next round of interactions—degraded pathways would tend to seek out and find new opportunities for synaptic hookups. Such inherited de-differentiations of brain pathways might have contributed to the functional complexity that characterises human language. And, as exemplified by the finches, such de-differentiations can occur in very rapid time-frames.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-159" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-159" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[159]</a></sup></span></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Speech_and_language_for_communication">Speech and language for communication</span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_communication" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Animal language">Animal language</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_speech" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Origin of speech">Origin of speech</a></span></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">A distinction can be drawn between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Speech">speech</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language">language</a>. Language is not necessarily spoken: it might alternatively be written or signed. Speech is among a number of different methods of encoding and transmitting linguistic information, albeit arguably the most natural one.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-160" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-160" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[160]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Some scholars, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, view language as an initially cognitive development, its "externalisation" to serve communicative purposes occurring later in human evolution. According to one such school of thought, the key feature distinguishing human language is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Recursion">recursion</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hauser_2002_161-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Hauser_2002-161" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[161]</a></sup> (in this context, the iterative embedding of phrases within phrases). Other scholars—notably <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Everett" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Daniel Everett">Daniel Everett</a>—deny that recursion is universal, citing certain languages (e.g. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirah%C3%A3_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pirahã language">Pirahã</a>) which allegedly lack this feature.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Everett_2005_162-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Everett_2005-162" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[162]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The ability to ask questions is considered by some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2021)">like whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to distinguish language from non-human systems of communication.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-163" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-163" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[163]</a></sup> Some captive primates (notably <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobos" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bonobos">bonobos</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>), having learned to use rudimentary signing to communicate with their human trainers, proved able to respond correctly to complex questions and requests. Yet they failed to ask even the simplest questions themselves.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-164" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-164" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[164]</a></sup> Conversely, human children are able to ask their first questions (using only question <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a>) at the babbling period of their development, long before they start using syntactic structures. Although babies from different cultures acquire native languages from their social environment, all languages of the world without exception—tonal, non-tonal, intonational and accented—use similar rising "question intonation" for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes%E2%80%93no_question" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yes–no question">yes–no questions</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-165" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-165" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[165]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cruttenden_1986_166-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Cruttenden_1986-166" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[166]</a></sup> This fact is a strong evidence of the universality of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_intonation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Question intonation">question intonation</a>. In general, according to some authors, sentence intonation/pitch is pivotal in spoken grammar and is the basic information used by children to learn the grammar of whatever language.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-auto_14-2" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-auto-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></span></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Cognitive_development_and_language">Cognitive development and language</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Language users have high-level <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reference">reference</a> (or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deixis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Deixis">deixis</a>), the ability to refer to things or states of being that are not in the immediate realm of the speaker. This ability is often related to theory of mind, or an awareness of the other as a being like the self with individual wants and intentions. According to Chomsky, Hauser and Fitch (2002), there are six main aspects of this high-level reference system:</span></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_mind" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theory of mind"><span style="font-family: arial;">Theory of mind</span></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Capacity to acquire non-linguistic conceptual representations, such as the object/kind distinction</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Referential vocal signals</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Imitation as a rational, intentional system</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Voluntary control over signal production as evidence of intentional communication</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_cognition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Numerical cognition">Number representation</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hauser_2002_161-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Hauser_2002-161" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[161]</a></sup></span></li></ul><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Theory_of_mind">Theory of mind</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_mind" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theory of mind">Theory of mind</a></span></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Baron-Cohen" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Simon Baron-Cohen">Simon Baron-Cohen</a> (1999) argues that theory of mind must have preceded language use, based on evidence of use of the following characteristics as much as 40,000 years ago: intentional communication, repairing failed communication, teaching, intentional persuasion, intentional deception, building shared plans and goals, intentional sharing of focus or topic, and pretending. Moreover, Baron-Cohen argues that many primates show some, but not all, of these abilities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Call and Tomasello's research on chimpanzees supports this, in that individual chimps seem to understand that other chimps have awareness, knowledge, and intention, but do not seem to understand false beliefs. Many primates show some tendencies toward a theory of mind, but not a full one as humans have.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-167" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-167" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[167]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Ultimately, there is some consensus within the field that a theory of mind is necessary for language use. Thus, the development of a full theory of mind in humans was a necessary precursor to full language use.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-168" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-168" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[168]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Number_representation">Number representation</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In one particular study, rats and pigeons were required to press a button a certain number of times to get food. The animals showed very accurate distinction for numbers less than four, but as the numbers increased, the error rate increased.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hauser_2002_161-2" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Hauser_2002-161" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[161]</a></sup> In another, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primatology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Primatology">primatologist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsuro_Matsuzawa" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tetsuro Matsuzawa">Tetsuro Matsuzawa</a> attempted to teach chimpanzees Arabic numerals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-169" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-169" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[169]</a></sup> The difference between primates and humans in this regard was very large, as it took the chimps thousands of trials to learn 1–9, with each number requiring a similar amount of training time; yet, after learning the meaning of 1, 2 and 3 (and sometimes 4), children (after the age of 5.5 to 6) easily comprehend the value of greater integers by using a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Successor_function" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Successor function">successor function</a> (i.e. 2 is 1 greater than 1, 3 is 1 greater than 2, 4 is 1 greater than 3; once 4 is reached it seems most children <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_effect" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eureka effect">suddenly understand</a> that the value of any integer <i>n</i> is 1 greater than the previous integer).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-170" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-170" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[170]</a></sup> Put simply, other primates learn the meaning of numbers one by one, similar to their approach to other referential symbols, while children first learn an arbitrary list of symbols (1, 2, 3, 4...) and then later learn their precise meanings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Carey_2001_171-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Carey_2001-171" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[171]</a></sup> These results can be seen as evidence for the application of the "open-ended generative property" of language in human numeral cognition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hauser_2002_161-3" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Hauser_2002-161" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[161]</a></sup></span></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Linguistic_structures">Linguistic structures</span></span></h2><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Lexical-phonological_principle">Lexical-phonological principle</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Hockett (1966) details a list of features regarded as essential to describing human language.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-172" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-172" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[172]</a></sup> In the domain of the lexical-phonological principle, two features of this list are most important:</span></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Productivity: users can create and understand completely novel messages.</span><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">New messages are freely coined by blending, analogizing from, or transforming old ones.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Either new or old elements are freely assigned new semantic loads by circumstances and context. This says that in every language, new idioms constantly come into existence.</span></li></ul></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Duality (of Patterning): a large number of meaningful elements are made up of a conveniently small number of independently meaningless yet message-differentiating elements.</span></li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The sound system of a language is composed of a finite set of simple phonological items. Under the specific <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonotactic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phonotactic">phonotactic</a> rules of a given language, these items can be recombined and concatenated, giving rise to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> and the open-ended lexicon. A key feature of language is that a simple, finite set of phonological items gives rise to an infinite lexical system wherein rules determine the form of each item, and meaning is inextricably linked with form. Phonological syntax, then, is a simple combination of pre-existing phonological units. Related to this is another essential feature of human language: lexical syntax, wherein pre-existing units are combined, giving rise to semantically novel or distinct lexical items.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This paragraph needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">This paragraph needs citation(s)</span></a></i>]</sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Certain elements of the lexical-phonological principle are known to exist outside of humans. While all (or nearly all) have been documented in some form in the natural world, very few coexist within the same species. Bird-song, singing nonhuman apes, and the songs of whales all display phonological syntax, combining units of sound into larger structures apparently devoid of enhanced or novel meaning. Certain other primate species do have simple phonological systems with units referring to entities in the world. However, in contrast to human systems, the units in these primates' systems normally occur in isolation, betraying a lack of lexical syntax. There is new<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> evidence to suggest that Campbell's monkeys also display lexical syntax, combining two calls (a predator alarm call with a "boom", the combination of which denotes a lessened threat of danger), however it is still unclear whether this is a lexical or a morphological phenomenon.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-173" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-173" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[173]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Pidgins_and_creoles">Pidgins and creoles</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Creole language">Creole language</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a></span></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Pidgins are significantly simplified languages with only rudimentary grammar and a restricted vocabulary. In their early stage, pidgins mainly consist of nouns, verbs, and adjectives with few or no articles, prepositions, conjunctions or auxiliary verbs. Often the grammar has no fixed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_order" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Word order">word order</a> and the words have no <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflection" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inflection">inflection</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Diamond_1992_174-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Diamond_1992-174" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[174]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">If contact is maintained between the groups speaking the pidgin for long periods of time, the pidgins may become more complex over many generations. If the children of one generation adopt the pidgin as their native language it develops into a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Creole language">creole language</a>, which becomes fixed and acquires a more complex grammar, with fixed phonology, syntax, morphology, and syntactic embedding. The syntax and morphology of such languages may often have local innovations not obviously derived from any of the parent languages.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Studies of creole languages around the world have suggested that they display remarkable similarities in grammar<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and are developed uniformly from pidgins in a single generation. These similarities are apparent even when creoles do not have any common language origins. In addition, creoles are similar, despite being developed in isolation from each other. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_bioprogram_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language bioprogram theory">Syntactic similarities</a> include <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> word order. Even when creoles are derived from languages with a different word order they often develop the SVO word order. Creoles tend to have similar usage patterns for definite and indefinite articles, and similar movement rules for phrase structures even when the parent languages do not.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Diamond_1992_174-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Diamond_1992-174" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[174]</a></sup></span></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Evolutionary_timeline">Evolutionary timeline</span></span></h2><table class="nomobile toccolours searchaux" id="Container" role="presentation" style="border-style: solid; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.8em 1.4em; min-width: 29.95em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" id="Title" style="padding: 1em 1em 0px;"><div style="background-color: #77bb77; font-weight: bold; padding: 0px 0.2em; text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Timeline of human evolution"><span style="font-family: arial;">Hominin timeline</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" id="Navbox" style="margin: 0px 1em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist" style="display: inline;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This box: <ul style="display: inline-block; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;"><li class="nv-view" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Human_timeline" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Human timeline"><span style="text-decoration: inherit;" title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Human_timeline" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template talk:Human timeline"><span style="text-decoration: inherit;" title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_timeline" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human timeline"><span style="text-decoration: inherit;" title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></span></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td id="Scale" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(36, 32, 32); float: left; height: 50em; margin: 0.7em 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 4.2em;"><div style="float: right; position: absolute; right: -1px; top: 50em; transform: translateY(-50%);"><span style="font-family: arial;">−10 —</span></div><div style="float: right; position: absolute; right: -1px; top: 47.5em; transform: translateY(-50%);"><span style="font-family: arial;">–</span></div><div style="float: right; position: absolute; right: -1px; top: 45em; transform: translateY(-50%);"><span style="font-family: arial;">−9 —</span></div><div style="float: right; position: absolute; right: -1px; top: 42.5em; transform: translateY(-50%);"><span style="font-family: arial;">–</span></div><div style="float: right; position: absolute; right: -1px; top: 40em; transform: translateY(-50%);"><span style="font-family: arial;">−8 —</span></div><div style="float: right; position: absolute; right: -1px; top: 37.5em; transform: translateY(-50%);"><span style="font-family: arial;">–</span></div><div style="float: right; position: absolute; right: -1px; top: 35em; transform: translateY(-50%);"><span style="font-family: arial;">−7 —</span></div><div style="float: right; position: absolute; right: -1px; top: 32.5em; transform: translateY(-50%);"><span style="font-family: arial;">–</span></div><div style="float: right; position: absolute; right: -1px; top: 30em; transform: translateY(-50%);"><span style="font-family: arial;">−6 —</span></div><div style="float: right; position: absolute; right: -1px; top: 27.5em; transform: translateY(-50%);"><span style="font-family: arial;">–</span></div><div style="float: right; position: absolute; right: -1px; top: 25em; transform: translateY(-50%);"><span style="font-family: arial;">−5 —</span></div><div style="float: right; position: absolute; right: -1px; top: 22.5em; transform: translateY(-50%);"><span style="font-family: arial;">–</span></div><div style="float: right; position: absolute; right: -1px; top: 20em; transform: translateY(-50%);"><span style="font-family: arial;">−4 —</span></div><div style="float: right; position: absolute; right: -1px; top: 17.5em; transform: translateY(-50%);"><span style="font-family: arial;">–</span></div><div style="float: right; position: absolute; right: -1px; top: 15em; transform: translateY(-50%);"><span style="font-family: arial;">−3 —</span></div><div style="float: right; position: absolute; right: -1px; top: 12.5em; transform: translateY(-50%);"><span style="font-family: arial;">–</span></div><div style="float: right; position: absolute; right: -1px; top: 10em; transform: translateY(-50%);"><span style="font-family: arial;">−2 —</span></div><div style="float: right; position: absolute; right: -1px; top: 7.5em; transform: translateY(-50%);"><span style="font-family: arial;">–</span></div><div style="float: right; position: absolute; right: -1px; top: 5em; transform: translateY(-50%);"><span style="font-family: arial;">−1 —</span></div><div style="float: right; position: absolute; right: -1px; top: 2.5em; transform: translateY(-50%);"><span style="font-family: arial;">–</span></div><div style="float: right; position: absolute; right: -1px; top: 0em; transform: translateY(-50%);"><span style="font-family: arial;">0 —</span></div></td><td class="toccolours" id="Timeline" style="background-color: #ffc966; border: none; float: left; height: 50em; margin: 0.7em 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 13em;"><div style="background-color: #936a00; border-style: none; height: 23.335em; left: 0em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 26.665em; width: 1.3em;"><div style="left: -0.1em; position: relative; top: 0em;"><div style="bottom: -11.667em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Miocene"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.12em; line-height: 1em; text-orientation: upright; width: 1em; writing-mode: vertical-lr;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: white;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Miocene</span></span></span></a></b></div></div></div><div style="background-color: #f1c309; border-style: none; height: 13.765em; left: 0em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 12.9em; width: 1.3em;"><div style="left: -0.1em; position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><div style="bottom: -6.883em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pliocene"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.12em; line-height: 1em; text-orientation: upright; width: 1em; writing-mode: vertical-lr;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Pliocene</span></span></a></b></div></div></div><div style="background-color: #c1e0c1; border-style: none; height: 12.841em; left: 0em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 0.058em; width: 1.3em;"><div style="left: -0.1em; position: relative; top: 0.75em;"><div style="bottom: -6.421em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pleistocene"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.12em; line-height: 1em; text-orientation: upright; width: 1em; writing-mode: vertical-lr;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Pleistocene</span></span></a></b></div></div></div><div style="background-color: orange; border-style: none; height: 36em; left: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 14em; width: 11.7em;"><div style="left: -0.3em; position: relative; top: -6.7em;"><div style="bottom: -18em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominini" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hominini"><span style="font-family: arial;">Hominini</span></a></b></div></div></div><div style="background-color: orange; border-style: none; height: 0.5em; left: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 48.5em; width: 11.7em;"><div style="left: 0.1em; position: relative; top: 0em;"><div style="bottom: -0.25em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakalipithecus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nakalipithecus"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nakalipithecus</span></a></i></div></div></div><div style="background-color: orange; border-style: none; height: 1em; left: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 46.5em; width: 11.7em;"><div style="left: 0.6em; position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><div style="bottom: -0.5em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samburupithecus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Samburupithecus"><span style="font-family: arial;">Samburupithecus</span></a></i></div></div></div><div style="background-color: orange; border-style: none; height: 0.5em; left: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 44.5em; width: 11.7em;"><div style="left: 0.2em; position: relative; top: 0em;"><div style="bottom: -0.25em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouranopithecus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ouranopithecus">Ouranopithecus</a></i><br /><i>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouranopithecus_turkae" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ouranopithecus turkae">Ou. turkae</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouranopithecus_macedoniensis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ouranopithecus macedoniensis">Ou. macedoniensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div style="background-color: orange; border-style: none; height: 0.5em; left: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 39.5em; width: 11.7em;"><div style="left: 0.4em; position: relative; top: 0.1em;"><div style="bottom: -0.25em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chororapithecus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chororapithecus"><span style="font-family: arial;">Chororapithecus</span></a></i></div></div></div><div style="background-color: orange; border-style: none; height: 10em; left: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 35em; width: 11.7em;"><div style="left: -0.2em; position: relative; top: -1.75em;"><div style="bottom: -5em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreopithecus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oreopithecus"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oreopithecus</span></a></i></div></div></div><div style="background-color: orange; border-style: none; height: 0.5em; left: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 39.5em; width: 11.7em;"><div style="left: -0.4em; position: relative; top: 1.75em;"><div style="bottom: -0.25em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivapithecus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sivapithecus"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sivapithecus</span></a></i></div></div></div><div style="background-color: orange; border-style: none; height: 0.5em; left: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 34.5em; width: 11.7em;"><div style="left: 0.3em; position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><div style="bottom: -0.25em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahelanthropus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sahelanthropus"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sahelanthropus</span></a></i></div></div></div><div style="background-color: orange; border-style: none; height: 0.5em; left: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 34.5em; width: 11.7em;"><div style="left: 0.3em; position: relative; top: 2em;"><div style="bottom: -0.25em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graecopithecus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Graecopithecus"><span style="font-family: arial;">Graecopithecus</span></a></i></div></div></div><div style="background-color: orange; border-style: none; height: 0.5em; left: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 29.5em; width: 11.7em;"><div style="left: -1.5em; position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><div style="bottom: -0.25em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrorin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Orrorin"><span style="font-family: arial;">Orrorin</span></a></i></div></div></div><div style="background-color: orange; border-style: none; height: 0.5em; left: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 29.5em; width: 11.7em;"><div style="left: 0.15em; position: relative; top: 2.5em;"><div style="bottom: -0.25em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrorin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Orrorin">O. praegens</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrorin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Orrorin">O. tugenensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div style="background-color: orange; border-style: none; height: 6.85em; left: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 22em; width: 11.7em;"><div style="left: -0.3em; position: relative; top: -3.75em;"><div style="bottom: -3.425em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ardipithecus"><span style="font-family: arial;">Ardipithecus</span></a></b></i></div></div></div><div style="background-color: orange; border-style: none; height: 1.15em; left: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 27.7em; width: 11.7em;"><div style="left: 0em; position: relative; top: 0.75em;"><div style="bottom: -0.575em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><i><span style="font-family: arial;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Ar. kadabba</a>)</span></i></div></div></div><div style="background-color: orange; border-style: none; height: 1em; left: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 21.5em; width: 11.7em;"><div style="left: 0em; position: relative; top: 1em;"><div style="bottom: -0.5em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><i><span style="font-family: arial;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">Ar. ramidus</a>)</span></i></div></div></div><div style="background-color: orange; border-style: none; height: 16.5em; left: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 6em; width: 11.7em;"><div style="left: 0em; position: relative; top: 3em;"><div style="bottom: -8.25em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></b></i><br /><i>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australopithecus africanus">Au. africanus</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Au. afarensis</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Au. anamensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div style="background-color: #ffb732; border-style: none; height: 5.75em; left: 2.6em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 8.25em; width: 10.4em;"><div style="left: -0.5em; position: relative; top: 0.9em;"><div style="bottom: -2.875em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_habilis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</a></b></i><br /><i>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_rudolfensis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homo rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_garhi" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australopithecus garhi">Au. garhi</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div style="border-style: none; height: 9.43em; left: 3.9em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 0.57em; width: 9.1em;"><div style="left: -1em; position: relative; top: 1.5em;"><div style="bottom: -4.715em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homo erectus">H. erectus</a></b></i><br /><i>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homo antecessor">H. antecessor</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ergaster" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_sediba" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australopithecus sediba">Au. sediba</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div style="border-style: none; height: 2.5em; left: 2.6em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 6em; width: 10.4em;"><div style="left: 0em; position: relative; top: 0em;"><div style="bottom: -1.25em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"></div></div></div><div style="background-color: #ccffe7; border-style: none; height: 2.5em; left: 2.6em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 1em; width: 10.4em;"><div style="left: -0.2em; position: relative; top: 1em;"><div style="bottom: -1.25em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homo heidelbergensis"><span style="font-family: arial;">H. heidelbergensis</span></a></i></div></div></div><div style="background-color: yellow; border-style: none; height: 1.5em; left: 3.9em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 0em; width: 9.1em;"><div style="left: -0.7em; position: relative; top: 0em;"><div style="bottom: -0.75em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><i><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomically_modern_human" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anatomically modern human"><span style="font-family: arial;">Homo sapiens</span></a></b></i></div></div></div><div style="background-color: yellow; border-style: none; height: 0.2em; left: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 0em; width: 3.9em;"><div style="left: 0em; position: relative; top: 0em;"><div style="bottom: -0.1em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"></div></div></div><div style="background-color: #ccffe7; border-style: none; height: 1.05em; left: 2.6em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 0.2em; width: 1.3em;"><div style="left: 2.6em; position: relative; top: 1.8em;"><div style="bottom: -0.525em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neanderthal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Neanderthals</span></a></span></div></div></div><div style="background-color: yellow; border-style: none; height: 0.37em; left: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 0.2em; width: 11.7em;"><div style="left: 0em; position: relative; top: 0em;"><div style="bottom: -0.185em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"></div></div></div><div style="background-color: #ccffe7; border-style: none; height: 0.37em; left: 2.6em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 0.2em; width: 1.3em;"><div style="left: 2.8em; position: relative; top: 1.4em;"><div style="bottom: -0.185em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Denisovan"><span style="font-family: arial;">Denisovans</span></a></span></div></div></div><div style="background-color: orange; border-style: none; height: 8.5em; left: 11.7em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 6em; width: 1.3em;"><div style="left: 0em; position: relative; top: 0em;"><div style="bottom: -4.25em; position: relative; transform: translateY(-50%); vertical-align: middle; z-index: 5;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="float: left; height: 50em; margin: 0.7em 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 11.05em;"><table role="presentation" style="left: 0em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 50em; transform: translateY(-50%); z-index: 15;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: arial;">←</span></td><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="float: left; position: relative; top: 0em;"><div style="bottom: 0px; line-height: 13.23px; z-index: 10;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution#Hominidae" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Timeline of human evolution"><span style="font-family: arial;">Earlier apes</span></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="left: 0em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 45em; transform: translateY(-50%); z-index: 15;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: arial;">←</span></td><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="float: left; position: relative; top: 0em;"><div style="bottom: 0px; line-height: 13.23px; z-index: 10;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor"><span style="font-family: arial;">Gorilla split</span></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="left: 0em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 40em; transform: translateY(-50%); z-index: 15;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: arial;">←</span></td><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="float: left; position: relative; top: 0em;"><div style="bottom: 0px; line-height: 13.23px; z-index: 10;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor"><span style="font-family: arial;">Chimpanzee split</span></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="left: 0em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 35em; transform: translateY(-50%); z-index: 15;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: arial;">←</span></td><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="float: left; position: relative; top: 0em;"><div style="bottom: 0px; line-height: 13.23px; z-index: 10;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism"><span style="font-family: arial;">Earliest bipedal</span></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="left: 0em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 29em; transform: translateY(-50%); z-index: 15;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: arial;">←</span></td><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="float: left; position: relative; top: 0em;"><div style="bottom: 0px; line-height: 13.23px; z-index: 10;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ardipithecus kadabba"><span style="font-family: arial;">Earliest sign of <i>Ardipithecus</i></span></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="left: 0em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 22.5em; transform: translateY(-50%); z-index: 15;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: arial;">←</span></td><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="float: left; position: relative; top: 0em;"><div style="bottom: 0px; line-height: 13.23px; z-index: 10;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australopithecus anamensis"><span style="font-family: arial;">Earliest sign of <i>Australopithecus</i></span></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="left: 0em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 17em; transform: translateY(-50%); z-index: 15;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: arial;">←</span></td><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="float: left; position: relative; top: 0em;"><div style="bottom: 0px; line-height: 13.23px; z-index: 10;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age#Beginning_of_the_Stone_Age" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stone Age"><span style="font-family: arial;">Earliest stone tools</span></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="left: 0em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 14em; transform: translateY(-50%); z-index: 15;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: arial;">←</span></td><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="float: left; position: relative; top: 0.25em;"><div style="bottom: 0px; line-height: 13.23px; z-index: 10;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LD_350-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="LD 350-1"><span style="font-family: arial;">Earliest sign of<br /><i>Homo</i></span></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="left: 0em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 10.6em; transform: translateY(-50%); z-index: 15;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: arial;">←</span></td><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="float: left; position: relative; top: 0.25em;"><div style="bottom: 0px; line-height: 13.23px; z-index: 10;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_expansions_of_hominins_out_of_Africa" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Early expansions of hominins out of Africa"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dispersal beyond Africa</span></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="left: 0em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 8.5em; transform: translateY(-50%); z-index: 15;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: arial;">←</span></td><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="float: left; position: relative; top: 0em;"><div style="bottom: 0px; line-height: 13.23px; z-index: 10;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Control of fire by early humans">Earliest fire</a> / <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking#History" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cooking">cooking</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="left: 0em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 1em; transform: translateY(-50%); z-index: 15;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: arial;">←</span></td><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="float: left; position: relative; top: 0.6em;"><div style="bottom: 0px; line-height: 13.23px; z-index: 10;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_art#East_Asia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rock art"><span style="font-family: arial;">Earliest rock art</span></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="left: 0em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0.625em; transform: translateY(-50%); z-index: 15;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: arial;">←</span></td><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="float: left; position: relative; top: 0.1em;"><div style="bottom: 0px; line-height: 13.23px; z-index: 10;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing#Origin_and_history" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clothing"><span style="font-family: arial;">Earliest clothes</span></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="left: 0em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0.25em; transform: translateY(-50%); z-index: 15;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: arial;">←</span></td><td style="padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="float: left; position: relative; top: -0.4em;"><div style="bottom: 0px; line-height: 13.23px; z-index: 10;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Behavioral modernity"><span style="font-family: arial;">Modern humans</span></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="annot-bar" style="margin-top: 21em; position: absolute; text-align: center; width: auto;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="float: left; left: -5em; position: relative; text-align: left; top: -0.75em; width: 8.8em;"><div style="bottom: 0px; line-height: 13.23px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: auto; z-index: 10;"><span style="display: block; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominidae" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hominidae"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br />H<br /><br />o<br /><br />m<br /><br />i<br /><br />n<br /><br />i<br /><br />d<br /><br />s</span></a></b></span></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="margin-top: 3em; position: absolute; text-align: center; width: auto;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="float: left; left: -5em; position: relative; text-align: left; top: 2em; width: 8.8em;"><div style="bottom: 0px; line-height: 13.23px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: auto; z-index: 10;"><span style="display: block; text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranthropus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paranthropus"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br />P<br />a<br />r<br />a<br />n<br />t<br />h<br />r<br />o<br />p<br />u<br />s</span></a></i></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" id="Caption" style="margin: 0px 0.2em 0.7em; padding: 0px;"><div class="toccolours" id="Caption" style="border-style: none; clear: both; margin: 0px 0.5em; text-align: center; width: 26.8em;"><div style="float: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myr" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Myr">million years ago</a>)</span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Primate_communication">Primate communication</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Field primatologists can give useful insights into <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_ape" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great ape">great ape</a> communication in the wild.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Arcadi_2000_30-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Arcadi_2000-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> One notable finding is that nonhuman primates, including the other great apes, produce calls that are graded, as opposed to categorically differentiated, with listeners striving to evaluate subtle gradations in signallers' emotional and bodily states. Nonhuman apes seemingly find it extremely difficult to produce vocalisations in the absence of the corresponding emotional states.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Goodall_1986_44-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Goodall_1986-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> In captivity, nonhuman apes have been taught rudimentary forms of sign language or have been persuaded to use <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexigrams" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lexigrams">lexigrams</a>—symbols that do not graphically resemble the corresponding words—on computer keyboards. Some nonhuman apes, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanzi" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kanzi">Kanzi</a>, have been able to learn and use hundreds of lexigrams.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Savage-Rumbaugh_1994_175-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Savage-Rumbaugh_1994-175" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[175]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Savage-Rumbaugh_1998_176-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Savage-Rumbaugh_1998-176" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[176]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broca%27s_area" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Broca's area">Broca's</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke%27s_area" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wernicke's area">Wernicke's areas</a> in the primate brain are responsible for controlling the muscles of the face, tongue, mouth, and larynx, as well as recognizing sounds. Primates are known to make "vocal calls", and these calls are generated by circuits in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstem" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic_system" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Limbic system">limbic system</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Freeman_177-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Freeman-177" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[177]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the wild, the communication of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vervet_monkey" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vervet monkey">vervet monkeys</a> has been the most extensively studied.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Diamond_1992_174-2" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Diamond_1992-174" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[174]</a></sup> They are known to make up to ten different vocalizations. Many of these are used to warn other members of the group about approaching predators. They include a "leopard call", a "snake call", and an "eagle call".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Seyfarth_Cheney_1980_178-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Seyfarth_Cheney_1980-178" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[178]</a></sup> Each call triggers a different defensive strategy in the monkeys who hear the call and scientists were able to elicit predictable responses from the monkeys using loudspeakers and prerecorded sounds. Other vocalisations may be used for identification. If an infant monkey calls, its mother turns toward it, but other vervet mothers turn instead toward that infant's mother to see what she will do.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Arnold_Zuberbühler_2006_179-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Arnold_Zuberb%C3%BChler_2006-179" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[179]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-180" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-180" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[180]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Similarly, researchers have demonstrated that chimpanzees (in captivity) use different "words" in reference to different foods. They recorded vocalisations that chimps made in reference, for example, to grapes, and then other chimps pointed at pictures of grapes when they heard the recorded sound.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-181" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-181" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[181]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Slocombe_Zuberbühler_2005_182-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Slocombe_Zuberb%C3%BChler_2005-182" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[182]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Ardipithecus_ramidus"><i>Ardipithecus ramidus</i></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">A study published in <i>HOMO: Journal of Comparative Human Biology</i> in 2017 claims that <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">Ardipithecus ramidus</a></i>, a hominin dated at approximately 4.5<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega-annum" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mega-annum">Ma</a>, shows the first evidence of an anatomical shift in the hominin lineage suggestive of increased vocal capability.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-auto1_183-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-auto1-183" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[183]</a></sup> This study compared the skull of <i>A. ramidus</i> with 29 chimpanzee skulls of different ages and found that in numerous features <i>A. ramidus</i> clustered with the infant and juvenile measures as opposed to the adult measures. Such affinity with the shape dimensions of infant and juvenile chimpanzee skull architecture, it was argued, may have resulted in greater vocal capability. This assertion was based on the notion that the chimpanzee vocal tract ratios that prevent speech are a result of growth factors associated with puberty—growth factors absent in <i>A. ramidus</i> ontogeny. <i>A. ramidus</i> was also found to have a degree of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neck">cervical</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordosis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lordosis">lordosis</a> more conducive to vocal modulation when compared with chimpanzees as well as cranial base architecture suggestive of increased vocal capability.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">What was significant in this study, according to the authors,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-auto1_183-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-auto1-183" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[183]</a></sup> was the observation that the changes in skull architecture that correlate with reduced aggression are the same changes necessary for the evolution of early hominin vocal ability. In integrating data on anatomical correlates of primate mating and social systems with studies of skull and vocal tract architecture that facilitate speech production, the authors argue that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoanthropology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paleoanthropology">paleoanthropologists</a> prior to their study have failed to understand the important relationship between early hominin social evolution and the evolution of our species' capacities for language.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">While the skull of <i>A. ramidus</i>, according to the authors, lacks the anatomical impediments to speech evident in chimpanzees, it is unclear what the vocal capabilities of this early hominin were. While they suggest <i>A. ramidus</i>—based on similar vocal tract ratios—may have had vocal capabilities equivalent to a modern human infant or very young child, they concede this is a debatable and speculative hypothesis. However, they do claim that changes in skull architecture through processes of social selection were a necessary prerequisite for language evolution. As they write:</span></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">We propose that as a result of paedomorphic morphogenesis of the cranial base and craniofacial morphology <i>Ar. ramidus</i> would have not been limited in terms of the mechanical components of speech production as chimpanzees and bonobos are. It is possible that <i>Ar. ramidus</i> had vocal capability approximating that of chimpanzees and bonobos, with its idiosyncratic skull morphology not resulting in any significant advances in speech capability. In this sense the anatomical features analysed in this essay would have been exapted in later more voluble species of hominin. However, given the selective advantages of pro-social vocal synchrony, we suggest the species would have developed significantly more complex vocal abilities than chimpanzees and bonobos.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-auto1_183-2" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-auto1-183" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[183]</a></sup></span></p></blockquote><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_Homo">Early <i>Homo</i></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Anatomically, some scholars believe that features of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedalism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bipedalism">bipedalism</a> developed in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australopithecine">australopithecines</a> around 3.5 million years ago. Around this time, these structural developments within the skull led to a more prominently L-shaped vocal tract.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-184" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-184" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[184]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In order to generate the sounds modern <i>Homo sapiens</i> are capable of making, such as vowels, it is vital that Early Homo populations must have a specifically shaped voice track and a lower sitting larynx.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-185" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-185" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[185]</a></sup> Opposing research previously suggested that Neanderthals were physically incapable of creating the full range of vocals seen in modern humans due to the differences in larynx placement. Establishing distinct larynx positions through fossil remains of <i>Homo sapiens</i> and Neanderthals would support this theory; however, modern research has revealed that the hyoid bone was indistinguishable in the two populations. Though research has shown a lower sitting larynx is important to producing speech, another theory states it may not be as important as once thought.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-186" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-186" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[186]</a></sup> Cataldo, Migliano, & Vinicius (2018) stated that speech may have emerged due to an increase in trade and communication between different groups. Another view by Cataldo states that speech was evolved to enable tool-making by the Neanderthals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-187" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-187" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[187]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Archaic_Homo_sapiens">Archaic <i>Homo sapiens</i></span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">"Hmmmmm" redirects here. For Humming, see <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humming_(disambiguation)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Humming (disambiguation)">Humming (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: -0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_humans" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Archaic humans">Archaic humans</a></span></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Mithen" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Steven Mithen">Steven Mithen</a> proposed the term <i>Hmmmmm</i> for the pre-linguistic system of communication posited to have been used by archaic <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homo">Homo</a></i>, beginning with <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ergaster" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a></i> and reaching the highest sophistication in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a> with <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i> and <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homo neanderthalensis">Homo neanderthalensis</a></i>. <i>Hmmmmm</i> is an acronym for <i>h</i>olistic (non-compositional), <i>m</i>anipulative (utterances are commands or suggestions, not descriptive statements), <i>m</i>ulti-<i>m</i>odal (acoustic as well as gestural and facial), <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_music" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Origin of music"><i>m</i>usical</a>, and <i>m</i>imetic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mithen_2006_188-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Mithen_2006-188" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[188]</a></sup></span></p><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Homo_erectus"><i>Homo erectus</i></span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Evidence for <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> potentially using language comes in the form of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acheulean" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a> tool usage. The use of abstract thought in the formation of Acheulean hand axes coincides with the symbol creation necessary for simple language.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-189" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-189" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[189]</a></sup> Recent language theories present <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Recursion">recursion</a> as the unique facet of human language and theory of mind.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-190" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-190" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[190]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-191" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-191" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[191]</a></sup> However, breaking down language into its symbolic parts: separating meaning from the requirements of grammar, it becomes possible to see that language does not depend on either recursion or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Grammar">grammar</a>. This can be evidenced by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirah%C3%A3_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pirahã language">Pirahã</a> language users in Brazil that have no myth or creation stories, no numbers and no colors within their language.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-192" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-192" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[192]</a></sup> This is to highlight that even though grammar may have been unavailable, use of foresight, planning and symbolic thought can be evidence of language as early as one million years ago with Homo <i>erectus</i>.</span></p><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Homo_heidelbergensis"><i>Homo heidelbergensis</i></span></span></h4><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis#Language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis: Language</a></span></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>Homo heidelbergensis</i> was a close relative (most probably a migratory descendant) of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ergaster" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a></i>. Some researchers believe this species to be the first hominin to make controlled vocalisations, possibly mimicking animal vocalisations,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mithen_2006_188-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Mithen_2006-188" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[188]</a></sup> and that as <i>Homo heidelbergensis</i> developed more sophisticated culture, proceeded from this point and possibly developed an early form of symbolic language.</span></p><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Homo_neanderthalensis"><i>Homo neanderthalensis</i></span></span></h4><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal_behavior#Language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neanderthal behavior">Neanderthal behavior: Language</a></span></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The discovery in 1989 of the (Neanderthal) Kebara 2 hyoid bone suggests that Neanderthals may have been anatomically capable of producing sounds similar to modern humans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Arensburg-1990_193-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Arensburg-1990-193" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[193]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-D'Anastasio_2013_194-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-D'Anastasio_2013-194" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[194]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglossal_nerve" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hypoglossal nerve">hypoglossal nerve</a>, which passes through the hypoglossal canal, controls the movements of the tongue, which may have enabled voicing for size exaggeration (see size exaggeration hypothesis below) or may reflect speech abilities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Arensburg_Tillier_1989_25-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Arensburg_Tillier_1989-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jungers-2003_195-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Jungers-2003-195" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[195]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DeGusta_1999_196-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-DeGusta_1999-196" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[196]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Johansson_2006_197-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Johansson_2006-197" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[197]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Houghton_1993_198-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Houghton_1993-198" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[198]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Boë_Maeda_1999_199-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Bo%C3%AB_Maeda_1999-199" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[199]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">However, although Neanderthals may have been anatomically able to speak, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_G._Klein" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard G. Klein">Richard G. Klein</a> in 2004 doubted that they possessed a fully modern language. He largely bases his doubts on the fossil record of archaic humans and their stone tool kit. Bart de Boer in 2017 acknowledges this ambiguity of a universally accepted Neanderthal vocal tract; however, he notes the similarities in the thoracic vertebral canal, potential air sacs, and hyoid bones between modern humans and Neanderthals to suggest the presence of complex speech.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-200" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-200" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[200]</a></sup> For two million years following the emergence of <i>Homo habilis</i>, the stone tool technology of hominins changed very little. Klein, who has worked extensively on ancient stone tools, describes the crude stone tool kit of archaic humans as impossible to break down into categories based on their function, and reports that Neanderthals seem to have had little concern for the final aesthetic form of their tools. Klein argues that the Neanderthal brain may have not reached the level of complexity required for modern speech, even if the physical apparatus for speech production was well-developed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kleinbio_201-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-kleinbio-201" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[201]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-klein_202-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-klein-202" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[202]</a></sup> The issue of the Neanderthal's level of cultural and technological sophistication remains a controversial one.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Based on computer simulations used to evaluate that evolution of language that resulted in showing three stages in the evolution of syntax, Neanderthals are thought to have been in stage 2, showing they had something more evolved than proto-language but not quite as complex as the language of modern humans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-203" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-203" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[203]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Some researchers, applying auditory bioengineering models to computerised tomography scans of Neanderthal skulls, have asserted that Neanderthals had auditory capacity very similar to that of anatomically modern humans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_204-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-:0-204" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[204]</a></sup> These researchers claim that this finding implies that "Neanderthals evolved the auditory capacities to support a vocal communication system as efficient as modern human speech."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_204-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-:0-204" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[204]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Homo_sapiens"><i>Homo sapiens</i></span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">See also: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anatomically modern humans">Anatomically modern humans</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></span></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Anatomically modern humans begin to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omo_remains" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Omo remains">appear in the fossil record</a> in Ethiopia some 200,000 years ago.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fleagle_205-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Fleagle-205" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[205]</a></sup> Although there is still much debate as to whether behavioural modernity emerged in Africa at around the same time, a growing number of archaeologists nowadays<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> invoke the southern African Middle Stone Age use of red ochre pigments—for example at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blombos_Cave" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a>—as evidence that modern anatomy and behaviour co-evolved.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-206" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-206" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[206]</a></sup> These archaeologists argue strongly that if modern humans at this early stage were using red ochre pigments for ritual and symbolic purposes, they probably had symbolic language as well.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Henshilwood_2009_27-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Henshilwood_2009-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">According to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">recent African origins hypothesis</a>, from around 60,000 – 50,000 years ago<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-207" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-207" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[207]</a></sup> a group of humans left Africa and began migrating to occupy the rest of the world, carrying language and symbolic culture with them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-208" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-208" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[208]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="The_descended_larynx">The descended larynx</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_larynx.jpg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="276" data-file-width="520" decoding="async" height="340" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Illu_larynx.jpg" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="640" /></span></a></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Larynx">larynx</a></i> or <i>voice box</i> is an organ in the neck housing the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vocal folds">vocal folds</a>, which are responsible for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phonation">phonation</a>. In humans, the larynx is <i>descended</i>. The human species is not unique in this respect: goats, dogs, pigs and tamarins lower the larynx temporarily, to emit loud calls.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fitch._WT_2000_209-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Fitch._WT_2000-209" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[209]</a></sup> Several deer species have a permanently lowered larynx, which may be lowered still further by males during their roaring displays.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fitch_2001_210-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Fitch_2001-210" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[210]</a></sup> Lions, jaguars, cheetahs and domestic cats also do this.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Weissengruber_2002_211-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Weissengruber_2002-211" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[211]</a></sup> However, laryngeal descent in nonhumans (according to Philip Lieberman) is not accompanied by descent of the hyoid; hence the tongue remains horizontal in the oral cavity, preventing it from acting as a pharyngeal articulator.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lieberman_2007_212-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Lieberman_2007-212" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[212]</a></sup></span></p><table class="infobox" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; float: right; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><tbody><tr><th class="infobox-above" colspan="2" style="background-color: dimgrey; color: white; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Larynx</span></th></tr><tr><td class="infobox-image" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Larynx_external_en.svg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="950" data-file-width="1100" decoding="async" height="216" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Larynx_external_en.svg/250px-Larynx_external_en.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Larynx_external_en.svg/375px-Larynx_external_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Larynx_external_en.svg/500px-Larynx_external_en.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></span></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><span style="font-family: arial;">Anatomy of the larynx, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anatomical terms of location">anterolateral</a> view</span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="infobox-below" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anatomical terminology"><span style="font-family: arial;">Anatomical terminology</span></a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">[<a class="extiw" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q501032" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="d:Q501032">edit on Wikidata</a>]</span></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Despite all this, scholars remain divided as to how "special" the human vocal tract really is. It has been shown that the larynx does descend to some extent during development in chimpanzees, followed by hyoidal descent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nishimura_2006_213-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Nishimura_2006-213" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[213]</a></sup> As against this, Philip Lieberman points out that only humans have evolved permanent and substantial laryngeal descent in association with hyoidal descent, resulting in a curved tongue and two-tube vocal tract with 1:1 proportions. He argues that Neanderthals and early anatomically modern humans could not have possessed supralaryngeal vocal tracts capable of producing "fully human speech".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-214" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-214" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[214]</a></sup> Uniquely in the human case, simple contact between the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiglottis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Epiglottis">epiglottis</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_palate" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soft palate">velum</a> is no longer possible, disrupting the normal mammalian separation of the respiratory and digestive tracts during swallowing. Since this entails substantial costs—increasing the risk of choking while swallowing food—we are forced to ask what benefits might have outweighed those costs. The obvious benefit—so it is claimed—must have been speech. But this idea has been vigorously contested. One objection is that humans are in fact not seriously at risk of choking on food: medical statistics indicate that accidents of this kind are extremely rare.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-215" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-215" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[215]</a></sup> Another objection is that in the view of most scholars, speech as it is known emerged relatively late in human evolution, roughly contemporaneously with the emergence of <i>Homo sapiens</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Perreault_2012_216-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Perreault_2012-216" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[216]</a></sup> A development as complex as the reconfiguration of the human vocal tract would have required much more time, implying an early date of origin. This discrepancy in timescales undermines the idea that human vocal flexibility was initially driven by selection pressures for speech, thus not excluding that it was selected for e.g. improved singing ability.</span></p><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="The_size_exaggeration_hypothesis">The size exaggeration hypothesis</span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">To lower the larynx is to increase the length of the vocal tract, in turn lowering <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Formant">formant</a> frequencies so that the voice sounds "deeper"—giving an impression of greater size. John Ohala argues that the function of the lowered larynx in humans, especially males, is probably to enhance threat displays rather than speech itself.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-217" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-217" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[217]</a></sup> Ohala points out that if the lowered larynx were an adaptation for speech, adult human males would be expected to be better adapted in this respect than adult females, whose larynx is considerably less low. However, females outperform males in verbal tests,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-218" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-218" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[218]</a></sup> falsifying this whole line of reasoning.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Tecumseh_Fitch" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="W. Tecumseh Fitch">W. Tecumseh Fitch</a> likewise argues that this was the original selective advantage of laryngeal lowering in the human species. Although (according to Fitch) the initial lowering of the larynx in humans had nothing to do with speech, the increased range of possible formant patterns was subsequently co-opted for speech. Size exaggeration remains the sole function of the extreme laryngeal descent observed in male deer. Consistent with the size exaggeration hypothesis, a second descent of the larynx occurs at puberty in humans, although only in males. In response to the objection that the larynx is descended in human females, Fitch suggests that mothers vocalizing to protect their infants would also have benefited from this ability.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-219" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-219" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[219]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Phonemic_diversity">Phonemic diversity</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In 2011, Quentin Atkinson published a survey of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> from 500 different languages as well as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_families" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language families">language families</a> and compared their phonemic diversity by region, number of speakers and distance from Africa. The survey revealed that African languages had the largest number of phonemes, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_languages" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oceanic languages">Oceania</a> and South America had the smallest number. After allowing for the number of speakers, the phonemic diversity was compared to over 2000 possible origin locations. Atkinson's "best fit" model is that language originated in western, central, or southern Africa between 80,000 and 160,000 years ago. This predates the hypothesized <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_migration" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coastal migration">southern coastal peopling</a> of Arabia, India, southeast Asia, and Australia. It would also mean that the origin of language occurred at the same time as the emergence of symbolic culture.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Atkinson_2011_220-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Atkinson_2011-220" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[220]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Numerous linguists<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cysouw_2012_221-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Cysouw_2012-221" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[221]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wang_2012_222-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Wang_2012-222" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[222]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pereltsvaig_2012_223-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Pereltsvaig_2012-223" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[223]</a></sup> have criticized Atkinson's paper as misrepresenting both the phonemic data and processes of linguistic change, as language complexity does not necessarily correspond to age, and of failing to take into account the borrowing of phonemes from neighbouring languages, as some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_languages" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a> have done with click consonants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pereltsvaig_2012_223-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Pereltsvaig_2012-223" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[223]</a></sup> Recreations of his method gave possible origins of language in the Caucasus<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cysouw_2012_221-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Cysouw_2012-221" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[221]</a></sup> and Turkmenistan,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wang_2012_222-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-Wang_2012-222" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[222]</a></sup> in addition to southern and eastern Africa.</span></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></span></h2><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="In_religion_and_mythology">In religion and mythology</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythical_origins_of_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mythical origins of language">Mythical origins of language</a></span></div><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: -0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Divine language">Divine language</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamic_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Adamic language">Adamic language</a></span></div><figure class="mw-default-size" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: right; display: table; float: right; line-height: 0; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; min-width: 100px; text-align: center;" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_(Vienna)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; display: block; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="21952" data-file-width="30000" decoding="async" height="161" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 3px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><figcaption style="border-bottom-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; caption-side: bottom; display: table-caption; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 6px 6px; text-align: left; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tower_of_Babel_(Bruegel)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Tower of Babel (Bruegel)">The Tower of Babel</a></i> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a> (1563)</span></figcaption></figure><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The search for the origin of language has a long history in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mythology">mythology</a>. Most mythologies do not credit humans with the invention of language but speak of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Divine language">divine language</a> predating human language. Mystical languages used to communicate with animals or spirits, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_of_the_birds" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language of the birds">language of the birds</a>, are also common, and were of particular interest during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81c" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vāc">Vāc</a> is the Hindu goddess of speech, or "speech personified". As <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>'s "sacred utterance", she has a cosmological role as the "Mother of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Veda">Vedas</a>". The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztecs" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a>' story maintains that only a man, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxcox" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coxcox">Coxcox</a>, and a woman, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xochiquetzal" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Xochiquetzal">Xochiquetzal</a>, survived a flood, having floated on a piece of bark. They found themselves on land and had many children who were at first born unable to speak, but subsequently, upon the arrival of a dove, were endowed with language, although each one was given a different speech such that they could not understand one another.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-224" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-224" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[224]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the Old Testament, the Book of Genesis (chapter 11) says that God prevented the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a> from being completed through a miracle that made its construction workers start speaking different languages. After this, they migrated to other regions, grouped together according to which of the newly created languages they spoke, explaining the origins of languages and nations outside of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-225" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-225" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[225]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_experiments">Historical experiments</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_deprivation_experiments" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language deprivation experiments">Language deprivation experiments</a></span></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">History contains a number of anecdotes about people who attempted to discover the origin of language by experiment. The first such tale was told by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a></i> 2.2). He relates that Pharaoh Psammetichus (probably <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psammetichus_I" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psammetichus I">Psammetichus I</a>, 7th century BC) had two children raised by a shepherd, with the instructions that no one should speak to them, but that the shepherd should feed and care for them while listening to determine their first words. When one of the children cried "bekos" with outstretched arms the shepherd concluded that the word was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygian_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a>, because that was the sound of the Phrygian word for "bread". From this, Psammetichus concluded that the first language was Phrygian. King <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a> is said to have tried a similar experiment; his children were supposed to have spoken <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-226" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-226" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[226]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Both the medieval monarch <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> are said to have tried similar experiments; the children involved in these experiments did not speak. The current situation of deaf people also points into this direction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1; margin-left: 0.1em; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></p><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History_of_research">History of research</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Evolutionary linguistics">Evolutionary linguistics</a></span></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Modern linguistics did not begin until the late 18th century, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism#Philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Animism">animist</a> theses of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Adelung" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Johann Christoph Adelung">Johann Christoph Adelung</a> remained influential well into the 19th century. The question of language origin seemed inaccessible to methodical approaches, and in 1866 the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Society_of_Paris" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Linguistic Society of Paris">Linguistic Society of Paris</a> famously banned all discussion of the origin of language, deeming it to be an unanswerable problem. An increasingly systematic approach to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguistics</a> developed in the course of the 19th century, reaching its culmination in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogrammarian" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neogrammarian">Neogrammarian</a> school of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Brugmann" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Karl Brugmann">Karl Brugmann</a> and others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">However, scholarly interest in the question of the origin of language has only gradually been rekindled<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#WPCOLLOQUIAL" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The word or phrase preceding this tag is a colloquialism. Please replace it with literal language. (May 2021)">colloquialism</span></a></i>]</sup> from the 1950s on (and then controversially) with ideas such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_grammar" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Universal grammar">universal grammar</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_comparison" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mass comparison">mass comparison</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottochronology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Glottochronology">glottochronology</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The "origin of language" as a subject in its own right emerged from studies in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurolinguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neurolinguistics">neurolinguistics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycholinguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psycholinguistics">psycholinguistics</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human evolution">human evolution</a>. The <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Bibliography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Linguistic Bibliography">Linguistic Bibliography</a></i> introduced "Origin of language" as a separate heading in 1988, as a sub-topic of psycholinguistics. Dedicated research institutes of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Evolutionary linguistics">evolutionary linguistics</a> are a recent phenomenon, emerging only in the 1990s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-227" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_note-227" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[227]</a></sup></span></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">See also</span></span></h2><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenesis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Abiogenesis"><span style="font-family: arial;">Abiogenesis</span></a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolinguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biolinguistics"><span style="font-family: arial;">Biolinguistics</span></a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouba/kiki_effect" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bouba/kiki effect"><span style="font-family: arial;">Bouba/kiki effect</span></a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow-wow_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bow-wow theory"><span style="font-family: arial;">Bow-wow theory</span></a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_infinity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Digital infinity"><span style="font-family: arial;">Digital infinity</span></a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essay_on_the_Origin_of_Languages" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Essay on the Origin of Languages"><span style="font-family: arial;">Essay on the Origin of Languages</span></a></i></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Evolutionary psychology of language"><span style="font-family: arial;">Evolutionary psychology of language</span></a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXP2_and_human_evolution" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="FOXP2 and human evolution"><span style="font-family: arial;">FOXP2 and human evolution</span></a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_anthropology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Generative anthropology"><span style="font-family: arial;">Generative anthropology</span></a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Historical linguistics"><span style="font-family: arial;">Historical linguistics</span></a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurobiological_origins_of_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neurobiological origins of language"><span style="font-family: arial;">Neurobiological origins of language</span></a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_society" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Origins of society"><span style="font-family: arial;">Origins of society</span></a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_speech" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Origin of speech"><span style="font-family: arial;">Origin of speech</span></a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Proto-language"><span style="font-family: arial;">Proto-language</span></a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theory of language"><span style="font-family: arial;">Theory of language</span></a></li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">References</span></span></h2><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-NYT-20230920-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-NYT-20230920_1-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFShah2023" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Shah, Sonia (20 September 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/magazine/animal-communication.html#permid=127890141" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Animals Are Talking. What Does It Mean? – Language was long understood as a human-only affair. New research suggests that isn't so. + comment"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230921140922/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/magazine/animal-communication.html#permid=127890141" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">21 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Animals+Are+Talking.+What+Does+It+Mean%3F+%E2%80%93+Language+was+long+understood+as+a+human-only+affair.+New+research+suggests+that+isn%27t+so.+%2B+comment&rft.date=2023-09-20&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F09%2F20%2Fmagazine%2Fanimal-communication.html%23permid%3D127890141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHauserYangBerwickTattersall2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hauser, M. D.; Yang, C.; Berwick, R. C.; Tattersall, I.; Ryan, M. J.; Watumull, J.; Chomsky, N.; Lewontin, R. C. (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019876" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The mystery of language evolution"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>5</b>: 401. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2014.00401" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00401</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019876" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">4019876</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24847300" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">24847300</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+mystery+of+language+evolution&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=401&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4019876%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24847300&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2014.00401&rft.aulast=Hauser&rft.aufirst=M.+D.&rft.au=Yang%2C+C.&rft.au=Berwick%2C+R.+C.&rft.au=Tattersall%2C+I.&rft.au=Ryan%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Watumull%2C+J.&rft.au=Chomsky%2C+N.&rft.au=Lewontin%2C+R.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4019876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stam, J. H. 1976. Inquiries into the origins of language. New York: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_and_Row" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Harper and Row">Harper and Row</a>, p. 255.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Tallerman_2012-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Tallerman_2012_4-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFTallermanGibson2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Tallerman" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Maggie Tallerman">Tallerman, Maggie</a>; Gibson, Kathleen Rita (2012). <i>The Oxford handbook of language evolution</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954111-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954111-9"><bdi>978-0-19-954111-9</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/724665645" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">724665645</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+handbook+of+language+evolution&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F724665645&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954111-9&rft.aulast=Tallerman&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Kathleen+Rita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Müller, F. M. 1996 [1861]. The theoretical stage, and the origin of language. Lecture 9 from <i>Lectures on the Science of Language</i>. Reprinted in R. Harris (ed.), <i>The Origin of Language</i>. Bristol: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoemmes_Press" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thoemmes Press">Thoemmes Press</a>, pp. 7–41.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Christiansen-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Christiansen_6-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFChristiansenKirby2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morten_H._Christiansen" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Morten H. Christiansen">Christiansen, Morten H</a>; Kirby, Simon (2003). Morten H. Christiansen; Simon Kirby (eds.). <i>Language evolution : the hardest problem in science?</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 77–93. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924484-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924484-3"><bdi>978-0-19-924484-3</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51235137" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">51235137</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+evolution+%3A+the+hardest+problem+in+science%3F&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=77-93&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51235137&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924484-3&rft.aulast=Christiansen&rft.aufirst=Morten+H&rft.au=Kirby%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Ulbæk_1998-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Ulb%C3%A6k_1998_7-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Ulb%C3%A6k_1998_7-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Ulb%C3%A6k_1998_7-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFUlbæk1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ulbæk, Ib (1998). James R Hurford; Michael Studdert-Kennedy; Chris Knight (eds.). <i>The origin of language and cognition</i>. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–43. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63964-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63964-4"><bdi>978-0-521-63964-4</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37742390" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">37742390</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origin+of+language+and+cognition&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK%3B+New+York&rft.pages=30-43&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37742390&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63964-4&rft.aulast=Ulb%C3%A6k&rft.aufirst=Ib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Pinker_1994-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Pinker_1994_8-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPinker1994" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Pinker, Steven (1994). <i>The language instinct</i>. New York: W. Morrow and Co. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-12141-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-12141-9"><bdi>978-0-688-12141-9</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28723210" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">28723210</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+language+instinct&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+Morrow+and+Co.&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28723210&rft.isbn=978-0-688-12141-9&rft.aulast=Pinker&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Tomasello_1996-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Tomasello_1996_9-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFTomasello1996" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tomasello" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michael Tomasello">Tomasello, Michael</a> (1996). B M Velichkovskiĭ; Duane M Rumbaugh; Universität Bielefeld Zentrum für Interdisziplinäre Forschung (eds.). <i>The cultural roots of language</i>. Mahwah, N.J.: L. Erlbaum. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-2118-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-2118-5"><bdi>978-0-8058-2118-5</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34078362" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">34078362</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cultural+roots+of+language&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=L.+Erlbaum&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34078362&rft.isbn=978-0-8058-2118-5&rft.aulast=Tomasello&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Pika_Mitani_2006-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Pika_Mitani_2006_10-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPikaMitani2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Pika, Simone; Mitani, John (2006). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2006.02.037" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Referential gestural communication in wild chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>)"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>16</b> (6): R191–R192. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2006.02.037" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.037</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0960-9822</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16546066" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">16546066</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2273018" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2273018</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Referential+gestural+communication+in+wild+chimpanzees+%28Pan+troglodytes%29&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=R191-R192&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0960-9822&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2273018%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16546066&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2006.02.037&rft.aulast=Pika&rft.aufirst=Simone&rft.au=Mitani%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2006.02.037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Dunn_2011-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Dunn_2011_11-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDunnGreenhillLevinsonGray2011" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Dunn, M.; Greenhill, SJ.; Levinson, SC.; Gray, RD. (May 2011). "Evolved structure of language shows lineage-specific trends in word-order universals". <i>Nature</i>. <b>473</b> (7345): 79–82. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.473...79D" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2011Natur.473...79D</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature09923" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1038/nature09923</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0013-3B19-B" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">11858/00-001M-0000-0013-3B19-B</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21490599" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">21490599</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1588797" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1588797</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Evolved+structure+of+language+shows+lineage-specific+trends+in+word-order+universals&rft.volume=473&rft.issue=7345&rft.pages=79-82&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-0013-3B19-B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1588797%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Natur.473...79D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21490599&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature09923&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Greenhill%2C+SJ.&rft.au=Levinson%2C+SC.&rft.au=Gray%2C+RD.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, "<a class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/18557572?story_id=18557572" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">The evolution of language: Babel or babble?</a>", 16 April 2011, pp. 85–86.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Cross_Woodruff_2009-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Cross_Woodruff_2009_13-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCrossWoodruff2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Cross, Ian; Woodruff, Ghofur Eliot (23 April 2009). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=36tLTfV_hLcC&pg=PA77" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Music as a Communicative medium"</a>. In Rudolf Botha; Chris Knight (eds.). <i>The Prehistory of Language</i>. OUP Oxford. pp. 77–98. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199545872.003.0005" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545872.003.0005</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156287-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156287-7"><bdi>978-0-19-156287-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Music+as+a+Communicative+medium&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+of+Language&rft.pages=77-98&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2009-04-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199545872.003.0005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-156287-7&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Woodruff%2C+Ghofur+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D36tLTfV_hLcC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-auto-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-auto_14-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-auto_14-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-auto_14-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFVaneechoutte2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Vaneechoutte, Mario (2014). <a class="external text" href="http://users.ugent.be/~mvaneech/Vaneechoutte.%202014.%20The%20origin%20of%20articulate%20language.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Origin of Articulate Language Revisited: The Potential of a Semi-Aquatic Past of Human Ancestors to Explain the Origin of Human Musicality and Articulate Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Human Evolution</i>. <b>29</b>: 1–33.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+Articulate+Language+Revisited%3A+The+Potential+of+a+Semi-Aquatic+Past+of+Human+Ancestors+to+Explain+the+Origin+of+Human+Musicality+and+Articulate+Language&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=1-33&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Vaneechoutte&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.ugent.be%2F~mvaneech%2FVaneechoutte.%25202014.%2520The%2520origin%2520of%2520articulate%2520language.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chomsky, N, 1996. <i>Powers and Prospects. Reflections on human nature and the social order</i>. London: Pluto Press, p 30.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Knight_Power_2012-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Knight_Power_2012_16-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKnightPower2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Knight, Chris; Power, Camilla (2012). Maggie Tallerman; Kathleen R. Gibson (eds.). <a class="external text" href="http://www.chrisknight.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/Knight-Power-Social-Conditions1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Social conditions for the evolutionary emergence of language</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 346–49. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954111-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954111-9"><bdi>978-0-19-954111-9</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/724665645" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">724665645</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+conditions+for+the+evolutionary+emergence+of+language&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=346-49&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F724665645&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954111-9&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Power%2C+Camilla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chrisknight.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2007%2F09%2FKnight-Power-Social-Conditions1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Rappaport_1999-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Rappaport_1999_17-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFRappaport1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Rappaport, Roy (1999). <i>Ritual and religion in the making of humanity</i>. Cambridge, U.K. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521296908" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780521296908"><bdi>9780521296908</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/848728046" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">848728046</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual+and+religion+in+the+making+of+humanity&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+U.K.+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F848728046&rft.isbn=9780521296908&rft.aulast=Rappaport&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Knight_2008-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Knight_2008_18-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Knight_2008_18-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Knight_2008_18-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKnight2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Knight, C. (2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.chrisknight.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/JCS_Knight_CRC.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"<span class="cs1-kern-left" style="padding-left: 0.2em;"></span>'Honest fakes' and language origins"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Consciousness Studies</i>. <b>15</b> (10–11): 236–48.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consciousness+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Honest+fakes%27+and+language+origins&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=10%E2%80%9311&rft.pages=236-48&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chrisknight.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2007%2F09%2FJCS_Knight_CRC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Knight_2010-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Knight_2010_19-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKnight2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Knight, Chris (2010). Ulrich J Frey; Charlotte Störmer; Kai P Willführ (eds.). <a class="external text" href="http://www.chrisknight.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/The-Origins-of-Symbolic-Culture.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The origins of symbolic culture</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Berlin; New York: Springer. pp. 193–211. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-12141-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-12141-8"><bdi>978-3-642-12141-8</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/639461749" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">639461749</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+symbolic+culture&rft.place=Berlin%3B+New+York&rft.pages=193-211&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F639461749&rft.isbn=978-3-642-12141-8&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chrisknight.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2007%2F09%2FThe-Origins-of-Symbolic-Culture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Knight_1998-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Knight_1998_20-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Knight_1998_20-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Knight_1998_20-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKnight1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Knight, Chris (1998). James R Hurford; Michael Studdert-Kennedy; Chris Knight (eds.). <a class="external text" href="http://www.chrisknight.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/knight_ritual_speech_coevolution.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Ritual/speech coevolution: a solution to the problem of deception</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 68–91. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63964-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63964-4"><bdi>978-0-521-63964-4</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37742390" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">37742390</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual%2Fspeech+coevolution%3A+a+solution+to+the+problem+of+deception&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK%3B+New+York&rft.pages=68-91&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37742390&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63964-4&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chrisknight.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2007%2F09%2Fknight_ritual_speech_coevolution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Knight_2006-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Knight_2006_21-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Knight_2006_21-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Knight_2006_21-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKnight2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Knight, Chris (2006). Angelo Cangelosi; Andrew D M Smith; Kenny Smith (eds.). <a class="external text" href="http://www.chrisknight.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/knight-springer-online-fulltext.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Language co-evolved with the rule of law</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New Jersey: World Scientific Publishing. pp. 168–175. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-256-656-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-256-656-0"><bdi>978-981-256-656-0</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70797781" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">70797781</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+co-evolved+with+the+rule+of+law&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=168-175&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70797781&rft.isbn=978-981-256-656-0&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chrisknight.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2008%2F01%2Fknight-springer-online-fulltext.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Savage-Rumbaugh_1988-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Savage-Rumbaugh_1988_22-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFSavage-RumbaughMcDonald1988" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue; McDonald, Kelly (1988). Richard W Byrne; Andrew Whiten (eds.). <i>Deception and social manipulation in symbol-using apes</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 224–237. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852175-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852175-4"><bdi>978-0-19-852175-4</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17260831" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">17260831</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deception+and+social+manipulation+in+symbol-using+apes&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=224-237&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17260831&rft.isbn=978-0-19-852175-4&rft.aulast=Savage-Rumbaugh&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Kelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kegl, J., A. Senghas and M. Coppola (1998). Creation through Contact: Sign language emergence and sign language change in Nicaragua. In M. DeGraff (ed.), <i>Language Creation and Change: Creolization, Diachrony and Development</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFLiebermanCrelin1971" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lieberman, P.; Crelin, E. S. (1971). "On the speech of Neandertal Man". <i>Linguistic Inquiry</i>. <b>2</b>: 203–22.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistic+Inquiry&rft.atitle=On+the+speech+of+Neandertal+Man&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=203-22&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Lieberman&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Crelin%2C+E.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Arensburg_Tillier_1989-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Arensburg_Tillier_1989_25-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Arensburg_Tillier_1989_25-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFArensburgTillierVandermeerschDuday1989" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Arensburg, B.; Tillier, A. M.; Vandermeersch, B.; Duday, H.; Schepartz, L. A.; Rak, Y. (1989). "A Middle Palaeolithic human hyoid bone". <i>Nature</i>. <b>338</b> (6218): 758–760. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Natur.338..758A" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1989Natur.338..758A</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F338758a0" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1038/338758a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2716823" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2716823</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4309147" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">4309147</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+Middle+Palaeolithic+human+hyoid+bone&rft.volume=338&rft.issue=6218&rft.pages=758-760&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F338758a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4309147%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2716823&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989Natur.338..758A&rft.aulast=Arensburg&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Tillier%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Vandermeersch%2C+B.&rft.au=Duday%2C+H.&rft.au=Schepartz%2C+L.+A.&rft.au=Rak%2C+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Diller_2009-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Diller_2009_26-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDillerCann2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Diller, Karl C.; Cann, Rebecca L. (2009). Rudolf P Botha; Chris Knight (eds.). <i>Evidence Against a Genetic-Based Revolution in Language 50,000 Years Ago</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 135–149. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954586-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954586-5"><bdi>978-0-19-954586-5</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/804498749" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">804498749</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evidence+Against+a+Genetic-Based+Revolution+in+Language+50%2C000+Years+Ago&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=135-149&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F804498749&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954586-5&rft.aulast=Diller&rft.aufirst=Karl+C.&rft.au=Cann%2C+Rebecca+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Henshilwood_2009-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Henshilwood_2009_27-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Henshilwood_2009_27-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHenshilwoodDubreuil2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Henshilwood, Christopher Stuart; Dubreuil, Benoît (2009). Rudolf P Botha; Chris Knight (eds.). <i>Reading the Artefacts: Gleaning Language Skills From the Middle Stone Age in Southern Africa</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 41–61. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954586-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954586-5"><bdi>978-0-19-954586-5</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/804498749" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">804498749</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Artefacts%3A+Gleaning+Language+Skills+From+the+Middle+Stone+Age+in+Southern+Africa&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=41-61&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F804498749&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954586-5&rft.aulast=Henshilwood&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Stuart&rft.au=Dubreuil%2C+Beno%C3%AEt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-C._Knight_2009-28" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-C._Knight_2009_28-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKnight2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Knight, Chris (2009). Rudolf P Botha; Chris Knight (eds.). <i>Language, Ochre, and the Rule of Law</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 281–303. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954586-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954586-5"><bdi>978-0-19-954586-5</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/804498749" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">804498749</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Ochre%2C+and+the+Rule+of+Law&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=281-303&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F804498749&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954586-5&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Watts_2009-29" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Watts_2009_29-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFWatts2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Watts, Ian (2009). Rudolf P Botha; Chris Knight (eds.). <i>Red Ochre, Body Painting, and Language: Interpreting the Blombos Ochre</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 62–92. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954586-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954586-5"><bdi>978-0-19-954586-5</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/804498749" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">804498749</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Ochre%2C+Body+Painting%2C+and+Language%3A+Interpreting+the+Blombos+Ochre&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=62-92&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F804498749&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954586-5&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Arcadi_2000-30" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Arcadi_2000_30-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Arcadi_2000_30-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFArcadi2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Arcadi, AC. (August 2000). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjhev.2000.0415" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Vocal responsiveness in male wild chimpanzees: implications for the evolution of language"</a>. <i>Journal of Human Evolution</i>. <b>39</b> (2): 205–23. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjhev.2000.0415" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1006/jhev.2000.0415</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10968929" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10968929</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7403772" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">7403772</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Evolution&rft.atitle=Vocal+responsiveness+in+male+wild+chimpanzees%3A+implications+for+the+evolution+of+language&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=205-23&rft.date=2000-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7403772%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10968929&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjhev.2000.0415&rft.aulast=Arcadi&rft.aufirst=AC.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1006%252Fjhev.2000.0415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-31" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johanna Nichols, 1998. The origin and dispersal of languages: Linguistic evidence. In Nina Jablonski and Leslie C. Aiello, eds., <i>The Origin and Diversification of Language</i>, pp. 127–70. (Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, 24.) San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Botha_2009-32" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Botha_2009_32-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBothaKnight2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Botha, Rudolf P.; Knight, Chris (2009). <i>The cradle of language</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954586-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954586-5"><bdi>978-0-19-954586-5</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/804498749" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">804498749</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cradle+of+language&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F804498749&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954586-5&rft.aulast=Botha&rft.aufirst=Rudolf+P.&rft.au=Knight%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-33" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darwin, C. (1871). "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, 2 vols. London: Murray, p. 56.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-34" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Müller, F. M. 1996 [1861]. The theoretical stage, and the origin of language. Lecture 9 from Lectures on the Science of Language. Reprinted in R. Harris (ed.), <i>The Origin of Language</i>. Bristol: Thoemmes Press, pp. 7–41.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-35" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paget, R. 1930. <i>Human speech: some observations, experiments, and conclusions as to the nature, origin, purpose and possible improvement of human speech</i>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-36" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Firth, J. R. 1964. <i>The Tongues of Men and Speech</i>. London: Oxford University Press, pp. 25–6.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-37" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stam, J. H. 1976. <i>Inquiries into the origins of language</i>. New York: Harper and Row, p. 243-44.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-38" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFShah2011" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Shah, Mustafa (January 2011). <a class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/2793514.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Classical Islamic Discourse on the Origins of Language: Cultural Memory and the Defense of Orthodoxy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numen_(journal)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Numen (journal)">Numen</a></i>. <b>58</b> (2–3): 314–343. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852711X562335" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1163/156852711X562335</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55165312" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">55165312</a> – via CORE.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=Classical+Islamic+Discourse+on+the+Origins+of+Language%3A+Cultural+Memory+and+the+Defense+of+Orthodoxy&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=314-343&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852711X562335&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55165312%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2F2793514.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-39" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWeiss1987" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_G._Weiss" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bernard G. Weiss">Weiss, B.</a> (1987). "<span class="cs1-kern-left" style="padding-left: 0.2em;"></span>'Ilm al-wad': An Introductory Account of a Later Muslim Philological Science". <i>Arabica</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 339–356. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157005887X00054" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1163/157005887X00054</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161187751" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">161187751</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabica&rft.atitle=%27Ilm+al-wad%27%3A+An+Introductory+Account+of+a+Later+Muslim+Philological+Science&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=339-356&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157005887X00054&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161187751%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-40" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-40" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWeiss1974" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_G._Weiss" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bernard G. Weiss">Weiss, B.</a> (1974). <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/43370636.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Medieval Muslim discussions of the origin of language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft</i>. <b>124</b> (1): 33–41. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852711X562335" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1163/156852711X562335</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43370636" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">43370636</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55165312" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">55165312</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+der+Deutschen+Morgenl%C3%A4ndischen+Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=Medieval+Muslim+discussions+of+the+origin+of+language&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-41&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55165312%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43370636%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852711X562335&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F43370636.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Zahavi_1993-41" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Zahavi_1993_41-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFZahavi1993" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Zahavi, A. (May 1993). "The fallacy of conventional signalling". <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>340</b> (1292): 227–230. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993RSPTB.340..227Z" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1993RSPTB.340..227Z</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.1993.0061" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1098/rstb.1993.0061</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8101657" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">8101657</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+fallacy+of+conventional+signalling&rft.volume=340&rft.issue=1292&rft.pages=227-230&rft.date=1993-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8101657&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.1993.0061&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993RSPTB.340..227Z&rft.aulast=Zahavi&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-42" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zahavi, A. and A. Zahavi 1997. <i>The Handicap Principle: A Missing Piece in Darwin's Puzzle</i>. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190284589" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780190284589">9780190284589</a></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Smith_1994-43" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Smith_1994_43-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSmith1994" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Smith, J.Maynard (1994). "Must reliable signals always be costly?". <i>Animal Behaviour</i>. <b>47</b> (5): 1115–1120. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fanbe.1994.1149" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1006/anbe.1994.1149</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-3472" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0003-3472</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54274718" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">54274718</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Behaviour&rft.atitle=Must+reliable+signals+always+be+costly%3F&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1115-1120&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54274718%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-3472&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fanbe.1994.1149&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=J.Maynard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Goodall_1986-44" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Goodall_1986_44-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Goodall_1986_44-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGoodall1986" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Goodall, Jane (1986). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chimpanzeesofgom00good" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The chimpanzees of Gombe : patterns of behavior</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-11649-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-11649-8"><bdi>978-0-674-11649-8</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12550961" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">12550961</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+chimpanzees+of+Gombe+%3A+patterns+of+behavior&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12550961&rft.isbn=978-0-674-11649-8&rft.aulast=Goodall&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchimpanzeesofgom00good&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Byrne_1988-45" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Byrne_1988_45-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFByrneWhiten1988" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Byrne, Richard W.; Whiten, Andrew. (1988). <i>Machiavellian intelligence : social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852175-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852175-4"><bdi>978-0-19-852175-4</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17260831" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">17260831</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machiavellian+intelligence+%3A+social+expertise+and+the+evolution+of+intellect+in+monkeys%2C+apes%2C+and+humans&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17260831&rft.isbn=978-0-19-852175-4&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft.au=Whiten%2C+Andrew.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-de_Waal_(2005)-46" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-de_Waal_(2005)_46-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFde_Waal2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">de Waal, Frans B. M. (2005). "Intentional Deception in Primates". <i>Evolutionary Anthropology</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 86–92. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fevan.1360010306" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1002/evan.1360010306</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221736130" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">221736130</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Intentional+Deception+in+Primates&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=86-92&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fevan.1360010306&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221736130%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=de+Waal&rft.aufirst=Frans+B.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Power_1998-47" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Power_1998_47-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPower1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Power, Camilla (1998). James R Hurford; Michael Studdert-Kennedy; Chris Knight (eds.). <i>Old wives' tales: the gossip hypothesis and the reliability of cheap signals</i>. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–129. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63964-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63964-4"><bdi>978-0-521-63964-4</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37742390" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">37742390</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+wives%27+tales%3A+the+gossip+hypothesis+and+the+reliability+of+cheap+signals&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK%3B+New+York&rft.pages=111-129&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37742390&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63964-4&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Camilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Fitch_2004-48" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Fitch_2004_48-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Fitch_2004_48-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFitch2004" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fitch, W. T. (2004). <a class="external text" href="https://homepage.univie.ac.at/tecumseh.fitch/media/files/FitchKin2004_large.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Kin selection and 'mother tongues': a neglected component in language evolution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Ulrike Griebel; D Kimbrough Oller (eds.). <i>Evolution of communication systems : a comparative approach</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 275–296. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-15111-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-15111-5"><bdi>978-0-262-15111-5</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/845673575" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">845673575</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kin+selection+and+%27mother+tongues%27%3A+a+neglected+component+in+language+evolution&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+communication+systems+%3A+a+comparative+approach&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=275-296&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F845673575&rft.isbn=978-0-262-15111-5&rft.aulast=Fitch&rft.aufirst=W.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.univie.ac.at%2Ftecumseh.fitch%2Fmedia%2Ffiles%2FFitchKin2004_large.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-49" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-49" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHamilton1964" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hamilton, W. D. (1964). "The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I, II". <i>Journal of Theoretical Biology</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 1–52. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964JThBi...7....1H" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1964JThBi...7....1H</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-5193%2864%2990038-4" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5875341" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">5875341</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5310280" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">5310280</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Theoretical+Biology&rft.atitle=The+genetical+evolution+of+social+behaviour.+I%2C+II&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-52&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-5193%2864%2990038-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5310280%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5875341&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964JThBi...7....1H&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=W.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-50" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-50" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKnight2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Knight, Chris (13 November 2000). "Play as Precursor of Phonology and Syntax". <i>The Evolutionary Emergence of Language</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–120. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511606441.007" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1017/cbo9780511606441.007</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78157-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78157-2"><bdi>978-0-521-78157-2</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56418139" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">56418139</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Play+as+Precursor+of+Phonology+and+Syntax&rft.btitle=The+Evolutionary+Emergence+of+Language&rft.pages=99-120&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56418139%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511606441.007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78157-2&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Tallerman_2013-51" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Tallerman_2013_51-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Tallerman_2013_51-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFTallerman2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Tallerman, Maggie (2013). Rudolf P Botha; Martin Everaert (eds.). <i>Kin selection, pedagogy and linguistic complexity: whence protolanguage?</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 77–96. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965485-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965485-7"><bdi>978-0-19-965485-7</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/856795812" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">856795812</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kin+selection%2C+pedagogy+and+linguistic+complexity%3A+whence+protolanguage%3F&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=77-96&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F856795812&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965485-7&rft.aulast=Tallerman&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-52" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-52" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFTrivers1971" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Trivers, R. L. (1971). "The evolution of reciprocal altruism". <i>Quarterly Review of Biology</i>. <b>46</b>: 35–57. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F406755" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1086/406755</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19027999" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">19027999</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Review+of+Biology&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+reciprocal+altruism&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=35-57&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F406755&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19027999%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Trivers&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Dessalles_1998-53" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Dessalles_1998_53-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDessalles1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Dessalles, Jean L. (1998). James R. Hurford; Michael Studdert-Kennedy; Chris Knight (eds.). <i>Altruism, status and the origin of relevance</i>. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 130–147. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63964-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63964-4"><bdi>978-0-521-63964-4</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37742390" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">37742390</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Altruism%2C+status+and+the+origin+of+relevance&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK%3B+New+York&rft.pages=130-147&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37742390&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63964-4&rft.aulast=Dessalles&rft.aufirst=Jean+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Dunbar_1996-54" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Dunbar_1996_54-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Dunbar_1996_54-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDunbar1996" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Dunbar, R. I. M. (1996). <i>Grooming, gossip and the evolution of language</i>. London: Faber and Faber. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780571173969" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780571173969"><bdi>9780571173969</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34546743" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">34546743</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grooming%2C+gossip+and+the+evolution+of+language&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34546743&rft.isbn=9780571173969&rft.aulast=Dunbar&rft.aufirst=R.+I.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-55" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-55" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFvon_HeiselerTill_Nikolaus2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">von Heiseler; Till Nikolaus (2014). "Language evolved for storytelling in a super-fast evolution". In R. L. C. Cartmill (ed.). <a class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9648129" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Evolution of Language</i></a>. London: World Scientific. pp. 114–121.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+evolved+for+storytelling+in+a+super-fast+evolution&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+Language&rft.place=London&rft.pages=114-121&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2014&rft.au=von+Heiseler&rft.au=Till+Nikolaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9648129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-56" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-56" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPower,_C.1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Power, C. (1998). "Old wives' tales: the gossip hypothesis and the reliability of cheap signals". In J. R. Hurford; M. Studdert Kennedy; C. Knight (eds.). <i>Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and Cognitive Bases</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 111 29.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+wives%27+tales%3A+the+gossip+hypothesis+and+the+reliability+of+cheap+signals&rft.btitle=Approaches+to+the+Evolution+of+Language%3A+Social+and+Cognitive+Bases&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=111+29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Power%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1; margin-left: 0.1em; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="what is "111 29"? (August 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-57" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-57" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rappaport, R. A. 1999. "Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-58" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knight, C. 1998. Ritual/speech coevolution: a solution to the problem of deception. In J. R. Hurford, M. Studdert-Kennedy and C. Knight (eds), Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and cognitive bases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 68–91.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-59" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-59" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, J. 2009. "As well as words: Congo Pygmy hunting, mimicry, and play." In R. Botha and C. Knight (eds), The Cradle of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 236–256.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Enfield_2010-60" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Enfield_2010_60-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFEnfield2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Enfield, N. J. (2010). <a class="external text" href="http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:527132:11/component/escidoc:527220/Enfield_Science_Language%20Evolution_2010.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Without social context?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>329</b> (5999): 1600–1601. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sci...329.1600E" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2010Sci...329.1600E</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1194229" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1126/science.1194229</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0012-C777-5" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">11858/00-001M-0000-0012-C777-5</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143530707" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">143530707</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Without+social+context%3F&rft.volume=329&rft.issue=5999&rft.pages=1600-1601&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-0012-C777-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143530707%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1194229&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Sci...329.1600E&rft.aulast=Enfield&rft.aufirst=N.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubman.mpdl.mpg.de%2Fpubman%2Fitem%2Fescidoc%3A527132%3A11%2Fcomponent%2Fescidoc%3A527220%2FEnfield_Science_Language%2520Evolution_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-61" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-61" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Power, C. 1998. "Old wives' tales: the gossip hypothesis and the reliability of cheap signals." In J. R. Hurford, M. Studdert Kennedy and C. Knight (eds), Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and Cognitive Bases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 111 29.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-62" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-62" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watts, I. 2009. Red ochre, body painting, and language: interpreting the Blombos ochre. In R. Botha and C. Knight (eds), The Cradle of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 62–92.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-63" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-63" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steels, Luc. 2009. "Is sociality a crucial prerequisite for the emergence of language?" In Rudolf P. Botha and Chris Knight (eds), <i>The prehistory of language</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954587-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954587-2">978-0-19-954587-2</a></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Deacon_1997-64" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Deacon_1997_64-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDeacon1997" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Deacon, Terrence William (1997). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/symbolicspeciesc00deac" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The symbolic species : the co-evolution of language and the brain</i></a>. New York: W.W. Norton. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03838-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03838-5"><bdi>978-0-393-03838-5</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/807018262" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">807018262</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+symbolic+species+%3A+the+co-evolution+of+language+and+the+brain&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F807018262&rft.isbn=978-0-393-03838-5&rft.aulast=Deacon&rft.aufirst=Terrence+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsymbolicspeciesc00deac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-10.3389_fnins.2023.1080861-65" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-10.3389_fnins.2023.1080861_65-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-10.3389_fnins.2023.1080861_65-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-10.3389_fnins.2023.1080861_65-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boeckx, C. (2023) What made us "hunter-gatherers of words". Front. Neurosci. 17:1080861. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnins.2023.1080861" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.3389/fnins.2023.1080861</a>.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-66" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-66" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knight, C. 2010. The origins of symbolic culture. In Ulrich J. Frey, Charlotte Störmer and Kai P. Willfuhr (eds) 2010. <i>Homo Novus</i> – A Human Without Illusions. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 193–211.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Rappaport_1979-67" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Rappaport_1979_67-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFRappaport1979" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Rappaport, Roy A. (1979). <i>Ecology, Meaning, and Religion</i>. Richmond, Calif.: North Atlantic Books. pp. 201–211. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913028-54-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-913028-54-4"><bdi>978-0-913028-54-4</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/397893672" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">397893672</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecology%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Religion&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=201-211&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F397893672&rft.isbn=978-0-913028-54-4&rft.aulast=Rappaport&rft.aufirst=Roy+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-68" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-68" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zahavi, A. 1993. "The fallacy of conventional signalling." <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.</i> 340: 227–230.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-69" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-69" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Searle, J. R. 1996. <i>The Construction of Social Reality</i>. London: Penguin.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-70" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-70" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durkheim, E. 1947 [1915]. "Origins of these beliefs". Chapter VII. In É. Durkheim, <i>The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life: A study in religious sociology</i>. Trans. J. W. Swain. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, pp. 205–239.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-71" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-71" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boeckx, 2006. "Linguistic Minimalism: Origins, Concepts, Methods and Aims." Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-72" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-72" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knight, C. 2010. The origins of symbolic culture. In Ulrich J. Frey, Charlotte Störmer and Kai P. Willfuhr (eds) 2010. Homo Novus – A Human Without Illusions. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 193–211.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-73" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-73" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Searle, J. R. 1996. "The Construction of Social Reality." London: Penguin.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-74" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-74" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFChomsky2011" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Chomsky, Noam (2011). "Language and Other Cognitive Systems. What is Special About Language?". <i>Language Learning and Development</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 263–78. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15475441.2011.584041" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1080/15475441.2011.584041</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122866773" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">122866773</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Learning+and+Development&rft.atitle=Language+and+Other+Cognitive+Systems.+What+is+Special+About+Language%3F&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=263-78&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15475441.2011.584041&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122866773%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-75" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-75" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chomsky, N. 2005. 'Three factors in language design.' <i>Linguistic Inquiry</i> 36(1): 1–22.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Uomini_e72693-76" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Uomini_e72693_76-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Uomini_e72693_76-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFUominiMeyer2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Uomini, Natalie Thaïs; Meyer, Georg Friedrich (30 August 2013). Petraglia, Michael D. (ed.). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3758346" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Shared Brain Lateralization Patterns in Language and Acheulean Stone Tool Production: A Functional Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Study"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (8): e72693. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...872693U" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2013PLoSO...872693U</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0072693" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1371/journal.pone.0072693</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1932-6203</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3758346" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">3758346</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24023634" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">24023634</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Shared+Brain+Lateralization+Patterns+in+Language+and+Acheulean+Stone+Tool+Production%3A+A+Functional+Transcranial+Doppler+Ultrasound+Study&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e72693&rft.date=2013-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3758346%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...872693U&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24023634&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0072693&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Uomini&rft.aufirst=Natalie+Tha%C3%AFs&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Georg+Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3758346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-77" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-77" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFStoutChaminade2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Stout, Dietrich; Chaminade, Thierry (12 January 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3223784" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Stone tools, language and the brain in human evolution"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>367</b> (1585): 75–87. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2011.0099" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1098/rstb.2011.0099</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3223784" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">3223784</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22106428" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">22106428</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Stone+tools%2C+language+and+the+brain+in+human+evolution&rft.volume=367&rft.issue=1585&rft.pages=75-87&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3223784%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22106428&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2011.0099&rft.aulast=Stout&rft.aufirst=Dietrich&rft.au=Chaminade%2C+Thierry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3223784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-78" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-78" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPuttAnwarzaiHoldenRuck2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Putt, Shelby S. J.; Anwarzai, Zara; Holden, Chloe; Ruck, Lana; Schoenemann, P. Thomas (4 January 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-021-00267-7" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The evolution of combinatoriality and compositionality in hominid tool use: a comparative perspective"</a>. <i>International Journal of Primatology</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10764-021-00267-7" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s10764-021-00267-7</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1573-8604" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1573-8604</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245654206" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">245654206</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Primatology&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+combinatoriality+and+compositionality+in+hominid+tool+use%3A+a+comparative+perspective&rft.date=2022-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245654206%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-8604&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10764-021-00267-7&rft.aulast=Putt&rft.aufirst=Shelby+S.+J.&rft.au=Anwarzai%2C+Zara&rft.au=Holden%2C+Chloe&rft.au=Ruck%2C+Lana&rft.au=Schoenemann%2C+P.+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs10764-021-00267-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-79" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-79" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBarhamEverett2021" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Barham, Lawrence; Everett, Daniel (June 2021). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10816-020-09480-9" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Semiotics and the Origin of Language in the Lower Palaeolithic"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 535–579. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10816-020-09480-9" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s10816-020-09480-9</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1072-5369" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1072-5369</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225509049" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">225509049</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Method+and+Theory&rft.atitle=Semiotics+and+the+Origin+of+Language+in+the+Lower+Palaeolithic&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=535-579&rft.date=2021-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225509049%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1072-5369&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10816-020-09480-9&rft.aulast=Barham&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft.au=Everett%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10816-020-09480-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-80" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-80" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFArnauldLancelot1975" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antoine Arnauld">Arnauld, Antoine</a>; Lancelot, Claude (1975) [First published 1660]. <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portroyalgrammar0000lanc" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>General and Rational Grammar : The Port-Royal Grammar</i></a></span>. The Hague: Mouton. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/902793004X" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/902793004X"><bdi>902793004X</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+and+Rational+Grammar+%3A+The+Port-Royal+Grammar&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=902793004X&rft.aulast=Arnauld&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rft.au=Lancelot%2C+Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fportroyalgrammar0000lanc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Daneš_1987-81" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Dane%C5%A1_1987_81-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Dane%C5%A1_1987_81-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDaneš1987" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franti%C5%A1ek_Dane%C5%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #d73333; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="František Daneš (page does not exist)">Daneš, František</a> (1987). "On Prague school functionalism in linguistics". In Dirven, R.; Fried, V. (eds.). <i>Functionalism in Linguistics</i>. John Benjamins. pp. 3–38. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027215246" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9789027215246"><bdi>9789027215246</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Prague+school+functionalism+in+linguistics&rft.btitle=Functionalism+in+Linguistics&rft.pages=3-38&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9789027215246&rft.aulast=Dane%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=Franti%C5%A1ek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Aronoff_2017-82" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Aronoff_2017_82-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFAronoff2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Aronoff, Mark (2017). "Darwinism tested by the science of language". In Bowern; Horn; Zanuttini (eds.). <a class="external text" href="https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/151" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>On Looking into Words (and Beyond): Structures, Relations, Analyses</i></a>. SUNY Press. pp. 443–456. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-946234-92-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-946234-92-0"><bdi>978-3-946234-92-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">3 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Darwinism+tested+by+the+science+of+language&rft.btitle=On+Looking+into+Words+%28and+Beyond%29%3A+Structures%2C+Relations%2C+Analyses&rft.pages=443-456&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-946234-92-0&rft.aulast=Aronoff&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flangsci-press.org%2Fcatalog%2Fbook%2F151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Saussure_1959-83" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Saussure_1959_83-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFde_Saussure1959" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">de Saussure, Ferdinand</a> (1959) [First published 1916]. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808231716/https://monoskop.org/images/0/0b/Saussure_Ferdinand_de_Course_in_General_Linguistics_1959.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Course in general linguistics</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: Philosophy Library. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231157278" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780231157278"><bdi>9780231157278</bdi></a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://monoskop.org/images/0/0b/Saussure_Ferdinand_de_Course_in_General_Linguistics_1959.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">6 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Course+in+general+linguistics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Philosophy+Library&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=9780231157278&rft.aulast=de+Saussure&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonoskop.org%2Fimages%2F0%2F0b%2FSaussure_Ferdinand_de_Course_in_General_Linguistics_1959.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-84" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-84" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFLévi-Strauss1987" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1987). <i>Introduction to the work of Marcel Mauss</i>. Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. pp. 59–60. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-9066-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-9066-8"><bdi>0-7100-9066-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+work+of+Marcel+Mauss&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul+Ltd.&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-7100-9066-8&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9vi-Strauss&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Hejl_2013-85" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Hejl_2013_85-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHejl2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hejl, P. M. (2013). "The importance of the concepts of 'organism' and 'evolution' in Emile Durkheim's division of social labor and the influence of Herbert Spencer". In Maasen, Sabine; Mendelsohn, E.; Weingart, P. (eds.). <i>Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors</i>. Springer. pp. 155–191. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401106733" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9789401106733"><bdi>9789401106733</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+importance+of+the+concepts+of+%27organism%27+and+%27evolution%27+in+Emile+Durkheim%27s+division+of+social+labor+and+the+influence+of+Herbert+Spencer&rft.btitle=Biology+as+Society%2C+Society+as+Biology%3A+Metaphors&rft.pages=155-191&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789401106733&rft.aulast=Hejl&rft.aufirst=P.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-86" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-86" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chomsky, N. (2004). <i>Language and Mind: Current thoughts on ancient problems</i>. Part I & Part II. In Lyle Jenkins (ed.), <i>Variation and Universals in Biolinguistics</i>. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 379–405.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Three_factors_in_language_design-87" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Three_factors_in_language_design_87-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFChomsky2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Chomsky, N. (2005). "Three factors in language design". <i>Linguistic Inquiry</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 1–22. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F0024389052993655" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1162/0024389052993655</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14954986" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">14954986</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistic+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Three+factors+in+language+design&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F0024389052993655&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14954986%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Berwick_and_Chomsky_2016-88" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Berwick_and_Chomsky_2016_88-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBerwickChomsky2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Berwick, Robert; Chomsky, Noam (2016). <i>Why Only Us: Language and Evolution</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262034241" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780262034241"><bdi>9780262034241</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/934433881" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">934433881</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Only+Us%3A+Language+and+Evolution&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F934433881&rft.isbn=9780262034241&rft.aulast=Berwick&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Chomsky%2C+Noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-89" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-89" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFde_BoerThompsonRavignaniBoeckx2020" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">de Boer, Bart; Thompson, Bill; Ravignani, Andrea; Boeckx, Cedric (16 January 2020). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6965110" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Evolutionary Dynamics Do Not Motivate a Single-Mutant Theory of Human Language"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 451. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..10..451D" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2020NatSR..10..451D</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-57235-8" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1038/s41598-019-57235-8</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2045-2322</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6965110" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">6965110</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31949223" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">31949223</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+Dynamics+Do+Not+Motivate+a+Single-Mutant+Theory+of+Human+Language&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=451&rft.date=2020-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6965110%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatSR..10..451D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31949223&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-019-57235-8&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=de+Boer&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Bill&rft.au=Ravignani%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Boeckx%2C+Cedric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6965110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-90" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-90" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMartinsBoeckx2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Martins, Pedro Tiago; Boeckx, Cedric (27 November 2019). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6880980" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Language evolution and complexity considerations: The no half-Merge fallacy"</a>. <i>PLOS Biology</i>. <b>17</b> (11): e3000389. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.3000389" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1371/journal.pbio.3000389</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1545-7885" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1545-7885</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6880980" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">6880980</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31774810" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">31774810</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=Language+evolution+and+complexity+considerations%3A+The+no+half-Merge+fallacy&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e3000389&rft.date=2019-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6880980%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1545-7885&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31774810&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.3000389&rft.aulast=Martins&rft.aufirst=Pedro+Tiago&rft.au=Boeckx%2C+Cedric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6880980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-91" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-91" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCarnie2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnie" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Andrew Carnie">Carnie, Andrew</a> (2012). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MFZ1UV3YGtgC" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Syntax: A Generative Introduction</i></a> (3rd ed.). West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 20–21. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65531-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65531-3"><bdi>978-0-470-65531-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syntax%3A+A+Generative+Introduction&rft.place=West+Sussex%2C+UK&rft.pages=20-21&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65531-3&rft.aulast=Carnie&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMFZ1UV3YGtgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-92" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-92" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDediuLevinson2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Dediu, Dan; Levinson, Stephen C. (2013). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3701805" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"On the antiquity of language: the reinterpretation of Neandertal linguistic capacities and its consequences"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>4</b>: 397. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2013.00397" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00397</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1664-1078" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1664-1078</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3701805" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">3701805</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23847571" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">23847571</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=On+the+antiquity+of+language%3A+the+reinterpretation+of+Neandertal+linguistic+capacities+and+its+consequences&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=397&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3701805%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-1078&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23847571&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2013.00397&rft.aulast=Dediu&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Levinson%2C+Stephen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3701805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:6-93" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-:6_93-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-:6_93-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFVyshedskiy2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Vyshedskiy, Andrey (29 July 2019). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3897%2Frio.5.e38546" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Language evolution to revolution: the leap from rich-vocabulary non-recursive communication system to recursive language 70,000 years ago was associated with acquisition of a novel component of imagination, called Prefrontal Synthesis, enabled by a mutation that slowed down the prefrontal cortex maturation simultaneously in two or more children – the Romulus and Remus hypothesis"</a>. <i>Research Ideas and Outcomes</i>. <b>5</b>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3897%2Frio.5.e38546" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.3897/rio.5.e38546</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2367-7163" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2367-7163</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Ideas+and+Outcomes&rft.atitle=Language+evolution+to+revolution%3A+the+leap+from+rich-vocabulary+non-recursive+communication+system+to+recursive+language+70%2C000+years+ago+was+associated+with+acquisition+of+a+novel+component+of+imagination%2C+called+Prefrontal+Synthesis%2C+enabled+by+a+mutation+that+slowed+down+the+prefrontal+cortex+maturation+simultaneously+in+two+or+more+children+%E2%80%93+the+Romulus+and+Remus+hypothesis&rft.volume=5&rft.date=2019-07-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3897%2Frio.5.e38546&rft.issn=2367-7163&rft.aulast=Vyshedskiy&rft.aufirst=Andrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3897%252Frio.5.e38546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-94" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-94" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBakker1987" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bakker, Peter (July 1987). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0001566000004463" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Autonomous Languages of Twins"</a>. <i>Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae: Twin Research</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 233–238. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0001566000004463" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1017/S0001566000004463</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-5660" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0001-5660</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3434134" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">3434134</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Geneticae+Medicae+et+Gemellologiae%3A+Twin+Research&rft.atitle=Autonomous+Languages+of+Twins&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=233-238&rft.date=1987-07&rft.issn=0001-5660&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3434134&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0001566000004463&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0001566000004463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-95" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-95" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFAmos_W.Hoffman_J._I.2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Amos W.; Hoffman J. I. (7 January 2010). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2842629" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Evidence that two main bottleneck events shaped modern human genetic diversity"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>277</b> (1678): 131–137. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2009.1473" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1098/rspb.2009.1473</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2842629" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2842629</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19812086" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">19812086</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Evidence+that+two+main+bottleneck+events+shaped+modern+human+genetic+diversity&rft.volume=277&rft.issue=1678&rft.pages=131-137&rft.date=2010-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2842629%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19812086&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2009.1473&rft.au=Amos+W.&rft.au=Hoffman+J.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2842629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-96" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-96" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Premack, David & Premack, Ann James. <i>The Mind of an Ape</i>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-01581-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-01581-5">0-393-01581-5</a>.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-97" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-97" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPollickde_Waal2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Pollick, AS.; de Waal, FB. (May 2007). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1876592" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Ape Gestures and Language Evolution"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>104</b> (19): 8184–9. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PNAS..104.8184P" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2007PNAS..104.8184P</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0702624104" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1073/pnas.0702624104</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1876592" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1876592</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17470779" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">17470779</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Ape+Gestures+and+Language+Evolution&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=8184-9&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1876592%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17470779&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0702624104&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PNAS..104.8184P&rft.aulast=Pollick&rft.aufirst=AS.&rft.au=de+Waal%2C+FB.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1876592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Kimura_1993-98" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Kimura_1993_98-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKimura1993" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kimura, Doreen (1993). <i>Neuromotor mechanisms in human communication</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505492-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505492-7"><bdi>978-0-19-505492-7</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26396505" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">26396505</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neuromotor+mechanisms+in+human+communication&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26396505&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505492-7&rft.aulast=Kimura&rft.aufirst=Doreen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-99" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-99" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFNewman,_A._J.2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Newman, A. J.; et al. (2002). "A Critical Period for Right Hemisphere Recruitment in American Sign Language Processing". <i>Nature Neuroscience</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 76–80. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnn775" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1038/nn775</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11753419" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">11753419</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2745545" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2745545</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=A+Critical+Period+for+Right+Hemisphere+Recruitment+in+American+Sign+Language+Processing&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=76-80&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2745545%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11753419&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnn775&rft.au=Newman%2C+A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Arbib_Liebal_Pika_2008-100" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Arbib_Liebal_Pika_2008_100-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Arbib_Liebal_Pika_2008_100-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFArbib_MALiebalPika2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Arbib MA; Liebal, K; Pika, S (December 2008). "Primate vocalization, gesture, and the evolution of human language". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>49</b> (6): 1053–63, discussion 1063–76. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F593015" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1086/593015</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19391445" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">19391445</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18832100" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">18832100</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Primate+vocalization%2C+gesture%2C+and+the+evolution+of+human+language&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1053-63%2C+discussion+1063-76&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18832100%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19391445&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F593015&rft.au=Arbib+MA&rft.au=Liebal%2C+K&rft.au=Pika%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-101" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-101" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCaponeMcGregor2004" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Capone, Nina C.; McGregor, Karla K. (2004). "Gesture Development". <i>Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 173–86. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1044%2F1092-4388%282004%2F015%29" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1044/1092-4388(2004/015)</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15072537" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">15072537</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7244799" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">7244799</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Speech%2C+Language%2C+and+Hearing+Research&rft.atitle=Gesture+Development&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=173-86&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7244799%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15072537&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1044%2F1092-4388%282004%2F015%29&rft.aulast=Capone&rft.aufirst=Nina+C.&rft.au=McGregor%2C+Karla+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-102" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-102" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFOzçalişkan_SGoldin-Meadow_S2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ozçalişkan S; Goldin-Meadow S (July 2005). "Gesture is at the cutting edge of early language development". <i>Cognition</i>. <b>96</b> (3): B101–13. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2005.01.001" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.cognition.2005.01.001</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15996556" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">15996556</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206863317" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">206863317</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognition&rft.atitle=Gesture+is+at+the+cutting+edge+of+early+language+development&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=B101-13&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206863317%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15996556&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2005.01.001&rft.au=Oz%C3%A7ali%C5%9Fkan+S&rft.au=Goldin-Meadow+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Rizzolatti_2008-103" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Rizzolatti_2008_103-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Rizzolatti_2008_103-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rizzolatti, G. (2008). Giacomo Rizzolatti on the Evolution of Language. Retrieved from <a class="external free" href="http://gocognitive.net/interviews/evolution-language-gestures" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-all;">http://gocognitive.net/interviews/evolution-language-gestures</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2015)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Reflections_on_the_gesture-first-104" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Reflections_on_the_gesture-first_104-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Reflections_on_the_gesture-first_104-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKendon2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kendon, Adam (February 2017). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5325861" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Reflections on the "gesture-first" hypothesis of language origins"</a>. <i>Psychonomic Bulletin & Review</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 163–170. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3758%2Fs13423-016-1117-3" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.3758/s13423-016-1117-3</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5325861" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">5325861</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27439503" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">27439503</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychonomic+Bulletin+%26+Review&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+%22gesture-first%22+hypothesis+of+language+origins&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=163-170&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5325861%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27439503&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3758%2Fs13423-016-1117-3&rft.aulast=Kendon&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5325861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Corballis_2002-105" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Corballis_2002_105-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCorballis2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Corballis, Michael C. (2002). Alison Wray (ed.). <i>The transition to language</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 161–179. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925066-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925066-0"><bdi>978-0-19-925066-0</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48532303" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">48532303</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+transition+to+language&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=161-179&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48532303&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925066-0&rft.aulast=Corballis&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Knight_2007-106" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Knight_2007_106-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKnight2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Knight, Chris (2006). Angelo Cangelosi; Andrew D M Smith; Kenny Smith (eds.). <a class="external text" href="http://www.chrisknight.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/knight-springer-online-fulltext.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Language co-evolved with the rule of law</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 7. New Jersey: World Scientific. pp. 109–128. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11299-007-0039-1" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s11299-007-0039-1</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789812566560" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9789812566560"><bdi>9789812566560</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70797781" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">70797781</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143877486" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">143877486</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+co-evolved+with+the+rule+of+law&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=109-128&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70797781&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143877486%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11299-007-0039-1&rft.isbn=9789812566560&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chrisknight.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2008%2F01%2Fknight-springer-online-fulltext.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Knight_2000-107" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Knight_2000_107-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKnight2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Knight, Chris (2000). Chris Knight; Michael Studdert-Kennedy; James R Hurford (eds.). <i>Play as precursor of phonology and syntax</i>. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–1119. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78157-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78157-2"><bdi>978-0-521-78157-2</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/807262339" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">807262339</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Play+as+precursor+of+phonology+and+syntax&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pages=99-1119&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F807262339&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78157-2&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-108" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-108" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKolb,_BryanIan_Q._Whishaw2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kolb, Bryan & Ian Q. Whishaw (2003). <i>Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology</i> (5th ed.). Worth Publishers. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-5300-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-5300-1"><bdi>978-0-7167-5300-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Human+Neuropsychology&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Worth+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-5300-1&rft.au=Kolb%2C+Bryan&rft.au=Ian+Q.+Whishaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-109" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-109" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandler, Wendy; & Lillo-Martin, Diane. (2006). Sign Language and Linguistic Universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-110" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-110" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMeena2021" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Meena, Ram Lakhan (2021). <i>Current Trends of Applied Linguistics</i>. K.K. Publications. p. 48.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Current+Trends+of+Applied+Linguistics&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=K.K.+Publications&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Meena&rft.aufirst=Ram+Lakhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-111" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-111" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHewesAndrewCariniChoe1973" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hewes, Gordon W.; Andrew, R. J.; Carini, Louis; Choe, Hackeny; Gardner, R. Allen; Kortlandt, A.; Krantz, Grover S.; McBride, Glen; Nottebohm, Fernando; Pfeiffer, John; Rumbaugh, Duane G.; Steklis, Horst D.; Raliegh, Michael J.; Stopa, Roman; Suzuki, Akira; Washburn, S. L.; Wescott, Roger W. (1973). "Primate Communication and the Gestural Origin of Language [and Comments and Reply]". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>14</b> (1/2): 5–24. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F201401" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1086/201401</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2741093" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2741093</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146288708" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">146288708</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Primate+Communication+and+the+Gestural+Origin+of+Language+%5Band+Comments+and+Reply%5D&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=5-24&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146288708%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2741093%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F201401&rft.aulast=Hewes&rft.aufirst=Gordon+W.&rft.au=Andrew%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=Carini%2C+Louis&rft.au=Choe%2C+Hackeny&rft.au=Gardner%2C+R.+Allen&rft.au=Kortlandt%2C+A.&rft.au=Krantz%2C+Grover+S.&rft.au=McBride%2C+Glen&rft.au=Nottebohm%2C+Fernando&rft.au=Pfeiffer%2C+John&rft.au=Rumbaugh%2C+Duane+G.&rft.au=Steklis%2C+Horst+D.&rft.au=Raliegh%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Stopa%2C+Roman&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+Akira&rft.au=Washburn%2C+S.+L.&rft.au=Wescott%2C+Roger+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-112" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-112" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMcNeillBertenthalColeGallagher2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">McNeill, David; Bertenthal, Bennett; Cole, Jonathan; Gallagher, Shaun (April 2005). "Gesture-first, but no gestures?". <i>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 138–139. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0140525X05360031" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1017/S0140525X05360031</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51753637" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">51753637</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+and+Brain+Sciences&rft.atitle=Gesture-first%2C+but+no+gestures%3F&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=138-139&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0140525X05360031&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51753637%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Bertenthal%2C+Bennett&rft.au=Cole%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Gallagher%2C+Shaun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Larsson,_M._2015-113" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Larsson,_M._2015_113-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Larsson,_M._2015_113-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFLarsson2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Larsson, M (2015). "Tool-use-associated sound in the evolution of language". <i>Animal Cognition</i>. <b>18</b> (5): 993–1005. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10071-015-0885-x" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s10071-015-0885-x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26118672" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">26118672</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18714154" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">18714154</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Cognition&rft.atitle=Tool-use-associated+sound+in+the+evolution+of+language&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=993-1005&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18714154%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26118672&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10071-015-0885-x&rft.aulast=Larsson&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-114" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-114" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFLarsson2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Larsson, M (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3889703" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Self-generated sounds of locomotion and ventilation and the evolution of human rhythmic abilities"</a>. <i>Animal Cognition</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 1–14. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10071-013-0678-z" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s10071-013-0678-z</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3889703" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">3889703</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23990063" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">23990063</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Cognition&rft.atitle=Self-generated+sounds+of+locomotion+and+ventilation+and+the+evolution+of+human+rhythmic+abilities&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3889703%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23990063&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10071-013-0678-z&rft.aulast=Larsson&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3889703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-115" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-115" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Skoyles_(scientist)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Skoyles (scientist)">Skoyles, John R.</a>, <i>Gesture, Language Origins, and Right Handedness</i>, Psycholoqy: 11,#24, 2000</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Petrides_2005-116" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Petrides_2005_116-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Petrides_2005_116-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPetridesCadoretMackey2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Petrides, M.; Cadoret, G.; Mackey, S. (June 2005). "Orofacial somatomotor responses in the macaque monkey homologue of Broca's area". <i>Nature</i>. <b>435</b> (7046): 1235–8. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.435.1235P" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2005Natur.435.1235P</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03628" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1038/nature03628</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15988526" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">15988526</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4397762" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">4397762</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Orofacial+somatomotor+responses+in+the+macaque+monkey+homologue+of+Broca%27s+area&rft.volume=435&rft.issue=7046&rft.pages=1235-8&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature03628&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4397762%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15988526&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.435.1235P&rft.aulast=Petrides&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Cadoret%2C+G.&rft.au=Mackey%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Porter_1980-117" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Porter_1980_117-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPorterLubker1980" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Porter, RJ.; Lubker, JF. (September 1980). "Rapid reproduction of vowel-vowel sequences: evidence for a fast and direct acoustic-motoric linkage in speech". <i>Journal of Speech and Hearing Research</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 593–602. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1044%2Fjshr.2303.593" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1044/jshr.2303.593</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7421161" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">7421161</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Speech+and+Hearing+Research&rft.atitle=Rapid+reproduction+of+vowel-vowel+sequences%3A+evidence+for+a+fast+and+direct+acoustic-motoric+linkage+in+speech&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=593-602&rft.date=1980-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1044%2Fjshr.2303.593&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7421161&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=RJ.&rft.au=Lubker%2C+JF.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-McCarthy_1984-118" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-McCarthy_1984_118-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMcCarthyWarrington1984" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">McCarthy, R.; Warrington, EK. (June 1984). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2F107.2.463" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"A two-route model of speech production. Evidence from aphasia"</a>. <i>Brain</i>. <b>107</b> (2): 463–85. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2F107.2.463" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1093/brain/107.2.463</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6722512" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">6722512</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain&rft.atitle=A+two-route+model+of+speech+production.+Evidence+from+aphasia.&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=463-85&rft.date=1984-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbrain%2F107.2.463&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6722512&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Warrington%2C+EK.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fbrain%252F107.2.463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-McCarthy_2001-119" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-McCarthy_2001_119-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMcCarthyWarrington2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">McCarthy, RA.; Warrington, EK. (2001). "Repeating without semantics: surface dysphasia?". <i>Neurocase</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 77–87. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fneucas%2F7.1.77" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1093/neucas/7.1.77</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11239078" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">11239078</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12988855" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">12988855</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurocase&rft.atitle=Repeating+without+semantics%3A+surface+dysphasia%3F&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-87&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12988855%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11239078&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fneucas%2F7.1.77&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=RA.&rft.au=Warrington%2C+EK.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-120" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-120" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMarslen-Wilson1973" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Marslen-Wilson, W. (1973). "Linguistic structure and speech shadowing at very short latencies". <i>Nature</i>. <b>244</b> (5417): 522–523. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973Natur.244..522M" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1973Natur.244..522M</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F244522a0" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1038/244522a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4621131" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">4621131</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4220775" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">4220775</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Linguistic+structure+and+speech+shadowing+at+very+short+latencies&rft.volume=244&rft.issue=5417&rft.pages=522-523&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F244522a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4220775%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4621131&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973Natur.244..522M&rft.aulast=Marslen-Wilson&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Fay_1977-121" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Fay_1977_121-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFFayColeman1977" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fay, WH.; Coleman, RO. (July 1977). "A human sound transducer/reproducer: temporal capabilities of a profoundly echolalic child". <i>Brain and Language</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 396–402. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0093-934x%2877%2990034-7" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/0093-934x(77)90034-7</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/907878" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">907878</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29492873" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">29492873</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+and+Language&rft.atitle=A+human+sound+transducer%2Freproducer%3A+temporal+capabilities+of+a+profoundly+echolalic+child&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=396-402&rft.date=1977-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29492873%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F907878&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0093-934x%2877%2990034-7&rft.aulast=Fay&rft.aufirst=WH.&rft.au=Coleman%2C+RO.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Schippers-122" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Schippers_122-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSchippersRoebroeckRenkenNanetti2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Schippers, MB; Roebroeck, A; Renken, R; Nanetti, L; Keysers, C (2010). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2889063" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Mapping the Information flow from one brain to another during gestural communication"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>107</b> (20): 9388–93. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PNAS..107.9388S" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2010PNAS..107.9388S</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1001791107" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1073/pnas.1001791107</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2889063" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2889063</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20439736" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">20439736</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+Information+flow+from+one+brain+to+another+during+gestural+communication&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=9388-93&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2889063%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20439736&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1001791107&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PNAS..107.9388S&rft.aulast=Schippers&rft.aufirst=MB&rft.au=Roebroeck%2C+A&rft.au=Renken%2C+R&rft.au=Nanetti%2C+L&rft.au=Keysers%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2889063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Moro_2008-123" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Moro_2008_123-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMoro2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Moro, Andrea (2008). <i>The boundaries of Babel : the brain and the enigma of impossible language</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-13498-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-13498-9"><bdi>978-0-262-13498-9</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/804408004" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">804408004</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+boundaries+of+Babel+%3A+the+brain+and+the+enigma+of+impossible+language&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F804408004&rft.isbn=978-0-262-13498-9&rft.aulast=Moro&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Falk_2004-124" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Falk_2004_124-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Falk_2004_124-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFFalk2004" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Falk, D. (August 2004). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205636/http://www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/~johnson/COGS260/Falk2004.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Prelinguistic evolution in early hominins: whence motherese?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 491–503, discussion 503–83. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0140525x04000111" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1017/s0140525x04000111</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15773427" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">15773427</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39547572" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">39547572</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/~johnson/COGS260/Falk2004.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">4 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+and+Brain+Sciences&rft.atitle=Prelinguistic+evolution+in+early+hominins%3A+whence+motherese%3F&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=491-503%2C+discussion+503-83&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39547572%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15773427&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0140525x04000111&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cogsci.ucsd.edu%2F~johnson%2FCOGS260%2FFalk2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-125" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-125" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKaye1982" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kaye, K. (1982). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mentalsociallife0000kaye_a5t8/page/186" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Mental and Social Life of Babies</i></a>. Univ. Chicago Press. pp. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mentalsociallife0000kaye_a5t8/page/186" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">186</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226428486" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0226428486"><bdi>0226428486</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mental+and+Social+Life+of+Babies&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Univ.+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0226428486&rft.aulast=Kaye&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmentalsociallife0000kaye_a5t8%2Fpage%2F186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-126" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-126" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPoliva2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Poliva, Oren (20 September 2017). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5600004" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"From where to what: a neuroanatomically based evolutionary model of the emergence of speech in humans"</a>. <i>F1000Research</i>. <b>4</b>: 67. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.6175.3" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.12688/f1000research.6175.3</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2046-1402</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5600004" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">5600004</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28928931" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">28928931</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=F1000Research&rft.atitle=From+where+to+what%3A+a+neuroanatomically+based+evolutionary+model+of+the+emergence+of+speech+in+humans&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=67&rft.date=2017-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5600004%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2046-1402&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28928931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12688%2Ff1000research.6175.3&rft.aulast=Poliva&rft.aufirst=Oren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5600004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-127" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-127" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPoliva2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Poliva, Oren (30 June 2016). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4928493" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"From Mimicry to Language: A Neuroanatomically Based Evolutionary Model of the Emergence of Vocal Language"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Neuroscience</i>. <b>10</b>: 307. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnins.2016.00307" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.3389/fnins.2016.00307</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1662-453X" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1662-453X</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4928493" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">4928493</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27445676" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">27445676</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=From+Mimicry+to+Language%3A+A+Neuroanatomically+Based+Evolutionary+Model+of+the+Emergence+of+Vocal+Language&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=307&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4928493%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1662-453X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27445676&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnins.2016.00307&rft.aulast=Poliva&rft.aufirst=Oren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4928493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-128" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-128" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFScott2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Scott, S. K. (1 December 2000). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5630088" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Identification of a pathway for intelligible speech in the left temporal lobe"</a>. <i>Brain</i>. <b>123</b> (12): 2400–2406. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2F123.12.2400" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1093/brain/123.12.2400</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1460-2156" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1460-2156</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5630088" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">5630088</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11099443" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">11099443</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain&rft.atitle=Identification+of+a+pathway+for+intelligible+speech+in+the+left+temporal+lobe&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2400-2406&rft.date=2000-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5630088%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1460-2156&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11099443&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbrain%2F123.12.2400&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=S.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5630088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-129" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-129" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDavisJohnsrude2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Davis, Matthew H.; Johnsrude, Ingrid S. (15 April 2003). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6742313" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Hierarchical Processing in Spoken Language Comprehension"</a>. <i>The Journal of Neuroscience</i>. <b>23</b> (8): 3423–3431. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2Fjneurosci.23-08-03423.2003" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1523/jneurosci.23-08-03423.2003</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0270-6474" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0270-6474</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6742313" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">6742313</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12716950" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">12716950</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Hierarchical+Processing+in+Spoken+Language+Comprehension&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=3423-3431&rft.date=2003-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6742313%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0270-6474&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12716950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1523%2Fjneurosci.23-08-03423.2003&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Matthew+H.&rft.au=Johnsrude%2C+Ingrid+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6742313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-130" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-130" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPetkovKayserSteudelWhittingstall2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Petkov, Christopher I; Kayser, Christoph; Steudel, Thomas; Whittingstall, Kevin; Augath, Mark; Logothetis, Nikos K (10 February 2008). "A voice region in the monkey brain". <i>Nature Neuroscience</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 367–374. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnn2043" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1038/nn2043</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1097-6256" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1097-6256</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18264095" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">18264095</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5505773" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">5505773</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=A+voice+region+in+the+monkey+brain&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=367-374&rft.date=2008-02-10&rft.issn=1097-6256&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5505773%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18264095&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnn2043&rft.aulast=Petkov&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I&rft.au=Kayser%2C+Christoph&rft.au=Steudel%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Whittingstall%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Augath%2C+Mark&rft.au=Logothetis%2C+Nikos+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Buchsbaum_Baldo_et_al_2011-131" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Buchsbaum_Baldo_et_al_2011_131-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBuchsbaumBaldoOkadaBerman2011" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Buchsbaum, Bradley R.; Baldo, Juliana; Okada, Kayoko; Berman, Karen F.; Dronkers, Nina; D'Esposito, Mark; Hickok, Gregory (December 2011). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3090694" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Conduction aphasia, sensory-motor integration, and phonological short-term memory – An aggregate analysis of lesion and fMRI data"</a>. <i>Brain and Language</i>. <b>119</b> (3): 119–128. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bandl.2010.12.001" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.bandl.2010.12.001</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0093-934X" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0093-934X</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3090694" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">3090694</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21256582" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">21256582</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+and+Language&rft.atitle=Conduction+aphasia%2C+sensory-motor+integration%2C+and+phonological+short-term+memory+%E2%80%93+An+aggregate+analysis+of+lesion+and+fMRI+data&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=119-128&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3090694%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0093-934X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21256582&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bandl.2010.12.001&rft.aulast=Buchsbaum&rft.aufirst=Bradley+R.&rft.au=Baldo%2C+Juliana&rft.au=Okada%2C+Kayoko&rft.au=Berman%2C+Karen+F.&rft.au=Dronkers%2C+Nina&rft.au=D%27Esposito%2C+Mark&rft.au=Hickok%2C+Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3090694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-132" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-132" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWarrenWiseWarren2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Warren, Jane E.; Wise, Richard J.S.; Warren, Jason D. (December 2005). "Sounds do-able: auditory–motor transformations and the posterior temporal plane". <i>Trends in Neurosciences</i>. <b>28</b> (12): 636–643. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tins.2005.09.010" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.tins.2005.09.010</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0166-2236" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0166-2236</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16216346" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">16216346</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36678139" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">36678139</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Neurosciences&rft.atitle=Sounds+do-able%3A+auditory%E2%80%93motor+transformations+and+the+posterior+temporal+plane&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=636-643&rft.date=2005-12&rft.issn=0166-2236&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36678139%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16216346&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tins.2005.09.010&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Jane+E.&rft.au=Wise%2C+Richard+J.S.&rft.au=Warren%2C+Jason+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Campbell_2008-133" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Campbell_2008_133-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCampbell2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Campbell, Ruth (12 March 2008). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2606792" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The processing of audio-visual speech: empirical and neural bases"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>363</b> (1493): 1001–1010. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2007.2155" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1098/rstb.2007.2155</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8436" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0962-8436</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2606792" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2606792</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17827105" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">17827105</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+processing+of+audio-visual+speech%3A+empirical+and+neural+bases&rft.volume=363&rft.issue=1493&rft.pages=1001-1010&rft.date=2008-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2606792%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8436&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17827105&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2007.2155&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2606792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-134" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-134" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKayserPetkovLogothetis2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kayser, Christoph; Petkov, Christopher I.; Logothetis, Nikos K. (December 2009). "Multisensory interactions in primate auditory cortex: fMRI and electrophysiology". <i>Hearing Research</i>. <b>258</b> (1–2): 80–88. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.heares.2009.02.011" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.heares.2009.02.011</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0378-5955" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0378-5955</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19269312" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">19269312</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31412246" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">31412246</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hearing+Research&rft.atitle=Multisensory+interactions+in+primate+auditory+cortex%3A+fMRI+and+electrophysiology&rft.volume=258&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=80-88&rft.date=2009-12&rft.issn=0378-5955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31412246%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19269312&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.heares.2009.02.011&rft.aulast=Kayser&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft.au=Petkov%2C+Christopher+I.&rft.au=Logothetis%2C+Nikos+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-135" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-135" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHickokBuchsbaumHumphriesMuftuler2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hickok, Gregory; Buchsbaum, Bradley; Humphries, Colin; Muftuler, Tugan (1 July 2003). "Auditory–Motor Interaction Revealed by fMRI: Speech, Music, and Working Memory in Area Spt". <i>Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience</i>. <b>15</b> (5): 673–682. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F089892903322307393" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1162/089892903322307393</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1530-8898" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1530-8898</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12965041" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">12965041</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cognitive+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Auditory%E2%80%93Motor+Interaction+Revealed+by+fMRI%3A+Speech%2C+Music%2C+and+Working+Memory+in+Area+Spt&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=673-682&rft.date=2003-07-01&rft.issn=1530-8898&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12965041&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F089892903322307393&rft.aulast=Hickok&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Buchsbaum%2C+Bradley&rft.au=Humphries%2C+Colin&rft.au=Muftuler%2C+Tugan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Schwartz_Faseyitan_Kim_Coslett_2012-136" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Schwartz_Faseyitan_Kim_Coslett_2012_136-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSchwartzFaseyitanKimCoslett2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Schwartz, M. F.; Faseyitan, O.; Kim, J.; Coslett, H. B. (20 November 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3525060" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The dorsal stream contribution to phonological retrieval in object naming"</a>. <i>Brain</i>. <b>135</b> (12): 3799–3814. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Faws300" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1093/brain/aws300</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-8950" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0006-8950</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3525060" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">3525060</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23171662" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">23171662</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain&rft.atitle=The+dorsal+stream+contribution+to+phonological+retrieval+in+object+naming&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=3799-3814&rft.date=2012-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3525060%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0006-8950&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23171662&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbrain%2Faws300&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=M.+F.&rft.au=Faseyitan%2C+O.&rft.au=Kim%2C+J.&rft.au=Coslett%2C+H.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3525060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Gow_2012-137" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Gow_2012_137-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFGow2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Gow, David W. (June 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3348354" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The cortical organization of lexical knowledge: A dual lexicon model of spoken language processing"</a>. <i>Brain and Language</i>. <b>121</b> (3): 273–288. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bandl.2012.03.005" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.bandl.2012.03.005</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0093-934X" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0093-934X</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3348354" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">3348354</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22498237" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">22498237</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+and+Language&rft.atitle=The+cortical+organization+of+lexical+knowledge%3A+A+dual+lexicon+model+of+spoken+language+processing&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=273-288&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3348354%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0093-934X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22498237&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bandl.2012.03.005&rft.aulast=Gow&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3348354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-138" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-138" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBuchsbaumD'Esposito2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Buchsbaum, Bradley R.; D'Esposito, Mark (May 2008). "The Search for the Phonological Store: From Loop to Convolution". <i>Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience</i>. <b>20</b> (5): 762–778. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fjocn.2008.20501" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1162/jocn.2008.20501</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0898-929X" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0898-929X</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18201133" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">18201133</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17878480" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">17878480</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cognitive+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=The+Search+for+the+Phonological+Store%3A+From+Loop+to+Convolution&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=762-778&rft.date=2008-05&rft.issn=0898-929X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17878480%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18201133&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fjocn.2008.20501&rft.aulast=Buchsbaum&rft.aufirst=Bradley+R.&rft.au=D%27Esposito%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-139" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-139" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFLachauxJerbiBertrandMinotti2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lachaux, Jean-Philippe; Jerbi, Karim; Bertrand, Olivier; Minotti, Lorella; Hoffmann, Dominique; Schoendorff, Benjamin; Kahane, Philippe (31 October 2007). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2040217" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"A Blueprint for Real-Time Functional Mapping via Human Intracranial Recordings"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>2</b> (10): e1094. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PLoSO...2.1094L" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2007PLoSO...2.1094L</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001094" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1371/journal.pone.0001094</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1932-6203</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2040217" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2040217</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17971857" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">17971857</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+Blueprint+for+Real-Time+Functional+Mapping+via+Human+Intracranial+Recordings&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e1094&rft.date=2007-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2040217%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PLoSO...2.1094L&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17971857&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001094&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Lachaux&rft.aufirst=Jean-Philippe&rft.au=Jerbi%2C+Karim&rft.au=Bertrand%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Minotti%2C+Lorella&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+Dominique&rft.au=Schoendorff%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Kahane%2C+Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2040217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-140" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-140" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFJardriHoufflin-DebargeDelionPruvo2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Jardri, Renaud; Houfflin-Debarge, Véronique; Delion, Pierre; Pruvo, Jean-Pierre; Thomas, Pierre; Pins, Delphine (April 2012). "Assessing fetal response to maternal speech using a noninvasive functional brain imaging technique". <i>International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 159–161. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijdevneu.2011.11.002" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.11.002</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0736-5748" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0736-5748</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22123457" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">22123457</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2603226" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2603226</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Developmental+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Assessing+fetal+response+to+maternal+speech+using+a+noninvasive+functional+brain+imaging+technique&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-161&rft.date=2012-04&rft.issn=0736-5748&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2603226%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22123457&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijdevneu.2011.11.002&rft.aulast=Jardri&rft.aufirst=Renaud&rft.au=Houfflin-Debarge%2C+V%C3%A9ronique&rft.au=Delion%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Pruvo%2C+Jean-Pierre&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Pins%2C+Delphine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-141" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-141" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPetersenBeecherZolothMoody1978" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Petersen, M.; Beecher, M.; Zoloth; Moody, D.; Stebbins, W. (20 October 1978). "Neural lateralization of species-specific vocalizations by Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)". <i>Science</i>. <b>202</b> (4365): 324–327. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978Sci...202..324P" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1978Sci...202..324P</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.99817" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1126/science.99817</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0036-8075</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/99817" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">99817</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Neural+lateralization+of+species-specific+vocalizations+by+Japanese+macaques+%28Macaca+fuscata%29&rft.volume=202&rft.issue=4365&rft.pages=324-327&rft.date=1978-10-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.99817&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F99817&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978Sci...202..324P&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Beecher%2C+M.&rft.au=Zoloth&rft.au=Moody%2C+D.&rft.au=Stebbins%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-142" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-142" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHeffnerHeffner1984" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Heffner, H.; Heffner, R. (5 October 1984). "Temporal lobe lesions and perception of species-specific vocalizations by macaques". <i>Science</i>. <b>226</b> (4670): 75–76. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Sci...226...75H" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1984Sci...226...75H</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.6474192" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1126/science.6474192</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0036-8075</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6474192" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">6474192</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Temporal+lobe+lesions+and+perception+of+species-specific+vocalizations+by+macaques&rft.volume=226&rft.issue=4670&rft.pages=75-76&rft.date=1984-10-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.6474192&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6474192&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984Sci...226...75H&rft.aulast=Heffner&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Heffner%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-143" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-143" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFShuChoJiangZhang2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Shu, W.; Cho, J. Y.; Jiang, Y.; Zhang, M.; Weisz, D.; Elder, G. A.; Schmeidler, J.; De Gasperi, R.; Sosa, M. A. G. (27 June 2005). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1160518" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Altered ultrasonic vocalization in mice with a disruption in the Foxp2 gene"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>102</b> (27): 9643–9648. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PNAS..102.9643S" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2005PNAS..102.9643S</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0503739102" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1073/pnas.0503739102</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0027-8424</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1160518" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1160518</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15983371" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">15983371</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Altered+ultrasonic+vocalization+in+mice+with+a+disruption+in+the+Foxp2+gene&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=9643-9648&rft.date=2005-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1160518%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005PNAS..102.9643S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15983371&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0503739102&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Shu&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Cho%2C+J.+Y.&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Y.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+M.&rft.au=Weisz%2C+D.&rft.au=Elder%2C+G.+A.&rft.au=Schmeidler%2C+J.&rft.au=De+Gasperi%2C+R.&rft.au=Sosa%2C+M.+A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1160518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-144" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-144" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSiaClemHuganir2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Sia, G. M.; Clem, R. L.; Huganir, R. L. (31 October 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3903157" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Human Language-Associated Gene SRPX2 Regulates Synapse Formation and Vocalization in Mice"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>342</b> (6161): 987–991. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...342..987S" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2013Sci...342..987S</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1245079" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1126/science.1245079</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0036-8075</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3903157" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">3903157</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24179158" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">24179158</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Human+Language-Associated+Gene+SRPX2+Regulates+Synapse+Formation+and+Vocalization+in+Mice&rft.volume=342&rft.issue=6161&rft.pages=987-991&rft.date=2013-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3903157%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...342..987S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24179158&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1245079&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft.aulast=Sia&rft.aufirst=G.+M.&rft.au=Clem%2C+R.+L.&rft.au=Huganir%2C+R.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3903157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-145" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-145" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sperber, D. and D. Wilson 1986. <i>Relevance. Communication and cognition</i>. Oxford: Blackwell.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Deutscher_2005-146" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Deutscher_2005_146-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Deutscher_2005_146-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Deutscher_2005_146-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDeutscher2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Deutscher, Guy (2005). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unfoldingoflangu00deut" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The unfolding of language : an evolutionary tour of mankind's greatest invention</i></a>. New York: Metropolitan Books. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7907-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7907-4"><bdi>978-0-8050-7907-4</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57311730" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">57311730</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+unfolding+of+language+%3A+an+evolutionary+tour+of+mankind%27s+greatest+invention&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57311730&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7907-4&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funfoldingoflangu00deut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-147" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-147" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hopper, P. J. 1998. Emergent grammar. In M. Tomasello (ed.), <i>The New Psychology of Language</i>. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 155–175.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Heine_2007-148" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Heine_2007_148-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Heine_2007_148-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Heine_2007_148-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHeineKuteva2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Heine, Bernd; Kuteva, Tania (2007). <i>The genesis of grammar : a reconstructio</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922777-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922777-8"><bdi>978-0-19-922777-8</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/849464326" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">849464326</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+genesis+of+grammar+%3A+a+reconstructio&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F849464326&rft.isbn=978-0-19-922777-8&rft.aulast=Heine&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.au=Kuteva%2C+Tania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Lakoff,_G_1980-149" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Lakoff,_G_1980_149-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Lakoff,_G_1980_149-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson 1980. <i>Metaphors We Live By</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Heine_Kuteva_2012-150" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Heine_Kuteva_2012_150-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Heine_Kuteva_2012_150-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHeineKuteva2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Heine, Bernd; Kuteva, Tania (2012). Maggie Tallerman; Kathleen R. Gibson (eds.). <i>Grammaticalization theory as a tool for reconstructing language evolution</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 512–527. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954111-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954111-9"><bdi>978-0-19-954111-9</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/724665645" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">724665645</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammaticalization+theory+as+a+tool+for+reconstructing+language+evolution&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=512-527&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F724665645&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954111-9&rft.aulast=Heine&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.au=Kuteva%2C+Tania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Cheney_Seyfarth_2005-151" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Cheney_Seyfarth_2005_151-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCheneySeyfarth2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Cheney, Dorothy L.; Seyfarth, Robert M. (2005). <a class="external text" href="http://www.psych.upenn.edu/~seyfarth/Publications/LinguisticReview.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Constraints and preadaptations in the earliest stages of language evolution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Linguistic Review</i>. <b>22</b> (2–4): 135–59. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Ftlir.2005.22.2-4.135" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1515/tlir.2005.22.2-4.135</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18939193" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">18939193</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Linguistic+Review&rft.atitle=Constraints+and+preadaptations+in+the+earliest+stages+of+language+evolution&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2%E2%80%934&rft.pages=135-59&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Ftlir.2005.22.2-4.135&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18939193%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cheney&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+L.&rft.au=Seyfarth%2C+Robert+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psych.upenn.edu%2F~seyfarth%2FPublications%2FLinguisticReview.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Maynard_Smith_2003-152" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Maynard_Smith_2003_152-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMaynard_SmithHarper2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Maynard Smith, John; Harper, David (2003). <i>Animal signals</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852684-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852684-1"><bdi>978-0-19-852684-1</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54460090" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">54460090</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+signals&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54460090&rft.isbn=978-0-19-852684-1&rft.aulast=Maynard+Smith&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Harper%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-153" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-153" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson, R. D. 1979. What metaphors mean. In S. Sacks (ed.), <i>On Metaphor</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 29–45.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-154" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-154" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lakoff, G. and R. Núñez 2000. <i>Where mathematics comes from</i>. New York: Basic Books.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Gallup-155" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Gallup_155-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFGallup,_GG_Jr.1970" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Gallup, GG Jr. (1970). "Chimpanzees: Self recognition". <i>Science</i>. <b>167</b> (3914): 86–87. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970Sci...167...86G" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1970Sci...167...86G</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.167.3914.86" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1126/science.167.3914.86</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4982211" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">4982211</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145295899" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">145295899</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Chimpanzees%3A+Self+recognition&rft.volume=167&rft.issue=3914&rft.pages=86-87&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.167.3914.86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145295899%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4982211&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1970Sci...167...86G&rft.au=Gallup%2C+GG+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Mitchell-156" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Mitchell_156-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMitchell,_R.W.1995" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mitchell, R.W. (1995). "Evidence of dolphin self-recognition and the difficulties of interpretation". <i>Consciousness and Cognition</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 229–234. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fccog.1995.1029" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1006/ccog.1995.1029</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8521261" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">8521261</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45507064" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">45507064</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Consciousness+and+Cognition&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+dolphin+self-recognition+and+the+difficulties+of+interpretation&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-234&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45507064%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8521261&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fccog.1995.1029&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+R.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-157" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-157" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKo2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ko, Kwang Hyun (2016). <a class="external text" href="http://www.drustvo-antropologov.si/AN/PDF/2016_1/Anthropological_Notebooks_XXII_1_Ko.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Origins of human intelligence: The chain of tool-making and brain evolution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Anthropological Notebooks</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 5–22.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Notebooks&rft.atitle=Origins+of+human+intelligence%3A+The+chain+of+tool-making+and+brain+evolution&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-22&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Ko&rft.aufirst=Kwang+Hyun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drustvo-antropologov.si%2FAN%2FPDF%2F2016_1%2FAnthropological_Notebooks_XXII_1_Ko.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Soma-158" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Soma_158-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Soma_158-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSomaHiraiwa-HasegawaOkanoya2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Soma, M.; Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, M.; Okanoya, K. (2009). <a class="external text" href="https://ir.soken.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=3818" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Early ontogenetic effects on song quality in the Bengalese finch (<i>Lonchura striata var. domestica</i>): laying order, sibling competition and song syntax"</a>. <i>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</i>. <b>63</b> (3): 363–370. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00265-008-0670-9" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s00265-008-0670-9</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23137306" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">23137306</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology+and+Sociobiology&rft.atitle=Early+ontogenetic+effects+on+song+quality+in+the+Bengalese+finch+%28Lonchura+striata+var.+domestica%29%3A+laying+order%2C+sibling+competition+and+song+syntax&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=363-370&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00265-008-0670-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23137306%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Soma&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Hiraiwa-Hasegawa%2C+M.&rft.au=Okanoya%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fir.soken.ac.jp%2F%3Faction%3Drepository_uri%26item_id%3D3818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-159" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-159" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFGraham_RitchieSimon_Kirby2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Graham Ritchie; Simon Kirby (2005). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121153322/http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/s0237680/pubs/ritchie_05_selection.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Selection, domestication, and the emergence of learned communication systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Second International Symposium on the Emergence and Evolution of Linguistic Communication</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/s0237680/pubs/ritchie_05_selection.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 January 2012.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Second+International+Symposium+on+the+Emergence+and+Evolution+of+Linguistic+Communication&rft.atitle=Selection%2C+domestication%2C+and+the+emergence+of+learned+communication+systems&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Graham+Ritchie&rft.au=Simon+Kirby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepages.inf.ed.ac.uk%2Fs0237680%2Fpubs%2Fritchie_05_selection.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-160" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-160" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacNeilage, P. 1998. Evolution of the mechanism of language output: comparative neurobiology of vocal and manual communication. In J. R. Hurford, M. Studdert Kennedy and C. Knight (eds), Approaches to the Evolution of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. <span class="clarify-content" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #595959; padding-left: 0.1em; padding-right: 0.1em;">222 41</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Clarify" style="line-height: 1; margin-left: 0.1em; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This passage needs to be better explained. (August 2022)">clarify</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Hauser_2002-161" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Hauser_2002_161-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Hauser_2002_161-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Hauser_2002_161-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Hauser_2002_161-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHauserChomskyFitch2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hauser, M. D.; Chomsky, N.; Fitch, W. T. (November 2002). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131228122250/http://www.chomsky.info/articles/20021122.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"The faculty of language: what is it, who has it, and how did it evolve?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>298</b> (5598): 1569–1579. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.298.5598.1569" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1126/science.298.5598.1569</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12446899" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">12446899</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.chomsky.info/articles/20021122.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 December 2013.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+faculty+of+language%3A+what+is+it%2C+who+has+it%2C+and+how+did+it+evolve%3F&rft.volume=298&rft.issue=5598&rft.pages=1569-1579&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.298.5598.1569&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12446899&rft.aulast=Hauser&rft.aufirst=M.+D.&rft.au=Chomsky%2C+N.&rft.au=Fitch%2C+W.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chomsky.info%2Farticles%2F20021122.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Everett_2005-162" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Everett_2005_162-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFEverett2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Everett, Daniel L. (2005). <a class="external text" href="http://www1.icsi.berkeley.edu/~kay/Everett.CA.Piraha.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Piraha Another Look at the Design Features of Human Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>46</b> (4): 621–646. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F431525" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1086/431525</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F41103" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2066/41103</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2223235" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2223235</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Cultural+Constraints+on+Grammar+and+Cognition+in+Piraha+Another+Look+at+the+Design+Features+of+Human+Language&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=621-646&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2066%2F41103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2223235%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F431525&rft.aulast=Everett&rft.aufirst=Daniel+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.icsi.berkeley.edu%2F~kay%2FEverett.CA.Piraha.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-163" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-163" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFZhordania2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Zhordania, I. M. (2006). <i>Who asked the first question : the origins of human choral singing, intelligence, language and speech</i>. Tbilisi, Georgia: Logos Tbilisi Ivane Javakhishvili State University. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789994031818" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9789994031818"><bdi>9789994031818</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/224993377" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">224993377</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+asked+the+first+question+%3A+the+origins+of+human+choral+singing%2C+intelligence%2C+language+and+speech&rft.place=Tbilisi%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=Logos+Tbilisi+Ivane+Javakhishvili+State+University&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F224993377&rft.isbn=9789994031818&rft.aulast=Zhordania&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-164" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-164" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSavage-RumbaughMurphySevcikBrakke1993" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Savage-Rumbaugh, E. Sue; Murphy, Jeannine; Sevcik, Rose A.; Brakke, Karen E.; Williams, Shelly L.; Rumbaugh, Duane M.; Bates, Elizabeth (1993). "Language Comprehension in Ape and Child". <i>Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development</i>. <b>58</b> (3/4): i–252. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1166068" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.2307/1166068</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1166068" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1166068</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8366872" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">8366872</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monographs+of+the+Society+for+Research+in+Child+Development&rft.atitle=Language+Comprehension+in+Ape+and+Child&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=i-252&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8366872&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1166068%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1166068&rft.aulast=Savage-Rumbaugh&rft.aufirst=E.+Sue&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Jeannine&rft.au=Sevcik%2C+Rose+A.&rft.au=Brakke%2C+Karen+E.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Shelly+L.&rft.au=Rumbaugh%2C+Duane+M.&rft.au=Bates%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-165" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-165" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bolinger, Dwight L. (Editor) 1972. <i>Intonation</i>. Selected Readings. Harmondsworth: Penguin, p. 314.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Cruttenden_1986-166" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Cruttenden_1986_166-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCruttenden1986" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Cruttenden, Alan (1986). <i>Intonation</i>. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 169–174. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26028-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26028-2"><bdi>978-0-521-26028-2</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12103838" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">12103838</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intonation&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BCambridgeshire%5D%3B+New+York&rft.pages=169-174&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12103838&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26028-2&rft.aulast=Cruttenden&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-167" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-167" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFTomaselloCallHare2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Tomasello, Michael; Call, Josep; Hare, Brian (April 2003). "Chimpanzees understand psychological states – the question is which ones and to what extent". <i>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 153–156. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1364-6613%2803%2900035-4" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00035-4</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12691762" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">12691762</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3390980" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">3390980</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Cognitive+Sciences&rft.atitle=Chimpanzees+understand+psychological+states+%E2%80%93+the+question+is+which+ones+and+to+what+extent&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=153-156&rft.date=2003-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3390980%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12691762&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1364-6613%2803%2900035-4&rft.aulast=Tomasello&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Call%2C+Josep&rft.au=Hare%2C+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-168" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-168" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHaleTager-Flusberg2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hale, Courtney Melinda; Tager-Flusberg, Helen (June 2003). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1350918" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The influence of language on theory of mind: a training study"</a>. <i>Developmental Science</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 346–359. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-7687.00289" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1111/1467-7687.00289</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1350918" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1350918</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16467908" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">16467908</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Science&rft.atitle=The+influence+of+language+on+theory+of+mind%3A+a+training+study&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=346-359&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1350918%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16467908&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-7687.00289&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Courtney+Melinda&rft.au=Tager-Flusberg%2C+Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1350918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-169" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-169" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMatsuzawa1985" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Matsuzawa, Tetsuro (1985). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/315057a0" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Use of numbers by a chimpanzee"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>315</b> (6014): 57–59. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Natur.315...57M" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1985Natur.315...57M</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F315057a0" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1038/315057a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3990808" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">3990808</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4361089" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">4361089</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Use+of+numbers+by+a+chimpanzee&rft.volume=315&rft.issue=6014&rft.pages=57-59&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F315057a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4361089%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3990808&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985Natur.315...57M&rft.aulast=Matsuzawa&rft.aufirst=Tetsuro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2F315057a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-170" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-170" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCheungRubensonBarner2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Cheung, Pierina; Rubenson, Miriam; Barner, David (February 2017). <a class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010028516302006" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"To infinity and beyond: Children generalize the successor function to all possible numbers years after learning to count"</a>. <i>Cognitive Psychology</i>. <b>92</b>: 22–36. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cogpsych.2016.11.002" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.cogpsych.2016.11.002</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27889550" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">27889550</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206867905" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">206867905</a> – via Science Direct.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognitive+Psychology&rft.atitle=To+infinity+and+beyond%3A+Children+generalize+the+successor+function+to+all+possible+numbers+years+after+learning+to+count&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=22-36&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206867905%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27889550&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cogpsych.2016.11.002&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=Pierina&rft.au=Rubenson%2C+Miriam&rft.au=Barner%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0010028516302006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Carey_2001-171" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Carey_2001_171-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCarey2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Carey, Susan (2001). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130725071406/http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/%7Elds/pdfs/carey2001c.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Cognitive Foundations of Arithmetic: Evolution and Ontogenisis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mind and Language</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 37–55. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0017.00155" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1111/1468-0017.00155</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~lds/pdfs/carey2001c.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">13 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mind+and+Language&rft.atitle=Cognitive+Foundations+of+Arithmetic%3A+Evolution+and+Ontogenisis&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-55&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-0017.00155&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wjh.harvard.edu%2F~lds%2Fpdfs%2Fcarey2001c.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-172" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-172" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHockett1960" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hockett, Charles F. (1960). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106173517/http://www.gifted.ucalgary.ca/dflynn/files/dflynn/Hockett60.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Origin of Speech"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>203</b> (3): 88–96. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1960SciAm.203c..88H" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1960SciAm.203c..88H</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0960-88" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1038/scientificamerican0960-88</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14402211" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">14402211</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.gifted.ucalgary.ca/dflynn/files/dflynn/Hockett60.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">6 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+Speech&rft.volume=203&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=88-96&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14402211&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0960-88&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1960SciAm.203c..88H&rft.aulast=Hockett&rft.aufirst=Charles+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gifted.ucalgary.ca%2Fdflynn%2Ffiles%2Fdflynn%2FHockett60.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-173" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-173" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSchlenkerChemlaArnoldLemasson2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Schlenker, Philippe; Chemla, Emmanuel; Arnold, Kate; Lemasson, Alban; Ouattara, Karim; Keenan, Sumir; Stephan, Claudia; Ryder, Robin; Zuberbühler, Klaus (December 2014). "Monkey semantics: two 'dialects' of Campbell's monkey alarm calls". <i>Linguistics and Philosophy</i>. <b>37</b> (6): 439–501. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10988-014-9155-7" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s10988-014-9155-7</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3428900" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">3428900</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistics+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Monkey+semantics%3A+two+%27dialects%27+of+Campbell%27s+monkey+alarm+calls&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=439-501&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10988-014-9155-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3428900%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schlenker&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.au=Chemla%2C+Emmanuel&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Kate&rft.au=Lemasson%2C+Alban&rft.au=Ouattara%2C+Karim&rft.au=Keenan%2C+Sumir&rft.au=Stephan%2C+Claudia&rft.au=Ryder%2C+Robin&rft.au=Zuberb%C3%BChler%2C+Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Diamond_1992-174" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Diamond_1992_174-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Diamond_1992_174-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Diamond_1992_174-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDiamond1992" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Diamond, Jared M. (1992). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdchimpanzee00jare_0/page/141" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Bridges to human language"</a>. <i>The third chimpanzee : the evolution and future of the human animal</i>. New York: HarperCollins. pp. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdchimpanzee00jare_0/page/141" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">141–167</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-018307-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-018307-3"><bdi>978-0-06-018307-3</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24246928" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">24246928</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bridges+to+human+language&rft.btitle=The+third+chimpanzee+%3A+the+evolution+and+future+of+the+human+animal&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=141-167&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24246928&rft.isbn=978-0-06-018307-3&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Jared+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdchimpanzee00jare_0%2Fpage%2F141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Savage-Rumbaugh_1994-175" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Savage-Rumbaugh_1994_175-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFSavage-RumbaughLewin1994" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Savage-Rumbaugh, E. Sue; Lewin, Roger. (1994). <i>Kanzi : the ape at the brink of the human mind</i>. New York: Wiley. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-58591-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-58591-6"><bdi>978-0-471-58591-6</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30112573" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">30112573</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kanzi+%3A+the+ape+at+the+brink+of+the+human+mind&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30112573&rft.isbn=978-0-471-58591-6&rft.aulast=Savage-Rumbaugh&rft.aufirst=E.+Sue&rft.au=Lewin%2C+Roger.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Savage-Rumbaugh_1998-176" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Savage-Rumbaugh_1998_176-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFSavage-RumbaughShankerTaylor1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Savage-Rumbaugh, E. Sue; Shanker, Stuart.; Taylor, Talbot J. (1998). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apeslanguagehuma00sava" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Apes, language, and the human mind</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510986-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510986-3"><bdi>978-0-19-510986-3</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38566026" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">38566026</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apes%2C+language%2C+and+the+human+mind&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38566026&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510986-3&rft.aulast=Savage-Rumbaugh&rft.aufirst=E.+Sue&rft.au=Shanker%2C+Stuart.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Talbot+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fapeslanguagehuma00sava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Freeman-177" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Freeman_177-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freeman, Scott; Jon C. Herron., <i>Evolutionary Analysis</i> (4th ed.), Pearson Education, Inc. (2007), <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-227584-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-227584-8">0-13-227584-8</a> pages 789–90</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Seyfarth_Cheney_1980-178" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Seyfarth_Cheney_1980_178-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSeyfarthCheneyMarler1980" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Seyfarth, Robert M.; Cheney, Dorothy L.; Marler, Peter (1980). "Vervet monkey alarm calls: Semantic communication in a free-ranging primate". <i>Animal Behaviour</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 1070–1094. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0003-3472%2880%2980097-2" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80097-2</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53165940" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">53165940</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Behaviour&rft.atitle=Vervet+monkey+alarm+calls%3A+Semantic+communication+in+a+free-ranging+primate&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1070-1094&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0003-3472%2880%2980097-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53165940%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Seyfarth&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft.au=Cheney%2C+Dorothy+L.&rft.au=Marler%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Arnold_Zuberbühler_2006-179" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Arnold_Zuberb%C3%BChler_2006_179-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFArnoldZuberbühler2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Arnold, Kate; Zuberbühler, Klaus (2006). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F441303a" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Language evolution: Semantic combinations in primate calls"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>441</b> (7091): 303. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.441..303A" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2006Natur.441..303A</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F441303a" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1038/441303a</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16710411" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">16710411</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4413635" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">4413635</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Language+evolution%3A+Semantic+combinations+in+primate+calls&rft.volume=441&rft.issue=7091&rft.pages=303&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F441303a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4413635%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16710411&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Natur.441..303A&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.au=Zuberb%C3%BChler%2C+Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F441303a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-180" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-180" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFWade,_Nicholas2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Wade, Nicholas (23 May 2006). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/23/science/23lang.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Nigerian Monkeys Drop Hints on Language Origin"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">9 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nigerian+Monkeys+Drop+Hints+on+Language+Origin&rft.date=2006-05-23&rft.au=Wade%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F05%2F23%2Fscience%2F23lang.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-181" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-181" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation thesis cs1" id="CITEREFGibbons,_Christopher_M.2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Gibbons, Christopher M. (2007). <a class="external text" href="http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1173219994" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The referentiality of chimpanzee vocal signaling: behavioral and acoustic analysis of food barks</i></a> (Thesis). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+referentiality+of+chimpanzee+vocal+signaling%3A+behavioral+and+acoustic+analysis+of+food+barks&rft.inst=Ohio+State+University&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Gibbons%2C+Christopher+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frave.ohiolink.edu%2Fetdc%2Fview%3Facc_num%3Dosu1173219994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Slocombe_Zuberbühler_2005-182" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Slocombe_Zuberb%C3%BChler_2005_182-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSlocombeZuberbühler2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Slocombe, Katie E.; Zuberbühler, Klaus (2005). <a class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/278602/files/Slocombe_K.-Functionally_refererential_20170201172432-HV.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Functionally Referential Communication in a Chimpanzee"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>15</b> (19): 1779–1784. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2005.08.068" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.068</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16213827" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">16213827</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6774592" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">6774592</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Functionally+Referential+Communication+in+a+Chimpanzee&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=1779-1784&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6774592%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16213827&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2005.08.068&rft.aulast=Slocombe&rft.aufirst=Katie+E.&rft.au=Zuberb%C3%BChler%2C+Klaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F278602%2Ffiles%2FSlocombe_K.-Functionally_refererential_20170201172432-HV.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-auto1-183" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-auto1_183-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-auto1_183-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-auto1_183-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFClarkHenneberg2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Clark, Gary; Henneberg, Maciej (2017). "Ardipithecus ramidus and the evolution of language and singing: An early origin for hominin vocal capability". <i>HOMO</i>. <b>68</b> (2): 101–121. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jchb.2017.03.001" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.jchb.2017.03.001</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28363458" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">28363458</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HOMO&rft.atitle=Ardipithecus+ramidus+and+the+evolution+of+language+and+singing%3A+An+early+origin+for+hominin+vocal+capability&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-121&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jchb.2017.03.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28363458&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Henneberg%2C+Maciej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-184" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-184" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFAronoff,_MarkRees-Miller,_Janie.2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Aronoff, Mark; Rees-Miller, Janie. (2001). <i>The handbook of linguistics</i>. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631204970" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0631204970"><bdi>0631204970</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43115110" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">43115110</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+handbook+of+linguistics&rft.place=Malden%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43115110&rft.isbn=0631204970&rft.au=Aronoff%2C+Mark&rft.au=Rees-Miller%2C+Janie.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-185" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-185" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFFitch2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fitch, W.Tecumseh (2000). "The evolution of speech: a comparative review". <i>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</i>. <b>4</b> (7): 258–267. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1364-6613%2800%2901494-7" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01494-7</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10859570" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10859570</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14706592" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">14706592</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Cognitive+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+speech%3A+a+comparative+review&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=258-267&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14706592%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10859570&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1364-6613%2800%2901494-7&rft.aulast=Fitch&rft.aufirst=W.Tecumseh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-186" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-186" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFOhala1987" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ohala, John J. (10 September 1987). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3765%2Fbls.v13i0.1803" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Experimental Phonology"</a>. <i>Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society</i>. <b>13</b>: 207. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3765%2Fbls.v13i0.1803" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.3765/bls.v13i0.1803</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2377-1666" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2377-1666</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Meeting+of+the+Berkeley+Linguistics+Society&rft.atitle=Experimental+Phonology&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=207&rft.date=1987-09-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3765%2Fbls.v13i0.1803&rft.issn=2377-1666&rft.aulast=Ohala&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3765%252Fbls.v13i0.1803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-187" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-187" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"APA Upgrades APA PsycNET Content Delivery Platform". American Psychological Association. 2017. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fe500792018-001" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1037/e500792018-001</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=APA+Upgrades+APA+PsycNET+Content+Delivery+Platform&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fe500792018-001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">|journal=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (May 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Mithen_2006-188" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Mithen_2006_188-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Mithen_2006_188-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMithen2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mithen, Steven J. (2006). <i>The singing neanderthals : the origins of music, language, mind, and body</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02192-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02192-1"><bdi>978-0-674-02192-1</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62090869" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">62090869</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+singing+neanderthals+%3A+the+origins+of+music%2C+language%2C+mind%2C+and+body&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62090869&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02192-1&rft.aulast=Mithen&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-189" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-189" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBarhamEverett2021" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Barham, Lawrence; Everett, Daniel (1 June 2021). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10816-020-09480-9" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Semiotics and the Origin of Language in the Lower Palaeolithic"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 535–579. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10816-020-09480-9" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s10816-020-09480-9</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1573-7764" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1573-7764</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225509049" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">225509049</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Method+and+Theory&rft.atitle=Semiotics+and+the+Origin+of+Language+in+the+Lower+Palaeolithic&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=535-579&rft.date=2021-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225509049%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-7764&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10816-020-09480-9&rft.aulast=Barham&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft.au=Everett%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10816-020-09480-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-190" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-190" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFVicariAdenzato2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Vicari, Giuseppe; Adenzato, Mauro (May 2014). <a class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1053810014000555" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Is recursion language-specific? Evidence of recursive mechanisms in the structure of intentional action"</a>. <i>Consciousness and Cognition</i>. <b>26</b>: 169–188. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.concog.2014.03.010" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.concog.2014.03.010</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2318%2F154505" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2318/154505</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24762973" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">24762973</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206955548" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">206955548</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Consciousness+and+Cognition&rft.atitle=Is+recursion+language-specific%3F+Evidence+of+recursive+mechanisms+in+the+structure+of+intentional+action&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=169-188&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2318%2F154505&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206955548%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24762973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.concog.2014.03.010&rft.aulast=Vicari&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft.au=Adenzato%2C+Mauro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1053810014000555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-191" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-191" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCorballis2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Corballis, Michael (2007). <a class="external text" href="https://www.americanscientist.org/article/the-uniqueness-of-human-recursive-thinking" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Uniqueness of Human Recursive Thinking"</a>. <i>American Scientist</i>. <b>95</b> (3): 240. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1511%2F2007.65.240" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1511/2007.65.240</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0996" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0003-0996</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Scientist&rft.atitle=The+Uniqueness+of+Human+Recursive+Thinking&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=240&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1511%2F2007.65.240&rft.issn=0003-0996&rft.aulast=Corballis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanscientist.org%2Farticle%2Fthe-uniqueness-of-human-recursive-thinking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-192" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-192" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFEverett2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Everett, Daniel L. (August 2005). <a class="external text" href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/431525" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Pirahã: Another Look at the Design Features of Human Language"</a>. <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>46</b> (4): 621–646. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F431525" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1086/431525</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F41103" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2066/41103</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3204" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0011-3204</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2223235" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2223235</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Cultural+Constraints+on+Grammar+and+Cognition+in+Pirah%C3%A3%3A+Another+Look+at+the+Design+Features+of+Human+Language&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=621-646&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2066%2F41103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2223235%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0011-3204&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F431525&rft.aulast=Everett&rft.aufirst=Daniel+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F431525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Arensburg-1990-193" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Arensburg-1990_193-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFArensburgSchepartzTillierVandermeersch1990" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Arensburg, B.; Schepartz, L.A.; Tillier, A.M.; Vandermeersch, B.; Rak, Y. (October 1990). "A reappraisal of the anatomical basis for speech in Middle Palaeolithic hominids". <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>. <b>83</b> (2): 137–46. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.1330830202" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1002/ajpa.1330830202</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2248373" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2248373</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=A+reappraisal+of+the+anatomical+basis+for+speech+in+Middle+Palaeolithic+hominids&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-46&rft.date=1990-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.1330830202&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2248373&rft.aulast=Arensburg&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Schepartz%2C+L.A.&rft.au=Tillier%2C+A.M.&rft.au=Vandermeersch%2C+B.&rft.au=Rak%2C+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-D'Anastasio_2013-194" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-D'Anastasio_2013_194-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFD'AnastasioWroeTunizMancini2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">D'Anastasio, R.; Wroe, S.; Tuniz, C.; Mancini, L.; Cesana, D.T.; Dreossi, D.; Ravichandiran, M.; Attard, M.; et al. (2013). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3867335" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Micro-biomechanics of the kebara 2 hyoid and its implications for speech in neanderthals"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (12): e82261. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...882261D" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2013PLoSO...882261D</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0082261" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1371/journal.pone.0082261</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3867335" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">3867335</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24367509" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">24367509</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Micro-biomechanics+of+the+kebara+2+hyoid+and+its+implications+for+speech+in+neanderthals&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e82261&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3867335%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24367509&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0082261&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...882261D&rft.aulast=D%27Anastasio&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Wroe%2C+S.&rft.au=Tuniz%2C+C.&rft.au=Mancini%2C+L.&rft.au=Cesana%2C+D.T.&rft.au=Dreossi%2C+D.&rft.au=Ravichandiran%2C+M.&rft.au=Attard%2C+M.&rft.au=Parr%2C+W.C.&rft.au=Agur%2C+Anne&rft.au=Capasso%2C+Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3867335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Jungers-2003-195" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Jungers-2003_195-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFJungersPokempnerKayCartmill2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Jungers, W.L.; Pokempner, A.A.; Kay, R.F.; Cartmill, M. (August 2003). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612035730/http://www.baa.duke.edu/kay/site/riogallegos/PDFs/j74.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Hypoglossal canal size in living hominoids and the evolution of human speech"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Human Biology</i>. <b>75</b> (4): 473–84. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhub.2003.0057" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1353/hub.2003.0057</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14655872" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">14655872</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30777048" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">30777048</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.baa.duke.edu/kay/site/riogallegos/PDFs/j74.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 June 2007.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Biology&rft.atitle=Hypoglossal+canal+size+in+living+hominoids+and+the+evolution+of+human+speech.&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=473-84&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30777048%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14655872&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhub.2003.0057&rft.aulast=Jungers&rft.aufirst=W.L.&rft.au=Pokempner%2C+A.A.&rft.au=Kay%2C+R.F.&rft.au=Cartmill%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baa.duke.edu%2Fkay%2Fsite%2Friogallegos%2FPDFs%2Fj74.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-DeGusta_1999-196" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-DeGusta_1999_196-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDeGustaGilbertTurner1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, W.H.; Turner, S.P. (February 1999). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC15600" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Hypoglossal canal size and hominid speech"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>96</b> (4): 1800–4. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PNAS...96.1800D" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1999PNAS...96.1800D</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.4.1800" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1073/pnas.96.4.1800</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC15600" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">15600</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9990105" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">9990105</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Hypoglossal+canal+size+and+hominid+speech&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1800-4&rft.date=1999-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC15600%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9990105&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.96.4.1800&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999PNAS...96.1800D&rft.aulast=DeGusta&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+W.H.&rft.au=Turner%2C+S.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC15600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Johansson_2006-197" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Johansson_2006_197-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFJohansson2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Johansson, Sverker (April 2006). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061015133922/http://www.tech.plymouth.ac.uk/socce/evolang6/johansson_constraining.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Constraining the Time when Language Evolved"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Evolution of Language</i>. pp. 152–159. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F9789812774262_0020" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1142/9789812774262_0020</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789812566560" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9789812566560"><bdi>9789812566560</bdi></a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-13687" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 15 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">10 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constraining+the+Time+when+Language+Evolved&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Language&rft.pages=152-159&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F9789812774262_0020&rft.isbn=9789812566560&rft.aulast=Johansson&rft.aufirst=Sverker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.kb.se%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Durn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Adu-13687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Houghton_1993-198" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Houghton_1993_198-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHoughton1993" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Houghton, P. (February 1993). "Neandertal supralaryngeal vocal tract". <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>. <b>90</b> (2): 139–46. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.1330900202" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1002/ajpa.1330900202</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8430750" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">8430750</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Neandertal+supralaryngeal+vocal+tract&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=139-46&rft.date=1993-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.1330900202&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8430750&rft.aulast=Houghton&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Boë_Maeda_1999-199" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Bo%C3%AB_Maeda_1999_199-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBoëMaedaHeim1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Boë, Louis-Jean; Maeda, Shinji; Heim, Jean-Louis (1999). "Neandertal man was not morphologically handicapped for speech". <i>Evolution of Communication</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 49–77. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Feoc.3.1.05boe" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1075/eoc.3.1.05boe</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution+of+Communication&rft.atitle=Neandertal+man+was+not+morphologically+handicapped+for+speech&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-77&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Feoc.3.1.05boe&rft.aulast=Bo%C3%AB&rft.aufirst=Louis-Jean&rft.au=Maeda%2C+Shinji&rft.au=Heim%2C+Jean-Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-200" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-200" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Boer, Bart (2017). "Evolution of speech and evolution of language". <i>Psychonomic Bulletin & Review</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 158–162. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:10.3758/s13423-016-1130-6. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> 1069-9384.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-kleinbio-201" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-kleinbio_201-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKlarreich2004" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Klarreich, E. (2004). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC395972" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Biography of Richard G. Klein"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>101</b> (16): 5705–7. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..101.5705K" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2004PNAS..101.5705K</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0402190101" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1073/pnas.0402190101</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC395972" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">395972</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15079069" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">15079069</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Richard+G.+Klein&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=5705-7&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC395972%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15079069&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0402190101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PNAS..101.5705K&rft.aulast=Klarreich&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC395972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-klein-202" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-klein_202-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFKlein,_Richard_G." style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Klein, Richard G. <a class="external text" href="http://www.accessexcellence.org/BF/bf02/klein/bf02e3.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Three Distinct Human Populations"</a>. <i>Biological and Behavioral Origins of Modern Humans</i>. Access Excellence @ The National Health Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">10 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biological+and+Behavioral+Origins+of+Modern+Humans&rft.atitle=Three+Distinct+Human+Populations&rft.au=Klein%2C+Richard+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessexcellence.org%2FBF%2Fbf02%2Fklein%2Fbf02e3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-203" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-203" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMarwick2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Marwick, Ben (2003). "Pleistocene Exchange Networks as Evidence for the Evolution of Language". <i>Cambridge Archaeological Journal</i>. <b>13</b>: 67–81. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0959774303000040" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1017/S0959774303000040</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F42089" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1885/42089</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15514627" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">15514627</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=Pleistocene+Exchange+Networks+as+Evidence+for+the+Evolution+of+Language&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=67-81&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F42089&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15514627%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0959774303000040&rft.aulast=Marwick&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:0-204" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-:0_204-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-:0_204-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFConde-ValverdeMartínezQuamRosa2021" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Conde-Valverde, Mercedes; Martínez, Ignacio; Quam, Rolf M.; Rosa, Manuel; Velez, Alex D.; Lorenzo, Carlos; Jarabo, Pilar; Bermúdez de Castro, José María; Carbonell, Eudald; Arsuaga, Juan Luis (1 March 2021). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-021-01391-6" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Neanderthals and Homo sapiens had similar auditory and speech capacities"</a>. <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>5</b> (5): 609–615. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatEE...5..609C" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2021NatEE...5..609C</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-021-01391-6" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1038/s41559-021-01391-6</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2397-334X" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2397-334X</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33649543" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">33649543</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232090739" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">232090739</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Neanderthals+and+Homo+sapiens+had+similar+auditory+and+speech+capacities&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=609-615&rft.date=2021-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232090739%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatEE...5..609C&rft.issn=2397-334X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-021-01391-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33649543&rft.aulast=Conde-Valverde&rft.aufirst=Mercedes&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez%2C+Ignacio&rft.au=Quam%2C+Rolf+M.&rft.au=Rosa%2C+Manuel&rft.au=Velez%2C+Alex+D.&rft.au=Lorenzo%2C+Carlos&rft.au=Jarabo%2C+Pilar&rft.au=Berm%C3%BAdez+de+Castro%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Carbonell%2C+Eudald&rft.au=Arsuaga%2C+Juan+Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41559-021-01391-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Fleagle-205" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Fleagle_205-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFFleagleAssefaBrownShea2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fleagle, John G.; Assefa, Zelalem; Brown, Francis H.; Shea, John J. (2008). "Paleoanthropology of the Kibish Formation, southern Ethiopia: Introduction". <i>Journal of Human Evolution</i>. <b>55</b> (3): 360–5. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2008.05.007" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.05.007</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18617219" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">18617219</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Evolution&rft.atitle=Paleoanthropology+of+the+Kibish+Formation%2C+southern+Ethiopia%3A+Introduction&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=360-5&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2008.05.007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18617219&rft.aulast=Fleagle&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft.au=Assefa%2C+Zelalem&rft.au=Brown%2C+Francis+H.&rft.au=Shea%2C+John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-206" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-206" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHenshilwoodd'ErricoYatesJacobs2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Henshilwood, C. S.; d'Errico, F.; Yates, R.; Jacobs, Z.; Tribolo, C.; Duller, G. A. T.; Mercier, N.; Sealy, J. C.; Valladas, H.; Watts, I.; Wintle, A. G. (2002). "Emergence of modern human behavior: Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa". <i>Science</i>. <b>295</b> (5558): 1278–1280. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...295.1278H" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2002Sci...295.1278H</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1067575" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1126/science.1067575</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11786608" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">11786608</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31169551" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">31169551</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Emergence+of+modern+human+behavior%3A+Middle+Stone+Age+engravings+from+South+Africa&rft.volume=295&rft.issue=5558&rft.pages=1278-1280&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1067575&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31169551%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11786608&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Sci...295.1278H&rft.aulast=Henshilwood&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rft.au=d%27Errico%2C+F.&rft.au=Yates%2C+R.&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Z.&rft.au=Tribolo%2C+C.&rft.au=Duller%2C+G.+A.+T.&rft.au=Mercier%2C+N.&rft.au=Sealy%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Valladas%2C+H.&rft.au=Watts%2C+I.&rft.au=Wintle%2C+A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-207" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-207" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFMinkel,_J._R.2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Minkel, J. R. (18 July 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=DA5114C2-E7F2-99DF-30BBDDD4415DED90" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Skulls Add to "Out of Africa" Theory of Human Origins: Pattern of skull variation bolsters the case that humans took over from earlier species"</a>. Scientific American.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">9 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Skulls+Add+to+%22Out+of+Africa%22+Theory+of+Human+Origins%3A+Pattern+of+skull+variation+bolsters+the+case+that+humans+took+over+from+earlier+species&rft.pub=Scientific+American.com&rft.date=2007-07-18&rft.au=Minkel%2C+J.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciam.com%2Farticle.cfm%3FarticleID%3DDA5114C2-E7F2-99DF-30BBDDD4415DED90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-208" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-208" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Stringer, 2011. <i>The Origin of Our Species</i>. London: Penguin.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Fitch._WT_2000-209" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Fitch._WT_2000_209-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFFitch2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fitch, WT. (2000). "The phonetic potential of nonhuman vocal tracts: comparative cineradiographic observations of vocalizing animals". <i>Phonetica</i>. <b>57</b> (2–4): 205–18. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000028474" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1159/000028474</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10992141" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10992141</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202652500" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">202652500</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phonetica&rft.atitle=The+phonetic+potential+of+nonhuman+vocal+tracts%3A+comparative+cineradiographic+observations+of+vocalizing+animals&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2%E2%80%934&rft.pages=205-18&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202652500%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10992141&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000028474&rft.aulast=Fitch&rft.aufirst=WT.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Fitch_2001-210" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Fitch_2001_210-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFFitchReby2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fitch, WT.; Reby, D. (August 2001). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088793" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The descended larynx is not uniquely human"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</i>. <b>268</b> (1477): 1669–75. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2001.1704" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1098/rspb.2001.1704</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088793" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1088793</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11506679" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">11506679</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=The+descended+larynx+is+not+uniquely+human&rft.volume=268&rft.issue=1477&rft.pages=1669-75&rft.date=2001-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1088793%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11506679&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2001.1704&rft.aulast=Fitch&rft.aufirst=WT.&rft.au=Reby%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1088793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Weissengruber_2002-211" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Weissengruber_2002_211-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWeissengruberForstenpointnerPetersKübber-Heiss2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Weissengruber, GE.; Forstenpointner, G.; Peters, G.; Kübber-Heiss, A.; Fitch, WT. (September 2002). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1570911" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion (<i>Panthera leo</i>), jaguar (<i>Panthera onca</i>), tiger (<i>Panthera tigris</i>), cheetah (<i>Acinonyxjubatus</i>) and domestic cat (<i>Felis silvestris</i> f. <i>catus</i>)"</a>. <i>Journal of Anatomy</i>. <b>201</b> (3): 195–209. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1469-7580.2002.00088.x" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00088.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1570911" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1570911</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12363272" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">12363272</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anatomy&rft.atitle=Hyoid+apparatus+and+pharynx+in+the+lion+%28Panthera+leo%29%2C+jaguar+%28Panthera+onca%29%2C+tiger+%28Panthera+tigris%29%2C+cheetah+%28Acinonyxjubatus%29+and+domestic+cat+%28Felis+silvestris+f.+catus%29&rft.volume=201&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=195-209&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1570911%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12363272&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1469-7580.2002.00088.x&rft.aulast=Weissengruber&rft.aufirst=GE.&rft.au=Forstenpointner%2C+G.&rft.au=Peters%2C+G.&rft.au=K%C3%BCbber-Heiss%2C+A.&rft.au=Fitch%2C+WT.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1570911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Lieberman_2007-212" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Lieberman_2007_212-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFLieberman2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lieberman, Philip (2007). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140611203314/http://www.cog.brown.edu/people/lieberman/pdfFiles/Lieberman%20P.%202007.%20The%20evolution%20of%20human%20speech,%20Its%20anatom.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Evolution of Human Speech: Its Anatomical and Neural Bases"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>48</b> (1): 39–66. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F509092" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1086/509092</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28651524" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">28651524</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.cog.brown.edu/people/lieberman/pdfFiles/Lieberman%20P.%202007.%20The%20evolution%20of%20human%20speech,%20Its%20anatom.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">3 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Human+Speech%3A+Its+Anatomical+and+Neural+Bases&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-66&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F509092&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28651524%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lieberman&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cog.brown.edu%2Fpeople%2Flieberman%2FpdfFiles%2FLieberman%2520P.%25202007.%2520The%2520evolution%2520of%2520human%2520speech%2C%2520Its%2520anatom.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Nishimura_2006-213" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Nishimura_2006_213-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFNishimuraMikamiSuzukiMatsuzawa2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Nishimura, T.; Mikami, A.; Suzuki, J.; Matsuzawa, T. (September 2006). "Descent of the hyoid in chimpanzees: evolution of face flattening and speech". <i>Journal of Human Evolution</i>. <b>51</b> (3): 244–54. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2006.03.005" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.03.005</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16730049" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">16730049</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Evolution&rft.atitle=Descent+of+the+hyoid+in+chimpanzees%3A+evolution+of+face+flattening+and+speech&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=244-54&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2006.03.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16730049&rft.aulast=Nishimura&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Mikami%2C+A.&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+J.&rft.au=Matsuzawa%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-214" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-214" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFLiebermanMcCarthyStrait2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lieberman, Philip; McCarthy, Robert C.; Strait, David (2006). "The Recent Origin of Human Speech". <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>. <b>119</b> (5): 3441. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ASAJ..119.3441L" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2006ASAJ..119.3441L</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.4786937" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1121/1.4786937</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=The+Recent+Origin+of+Human+Speech&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=3441&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.4786937&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006ASAJ..119.3441L&rft.aulast=Lieberman&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Robert+C.&rft.au=Strait%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-215" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-215" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Clegg 2001. The Comparative Anatomy and Evolution of the Human Vocal Tract Unpublished thesis, University of London.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Perreault_2012-216" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Perreault_2012_216-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPerreaultMathew2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Perreault, C.; Mathew, S. (2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3338724" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Dating the origin of language using phonemic diversity"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (4): e35289. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...735289P" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2012PLoSO...735289P</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0035289" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1371/journal.pone.0035289</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3338724" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">3338724</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22558135" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">22558135</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Dating+the+origin+of+language+using+phonemic+diversity&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e35289&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3338724%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22558135&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0035289&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...735289P&rft.aulast=Perreault&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Mathew%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3338724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-217" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-217" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John J. Ohala, 2000. <a class="external text" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~ohala/papers/lowered_larynx.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">The irrelevance of the lowered larynx in modern Man for the development of speech.</a> Paris, ENST: <i>The Evolution of Language</i>, pp. 171–172.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-218" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-218" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBarelTzischinsky2018" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Barel, Efrat; Tzischinsky, Orna (June 2018). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7186802" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Age and Sex Differences in Verbal and Visuospatial Abilities"</a>. <i>Advances in Cognitive Psychology</i>. <b>2</b> (14): 51–61. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5709%2Facp-0238-x" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.5709/acp-0238-x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7186802" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">7186802</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32362962" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">32362962</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Cognitive+Psychology&rft.atitle=Age+and+Sex+Differences+in+Verbal+and+Visuospatial+Abilities&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=51-61&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7186802%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32362962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5709%2Facp-0238-x&rft.aulast=Barel&rft.aufirst=Efrat&rft.au=Tzischinsky%2C+Orna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7186802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-219" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-219" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitch, W. T. (2002). Comparative vocal production and the evolution of speech: Reinterpreting the descent of the larynx. In A. Wray (ed.), <i>The Transition to Language</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 21–45.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Atkinson_2011-220" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Atkinson_2011_220-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFAtkinson2011" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Atkinson, Quentin (2011). <a class="external text" href="http://www.stat.uchicago.edu/~pmcc/prelims/2011/Atkinson-346-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Phonemic Diversity Supports a Serial Founder Effect Model of Language Expansion from Africa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science Magazine</i>. <b>332</b> (6027): 346–349. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...332..346A" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2011Sci...332..346A</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1199295" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1126/science.1199295</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21493858" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">21493858</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42021647" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">42021647</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">9 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Magazine&rft.atitle=Phonemic+Diversity+Supports+a+Serial+Founder+Effect+Model+of+Language+Expansion+from+Africa&rft.volume=332&rft.issue=6027&rft.pages=346-349&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1199295&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42021647%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21493858&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Sci...332..346A&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Quentin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.uchicago.edu%2F~pmcc%2Fprelims%2F2011%2FAtkinson-346-9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Cysouw_2012-221" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Cysouw_2012_221-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Cysouw_2012_221-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="Cysouw_2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Cysouw, Michael; Dediu, Dan; Moran, Steven (10 February 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1208841" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Comment on "Phonemic Diversity Supports a Serial Founder Effect Model of Language Expansion from Africa"<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>335</b> (6069): 657. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...335..657C" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2012Sci...335..657C</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1208841" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1126/science.1208841</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0012-1937-4" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">11858/00-001M-0000-0012-1937-4</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22323802" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">22323802</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Comment+on+%22Phonemic+Diversity+Supports+a+Serial+Founder+Effect+Model+of+Language+Expansion+from+Africa%22&rft.volume=335&rft.issue=6069&rft.pages=657&rft.date=2012-02-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-0012-1937-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22323802&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1208841&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Sci...335..657C&rft.aulast=Cysouw&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Dediu%2C+Dan&rft.au=Moran%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1208841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Wang_2012-222" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Wang_2012_222-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Wang_2012_222-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="Wang_2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Wang, Chuan-Chao; Ding, Qi-Liang; Tao, Huan; Li, Hui (10 February 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.1207846" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Comment on "Phonemic Diversity Supports a Serial Founder Effect Model of Language Expansion from Africa"<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>335</b> (6069): 657. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...335..657W" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2012Sci...335..657W</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1207846" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1126/science.1207846</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22323803" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">22323803</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31360222" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">31360222</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">22 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Comment+on+%22Phonemic+Diversity+Supports+a+Serial+Founder+Effect+Model+of+Language+Expansion+from+Africa%22&rft.volume=335&rft.issue=6069&rft.pages=657&rft.date=2012-02-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1207846&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31360222%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22323803&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Sci...335..657W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Chuan-Chao&rft.au=Ding%2C+Qi-Liang&rft.au=Tao%2C+Huan&rft.au=Li%2C+Hui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1207846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Pereltsvaig_2012-223" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Pereltsvaig_2012_223-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-Pereltsvaig_2012_223-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="Pereltsvaig_2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Pereltsvaig, Asya; Van Tuyl, Rory (10 February 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.1209176" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Comment on "Phonemic Diversity Supports a Serial Founder Effect Model of Language Expansion from Africa"<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>335</b> (6069): 657. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...335..657V" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2012Sci...335..657V</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1209176" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1126/science.1209176</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22323804" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">22323804</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">22 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Comment+on+%22Phonemic+Diversity+Supports+a+Serial+Founder+Effect+Model+of+Language+Expansion+from+Africa%22&rft.volume=335&rft.issue=6069&rft.pages=657&rft.date=2012-02-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22323804&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1209176&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Sci...335..657V&rft.aulast=Pereltsvaig&rft.aufirst=Asya&rft.au=Van+Tuyl%2C+Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1209176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-224" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-224" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner, P. and Russell-Coulter, C. (2001) <i>Dictionary of Ancient Deities</i> (Oxford: OUP)</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-225" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-225" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPennock2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Pennock, Robert T. (2000). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aC1OccYnX0sC&q=Tower+of+Babel:+The+Evidence+Against+the+New+Creationism" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Tower of Babel: The Evidence against the New Creationism</i></a>. Bradford Books. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262661652" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780262661652"><bdi>9780262661652</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tower+of+Babel%3A+The+Evidence+against+the+New+Creationism&rft.pub=Bradford+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780262661652&rft.aulast=Pennock&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaC1OccYnX0sC%26q%3DTower%2Bof%2BBabel%3A%2BThe%2BEvidence%2BAgainst%2Bthe%2BNew%2BCreationism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-226" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-226" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFLindsay1728" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lindsay, Robert (1728). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_AKUvAAAAMAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The history of Scotland: from 21 February 1436. to March, 1565. In which are contained accounts of many remarkable passages altogether differing from our other historians; and many facts are related, either concealed by some, or omitted by others</i></a>. Baskett and company. p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_AKUvAAAAMAAJ/page/n125" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">104</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Scotland%3A+from+21+February+1436.+to+March%2C+1565.+In+which+are+contained+accounts+of+many+remarkable+passages+altogether+differing+from+our+other+historians%3B+and+many+facts+are+related%2C+either+concealed+by+some%2C+or+omitted+by+others&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Baskett+and+company&rft.date=1728&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_AKUvAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-227" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language#cite_ref-227" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMeena2021" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Meena, Ram Lakhan (3 August 2021). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1Y7EAAAQBAJ&q=Dedicated+research+institutes+of+evolutionary+linguistics+are+a+recent+phenomenon,+emerging+only+in+the+1990s" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Current Trends of Applied Linguistics</i></a>. K.K. Publications<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">9 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Current+Trends+of+Applied+Linguistics&rft.pub=K.K.+Publications&rft.date=2021-08-03&rft.aulast=Meena&rft.aufirst=Ram+Lakhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy1Y7EAAAQBAJ%26q%3DDedicated%2Bresearch%2Binstitutes%2Bof%2Bevolutionary%2Blinguistics%2Bare%2Ba%2Brecent%2Bphenomenon%2C%2Bemerging%2Bonly%2Bin%2Bthe%2B1990s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></span></li></ol></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">Further reading</span></span></h2><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFAllott1989" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Allott, Robin. (1989). <i>The Motor Theory of Language Origin</i>. Sussex, England: Book Guild. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86332-359-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86332-359-1"><bdi>978-0-86332-359-1</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21874255" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">21874255</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Motor+Theory+of+Language+Origin&rft.place=Sussex%2C+England&rft.pub=Book+Guild&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21874255&rft.isbn=978-0-86332-359-1&rft.aulast=Allott&rft.aufirst=Robin.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFArmstrongStokoeWilcox1995" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Armstrong, David F.; Stokoe, William C.; Wilcox, Sherman E. (1995). <i>Gesture and the Nature of Language</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52-146772-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52-146772-8"><bdi>978-0-52-146772-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gesture+and+the+Nature+of+Language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-52-146772-8&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft.au=Stokoe%2C+William+C.&rft.au=Wilcox%2C+Sherman+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBotha,_Rudolf_PEveraert,_Martin2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Botha, Rudolf P; Everaert, Martin, eds. (2013). <i>The Evolutionary Emergence of Language: Evidence and Inference</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965484-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965484-0"><bdi>978-0-19-965484-0</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/828055639" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">828055639</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolutionary+Emergence+of+Language%3A+Evidence+and+Inference&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F828055639&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965484-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBothaKnight2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Botha, Rudolf P.; Knight, Chris (2009). <i>The Prehistory of Language</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954587-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954587-2"><bdi>978-0-19-954587-2</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/819189595" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">819189595</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+of+Language&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F819189595&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954587-2&rft.aulast=Botha&rft.aufirst=Rudolf+P.&rft.au=Knight%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBurling2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Burling, Robbins (2005). <i>The Talking Ape: How Language Evolved</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927940-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927940-1"><bdi>978-0-19-927940-1</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/750809912" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">750809912</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Talking+Ape%3A+How+Language+Evolved&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750809912&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927940-1&rft.aulast=Burling&rft.aufirst=Robbins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCangelosiGrecoHarnad,_Stevan2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Cangelosi, Angelo; Greco, Alberto; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevan_Harnad" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stevan Harnad">Harnad, Stevan</a> (2002). Angelo Cangelosi; Domenico Parisi (eds.). <i>Symbol Grounding and the Symbolic Theft Hypothesis</i>. London; New York: Springer. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-428-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-428-4"><bdi>978-1-85233-428-4</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47824669" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">47824669</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbol+Grounding+and+the+Symbolic+Theft+Hypothesis&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47824669&rft.isbn=978-1-85233-428-4&rft.aulast=Cangelosi&rft.aufirst=Angelo&rft.au=Greco%2C+Alberto&rft.au=Harnad%2C+Stevan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCorballis2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Corballis, Michael C. (2002). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromhandtomoutho0000corb" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>From Hand to Mouth: The Origins of Language</i></a></span>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08803-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08803-7"><bdi>978-0-691-08803-7</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/469431753" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">469431753</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Hand+to+Mouth%3A+The+Origins+of+Language&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F469431753&rft.isbn=978-0-691-08803-7&rft.aulast=Corballis&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromhandtomoutho0000corb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCrystal1997" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Crystal, David (1997). <i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language</i>. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55967-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55967-6"><bdi>978-0-521-55967-6</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34704876" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">34704876</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Encyclopedia+of+Language&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34704876&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55967-6&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">de Grolier, E. (ed.), 1983. <i>The Origin and Evolution of Language</i>. Paris: Harwood Academic Publishers.</span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dessalles, J-L., 2007. <i>Why We Talk: The Evolutionary Origins of Language</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199563463" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199563463">978-0199563463</a></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDorKnightLewis2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Dor, Dan; Knight, Chris; Lewis, Jerome (2015). <i>The Social Origins of Language</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966533-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966533-4"><bdi>978-0-19-966533-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Origins+of+Language&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966533-4&rft.aulast=Dor&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Knight%2C+Chris&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Jerome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDunbarKnightPower1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Dunbar, R. I. M. (Robin Ian MacDonald); Knight, Chris; Power, Camilla (1999). <i>The Evolution of Culture: An Interdisciplinary View</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1076-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1076-1"><bdi>978-0-7486-1076-1</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/807340111" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">807340111</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Culture%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+View&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F807340111&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1076-1&rft.aulast=Dunbar&rft.aufirst=R.+I.+M.+%28Robin+Ian+MacDonald%29&rft.au=Knight%2C+Chris&rft.au=Power%2C+Camilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFEverett2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Everett" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Daniel Everett">Everett, Daniel L.</a> (2017). <i>How Language Began: The Story of Humanity's Greatest Invention</i>. New York: Liveright. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0871407955" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0871407955"><bdi>978-0871407955</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Language+Began%3A+The+Story+of+Humanity%27s+Greatest+Invention&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Liveright&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0871407955&rft.aulast=Everett&rft.aufirst=Daniel+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFitch2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fitch, W. Tecumseh (2010). <i>The Evolution of Language</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67736-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67736-3"><bdi>978-0-521-67736-3</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/428024376" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">428024376</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F428024376&rft.isbn=978-0-521-67736-3&rft.aulast=Fitch&rft.aufirst=W.+Tecumseh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGivón,_TalmyMalle2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmy_Giv%C3%B3n" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Talmy Givón">Givón, Talmy</a>; Malle, Bertram F (2002). <i>The Evolution of Language out of Pre-Language</i>. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: J. Benjamins Pub. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58811-237-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58811-237-8"><bdi>978-1-58811-237-8</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/223393453" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">223393453</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Language+out+of+Pre-Language&rft.place=Amsterdam%3B+Philadelphia&rft.pub=J.+Benjamins+Pub.&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F223393453&rft.isbn=978-1-58811-237-8&rft.au=Giv%C3%B3n%2C+Talmy&rft.au=Malle%2C+Bertram+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHarnad1976" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevan_Harnad" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stevan Harnad">Harnad, Stevan R.</a> (1976). Steklis, Horst D.; Lancaster, Jane (eds.). <i>Origins and Evolution of Language and Speech</i>. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 280. New York: New York Academy of Sciences. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89072-026-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-89072-026-6"><bdi>0-89072-026-6</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2493424" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2493424</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+and+Evolution+of+Language+and+Speech&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences%2C+v.+280&rft.pub=New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2493424&rft.isbn=0-89072-026-6&rft.aulast=Harnad&rft.aufirst=Stevan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHillert2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Hillert" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dieter Hillert">Hillert, Dieter</a> (2014). <i>The Nature of Language: Evolution, Paradigms and Circuits</i>. New York: Springer Nature. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4939-0609-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4939-0609-3"><bdi>978-1-4939-0609-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Language%3A+Evolution%2C+Paradigms+and+Circuits&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4939-0609-3&rft.aulast=Hillert&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHurford1990" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hurford, James R (1990). I. M. Roca (ed.). <a class="external text" href="http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/~jim/rocapaper.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Nativist and Functional Explanations in Language Acquisition</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Dordrecht, Holland Providence, R.I: Foris Publications. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789067655064" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9789067655064"><bdi>9789067655064</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/832515162" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">832515162</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nativist+and+Functional+Explanations+in+Language+Acquisition&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+Holland+Providence%2C+R.I&rft.pub=Foris+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F832515162&rft.isbn=9789067655064&rft.aulast=Hurford&rft.aufirst=James+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lel.ed.ac.uk%2F~jim%2Frocapaper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHurford2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hurford, James R. (2007). <i>The Origins of Meaning: Language in the Light of Evolution</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920785-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920785-5"><bdi>978-0-19-920785-5</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/263645256" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">263645256</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Meaning%3A+Language+in+the+Light+of+Evolution&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F263645256&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920785-5&rft.aulast=Hurford&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHurfordStuddert-KennedyKnight1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hurford, James R.; Studdert-Kennedy, Michael.; Knight, Chris (1998). <i>Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and Cognitive Bases</i>. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63964-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63964-4"><bdi>978-0-521-63964-4</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37742390" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">37742390</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaches+to+the+Evolution+of+Language%3A+Social+and+Cognitive+Bases&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37742390&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63964-4&rft.aulast=Hurford&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft.au=Studdert-Kennedy%2C+Michael.&rft.au=Knight%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKenneally2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kenneally, Christine. (2007). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstwordsearchf00kenn" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The First Word: The Search for the Origins of Language</i></a>. New York: Viking. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03490-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03490-1"><bdi>978-0-670-03490-1</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/80460757" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">80460757</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Word%3A+The+Search+for+the+Origins+of+Language&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F80460757&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03490-1&rft.aulast=Kenneally&rft.aufirst=Christine.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstwordsearchf00kenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKnight2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Knight, Chris (2016). <a class="external text" href="http://www.chrisknight.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Mysteries-and-puzzles-2016.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Puzzles and Mysteries in the Origin of Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Language and Communication</i>. <b>50</b>: 12–21. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.langcom.2016.09.002" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.langcom.2016.09.002</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+and+Communication&rft.atitle=Puzzles+and+Mysteries+in+the+Origin+of+Language&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=12-21&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.langcom.2016.09.002&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chrisknight.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F09%2FMysteries-and-puzzles-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKnightStuddert-KennedyHurford2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Knight, Chris; Studdert-Kennedy, Michael.; Hurford, James R. (2000). <i>The Evolutionary Emergence of Language: Social Function and the Origins of Linguistic Form</i>. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78157-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78157-2"><bdi>978-0-521-78157-2</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/807262339" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">807262339</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolutionary+Emergence+of+Language%3A+Social+Function+and+the+Origins+of+Linguistic+Form&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F807262339&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78157-2&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Studdert-Kennedy%2C+Michael.&rft.au=Hurford%2C+James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKomarova2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Komarova" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Natalia Komarova">Komarova, Natalia L.</a> (2006). L E Grinin; Victor C De Munck; A V Korotaev; Rossiĭskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ gumanitarnyĭ universitet. (eds.). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9785484010011/page/164" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Language and Mathematics: An evolutionary model of grammatical communication</i></a>. [Moskva]: URSS. pp. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9785484010011/page/164" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">164–179</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-484-01001-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-484-01001-1"><bdi>978-5-484-01001-1</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/182730511" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">182730511</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Mathematics%3A+An+evolutionary+model+of+grammatical+communication&rft.place=%5BMoskva%5D&rft.pages=164-179&rft.pub=URSS&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F182730511&rft.isbn=978-5-484-01001-1&rft.aulast=Komarova&rft.aufirst=Natalia+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9785484010011%2Fpage%2F164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; padding: inherit;">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Lenneberg, E. H. 1967. <i>Biological Foundations of Language</i>. New York: Wiley. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471526261" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780471526261">9780471526261</a></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Leroi-Gourhan, A. 1993. <i>Gesture and Speech</i>. Trans. A. Bostock Berger. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262121736" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780262121736">9780262121736</a></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFLieberman1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lieberman, Philip. (1991). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/uniquelyhumanevo00lieb" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Uniquely Human: The Evolution of Speech, Thought, and Selfless Behavior</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-92182-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-92182-5"><bdi>978-0-674-92182-5</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21764294" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">21764294</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniquely+Human%3A+The+Evolution+of+Speech%2C+Thought%2C+and+Selfless+Behavior&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21764294&rft.isbn=978-0-674-92182-5&rft.aulast=Lieberman&rft.aufirst=Philip.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funiquelyhumanevo00lieb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFLieberman2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lieberman, P. (2007). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140611203314/http://www.cog.brown.edu/people/lieberman/pdfFiles/Lieberman%20P.%202007.%20The%20evolution%20of%20human%20speech,%20Its%20anatom.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Evolution of Human Speech: Its Anatomical and Neural Bases"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>48</b> (1): 39–66. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F509092" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1086/509092</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28651524" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">28651524</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.cog.brown.edu/people/lieberman/pdfFiles/Lieberman%20P.%202007.%20The%20evolution%20of%20human%20speech,%20Its%20anatom.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">3 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Human+Speech%3A+Its+Anatomical+and+Neural+Bases&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-66&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F509092&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28651524%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lieberman&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cog.brown.edu%2Fpeople%2Flieberman%2FpdfFiles%2FLieberman%2520P.%25202007.%2520The%2520evolution%2520of%2520human%2520speech%2C%2520Its%2520anatom.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFLieberman2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lieberman, Philip. (2006). <i>Toward an Evolutionary Biology of Language</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02184-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02184-6"><bdi>978-0-674-02184-6</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62766735" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">62766735</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+an+Evolutionary+Biology+of+Language&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62766735&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02184-6&rft.aulast=Lieberman&rft.aufirst=Philip.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Logan, Robert K. 2007. <i>The Extended Mind: The Emergence of Language, the Human Mind and Culture</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442691803" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9781442691803">9781442691803</a></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">MacNeilage, P. 2008. <i>The Origin of Speech</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199581580" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780199581580">9780199581580</a></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mazlumyan, Victoria 2008. <i>Origins of Language and Thought</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0977391515" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0977391515">0977391515</a>.</span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mithen, Stephen 2006. <i>The Singing Neanderthals: The Origins of Music, Language, Mind and Body</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780753820513" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780753820513">9780753820513</a></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPinker2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Pinker, Steven (2007). <i>The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language</i>. New York: HarperPerennial ModernClassics. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780061336461" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780061336461"><bdi>9780061336461</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/672454779" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">672454779</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+Instinct%3A+How+the+Mind+Creates+Language&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperPerennial+ModernClassics&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F672454779&rft.isbn=9780061336461&rft.aulast=Pinker&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+language"></span></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Tomasello, M. 2008. <i>Origins of Human Communication</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262261203" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780262261203">9780262261203</a></span></li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">External links</span></span></h2><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; display: flow-root; float: right; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><div class="side-box-flex" style="align-items: center; display: flex;"><div class="side-box-image" style="padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="512" data-file-width="512" decoding="async" height="40" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></span></span></div><div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="flex: 1 1 0%; padding: 0.25em 0.9em;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Look up <i><b><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glottogony" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wiktionary:glottogony">glottogony</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</span></div></div></div><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://center-for-nonverbal-studies.org/htdocs/9701.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Origin of Language – Givens, David B.</span></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204431/http://www.accessexcellence.org/BF/bf02/klein/index.php" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Behavioral and Biological Origins of Modern Humans – Klein, Richard G.</span></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201021708/http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test1materials/origin_of_language.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The Origin of Language – Vajda, Edward</span></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170720011703/http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test4materials/childlangacquisition.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">First Language Acquisition – Vajda, Edward</span></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.christenebrowne.com/video-on-demand/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Speaking in Tongues: The History of Language</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221154334/http://www.christenebrowne.com/video-on-demand/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 21 February 2014 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.scienceandrevolution.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Decoding Chomsky: Science and revolutionary politics – Chris Knight</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div><br />R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-78322181839327191062024-02-20T00:40:00.005-05:002024-02-20T00:58:58.410-05:00Human Language: Info Density Grants Speed But Less Breadth<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzdtj59SZrOGib5kd6bFBQaInZ41FqwF6URDfncwbM1zhCPKPZ5hheJsfA1Yr2vUQcj3k_r2d6ozdFl3WbHokRZdZGl634cyP0r-uIgdjnRwwj8GQh7w71T6-Fe-e2VX1L_s7qxoKFc6RD3RggfgwSrYHk6oA7gkJVHZy1kFUMSGVtU9POaMAN7WwZwnhX/s1604/Evolution%20of%20Human%20Language.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1604" data-original-width="1088" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzdtj59SZrOGib5kd6bFBQaInZ41FqwF6URDfncwbM1zhCPKPZ5hheJsfA1Yr2vUQcj3k_r2d6ozdFl3WbHokRZdZGl634cyP0r-uIgdjnRwwj8GQh7w71T6-Fe-e2VX1L_s7qxoKFc6RD3RggfgwSrYHk6oA7gkJVHZy1kFUMSGVtU9POaMAN7WwZwnhX/w434-h640/Evolution%20of%20Human%20Language.png" width="434" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Language-evolution-and-human-history%3A-what-a-a-date-Gray-Atkinson/79a07bc2b62b138165d820892ef958157c340efe/figure/0" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">Table link</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face="-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #6f6f6f; font-size: 1rem;">Article - </span><a data-track-action="publication date" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-01815-w#article-info" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; font-size: 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">Published: <time datetime="2024-02-16" style="box-sizing: inherit;">16 February 2024</time></a></span></div><div class="c-article-header" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 40px;"><header style="box-sizing: inherit;"><h1 class="c-article-title" data-article-title="" data-test="article-title" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 1.875rem; letter-spacing: min(max(-0.0117156rem, 4vw), -0.0390625rem); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 16px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Human languages with greater information density</span></h1><h1 class="c-article-title" data-article-title="" data-test="article-title" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 1.875rem; letter-spacing: min(max(-0.0117156rem, 4vw), -0.0390625rem); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 16px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">have higher communication speed but lower </span></h1><h1 class="c-article-title" data-article-title="" data-test="article-title" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 1.875rem; letter-spacing: min(max(-0.0117156rem, 4vw), -0.0390625rem); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 16px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">conversation breadth</span></h1><h1 class="c-article-title" data-article-title="" data-test="article-title" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 1.875rem; letter-spacing: min(max(-0.0117156rem, 4vw), -0.0390625rem); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 16px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-01815-w" style="font-size: medium;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">article link</span></a></h1><ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short js-no-scroll" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list" data-test="authors-list" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; font-size: 1rem; list-style: none; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><li class="c-article-author-list__item" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; font-size: 1rem; padding-right: 0px;"><a data-author-popup="auth-Pedro-Aceves-Aff1" data-author-search="Aceves, Pedro" data-corresp-id="c1" data-test="author-name" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-01815-w#auth-Pedro-Aceves-Aff1" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">Pedro Aceves<svg aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon" focusable="false" height="16" role="img" width="16"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"></use></svg></a> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; font-size: 1rem; padding-right: 0px;"><a data-author-popup="auth-James_A_-Evans-Aff2-Aff3" data-author-search="Evans, James A." data-test="author-name" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-01815-w#auth-James_A_-Evans-Aff2-Aff3" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">James A. Evans</a> </li></span></div></ul><p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 1rem; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: center; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a data-test="journal-link" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/nathumbehav" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><i data-test="journal-title" style="box-sizing: inherit;">Nature Human Behaviour</i></a> (<span data-test="article-publication-year" style="box-sizing: inherit;">2024</span>)<a class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-01815-w#citeas" style="background-color: transparent; border-left: 1px solid rgb(111, 111, 111); box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; margin-left: 8px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">Cite this article</a></span></p><p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 1rem; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: center; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700;">118</span><span style="font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700;"> </span><span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #626262; font-size: 1rem; margin: 0px 10px 0px 5px;">Accesses </span><span style="font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700;">34</span><span style="font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700;"> </span><span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #626262; font-size: 1rem; margin: 0px 10px 0px 5px;">Altmetric </span><a data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-01815-w/metrics" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; font-size: 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">Metrics</a></span></p><div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 16px 0px;"><ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.3; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" style="align-items: baseline; border-right: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin-right: 8px;"><p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><a data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-01815-w/metrics" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span class="u-visually-hidden" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-family: arial; height: 1px; margin: -1045.56px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; width: 1px;">details</span></a></p></li></ul></div></header></div><div class="c-article-body" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222;"><section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section" style="box-sizing: inherit; clear: both;"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 1.5rem; letter-spacing: -0.0117156rem; line-height: 1.24; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Abstract</span></h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 40px; padding-top: 8px;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Human languages vary widely in how they encode information within circumscribed semantic domains (for example, time, space, colour, human body parts and activities), but little is known about the global structure of semantic information and nothing about its relation to human communication.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">We first show that across a sample of ~1,000 languages, there is broad variation in how densely languages encode information into words.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Second, we show that this language information density is associated with a denser configuration of semantic information.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Finally, we trace the relationship between language information density and patterns of communication, showing that informationally denser languages tend towards faster communication but conceptually narrower conversations or expositions within which topics are discussed at greater depth.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">These results highlight an important source of variation across the human communicative channel, revealing that the structure of language shapes the nature and texture of human engagement, with consequences for human behaviour across levels of society.</span></p></div></div></section><div class="js-context-bar-sticky-point-mobile" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px;"></div><div class="c-article-access-provider u-mb-32 u-mt-0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px; margin: 24px 0px; padding: 8px 16px;"><p class="c-article-access-provider__text u-sans-serif" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #555555; font-size: 1rem; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 2px; text-align: center; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This is a preview of subscription content, <a data-track-action="institution access preview subscription" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://wayf.springernature.com/?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41562-024-01815-w" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">access via your institution</a></span></p></div><div style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px;"><section data-title="Data availability" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="c-article-section" id="data-availability-section" style="box-sizing: inherit; clear: both;"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="data-availability" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 1.5rem; letter-spacing: -0.0117156rem; line-height: 1.24; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Data availability</span></h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="data-availability-content" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 40px; padding-top: 8px;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The datasets analysed in the current study are available at the following links: for parallel corpora, <a href="https://opus.nlpl.eu/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://opus.nlpl.eu/</a>; for conversations, <a href="https://www.ldc.upenn.edu/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://www.ldc.upenn.edu/</a>; for audio duration, <a href="https://wordproject.org/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://wordproject.org</a> and <a href="https://faithcomesbyhearing.com/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://faithcomesbyhearing.com</a>; for language family and location, <a href="https://glottolog.org/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://glottolog.org/</a>; for Wikipedia articles, <a href="https://pypi.org/project/Wikipedia-API/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://pypi.org/project/Wikipedia-API/</a>; for language fusion and informativity, <a href="https://github.com/OlenaShcherbakova/Sociodemographic_factors_complexity/tree/v2.0/data" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://github.com/OlenaShcherbakova/Sociodemographic_factors_complexity/tree/v2.0/data</a>; and for morphological complexity, <a href="https://github.com/mllewis/langLearnVar" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://github.com/mllewis/langLearnVar</a>. The language information density, semantic density and communicative speed measures can be found at <a href="https://github.com/peteaceves/Language_Density_and_Communication" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://github.com/peteaceves/Language_Density_and_Communication</a>.</span></p></div></div></section><section data-title="Code availability" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="c-article-section" id="code-availability-section" style="box-sizing: inherit; clear: both;"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="code-availability" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 1.5rem; letter-spacing: -0.0117156rem; line-height: 1.24; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Code availability</span></h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="code-availability-content" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 40px; padding-top: 8px;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The code used to create the language information density and semantic density measures was written in Python v.3.7.2 and can be found at <a href="https://github.com/peteaceves/Language_Density_and_Communication" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://github.com/peteaceves/Language_Density_and_Communication</a>. The statistical models were run in Stata v.17, and the code can be found in the <a data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-01815-w#MOESM1" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">Supplementary Information</a>.</span></p></div></div></section><div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section" style="box-sizing: inherit; clear: both;"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 1.5rem; letter-spacing: -0.0117156rem; line-height: 1.24; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">References</span></h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 40px; padding-top: 8px;"><div data-container-section="references" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><ol class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" style="box-sizing: inherit; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="1." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">de Saussure, F. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Course in General Linguistics</i> (Open Court, 1986).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="2." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR2" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Bloomfield, L. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Language</i> (Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1933).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="3." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR3" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sapir, E. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech</i> (Harcourt, Brace, 1921).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="4." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR4" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Levelt, W. J. M. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Speaking: From Intention to Articulation</i> (MIT Press, 1989).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="5." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR5" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Thompson, B., Roberts, S. G. & Lupyan, G. Cultural influences on word meanings revealed through large-scale semantic alignment. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Nat. Hum. Behav.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">4</span>, 1029–1038 (2020).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 5" data-doi="10.1038/s41562-020-0924-8" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1038/s41562-020-0924-8" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41562-020-0924-8" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 5" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32778801" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 5" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Cultural%20influences%20on%20word%20meanings%20revealed%20through%20large-scale%20semantic%20alignment&journal=Nat.%20Hum.%20Behav.&doi=10.1038%2Fs41562-020-0924-8&volume=4&pages=1029-1038&publication_year=2020&author=Thompson%2CB&author=Roberts%2CSG&author=Lupyan%2CG" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="6." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR6" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Youn, H. et al. On the universal structure of human lexical semantics. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">113</span>, 1766–1771 (2016).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 6" data-doi="10.1073/pnas.1520752113" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1073/pnas.1520752113" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1520752113" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="CAS reference 6" data-track-action="cas reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhslWgsLg%3D" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">CAS</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 6" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26831113" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed Central reference 6" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4763760" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed Central</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 6" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=On%20the%20universal%20structure%20of%20human%20lexical%20semantics&journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.1520752113&volume=113&pages=1766-1771&publication_year=2016&author=Youn%2CH" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="7." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR7" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Winawer, J. et al. Russian blues reveal effects of language on color discrimination. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">104</span>, 7780–7785 (2007).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 7" data-doi="10.1073/pnas.0701644104" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1073/pnas.0701644104" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0701644104" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="CAS reference 7" data-track-action="cas reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmtFCitrg%3D" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">CAS</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 7" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17470790" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed Central reference 7" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1876524" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed Central</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 7" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Russian%20blues%20reveal%20effects%20of%20language%20on%20color%20discrimination&journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.0701644104&volume=104&pages=7780-7785&publication_year=2007&author=Winawer%2CJ" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="8." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR8" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Kay, P. & McDaniel, C. K. The linguistic significance of the meanings of basic color terms. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Language</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">54</span>, 610–646 (1978).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 8" data-doi="10.1353/lan.1978.0035" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1353/lan.1978.0035" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.1978.0035" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 8" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20linguistic%20significance%20of%20the%20meanings%20of%20basic%20color%20terms&journal=Language&doi=10.1353%2Flan.1978.0035&volume=54&pages=610-646&publication_year=1978&author=Kay%2CP&author=McDaniel%2CCK" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="9." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR9" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Davidoff, J., Davies, I. & Roberson, D. Colour categories in a stone-age tribe. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Nature</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">398</span>, 203–204 (1999).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 9" data-doi="10.1038/18335" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1038/18335" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F18335" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="CAS reference 9" data-track-action="cas reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXitVart7w%3D" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">CAS</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 9" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10094043" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 9" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Colour%20categories%20in%20a%20stone-age%20tribe&journal=Nature&doi=10.1038%2F18335&volume=398&pages=203-204&publication_year=1999&author=Davidoff%2CJ&author=Davies%2CI&author=Roberson%2CD" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="10." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR10" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Kay, P., Berlin, B., Maffi, L. & Merrifield, W. in <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Color Categories in Language and Thought</i> (eds Hardin, C. L. & Maffi, L.) 21–56 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1997).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="11." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR11" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dolscheid, S., Shayan, S., Majid, A. & Casasanto, D. The thickness of musical pitch: psychophysical evidence for linguistic relativity. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Psychol. Sci.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">24</span>, 613–621 (2013).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 11" data-doi="10.1177/0956797612457374" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1177/0956797612457374" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797612457374" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 11" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=23538914" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 11" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20thickness%20of%20musical%20pitch%3A%20psychophysical%20evidence%20for%20linguistic%20relativity&journal=Psychol.%20Sci.&doi=10.1177%2F0956797612457374&volume=24&pages=613-621&publication_year=2013&author=Dolscheid%2CS&author=Shayan%2CS&author=Majid%2CA&author=Casasanto%2CD" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="12." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR12" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Bock, K., Carreiras, M. & Meseguer, E. Number meaning and number grammar in English and Spanish. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">J. Mem. Lang.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">66</span>, 17–37 (2012).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 12" data-doi="10.1016/j.jml.2011.07.008" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.jml.2011.07.008" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jml.2011.07.008" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 12" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Number%20meaning%20and%20number%20grammar%20in%20English%20and%20Spanish&journal=J.%20Mem.%20Lang.&doi=10.1016%2Fj.jml.2011.07.008&volume=66&pages=17-37&publication_year=2012&author=Bock%2CK&author=Carreiras%2CM&author=Meseguer%2CE" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="13." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR13" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Malt, B. C. et al. Talking about walking: biomechanics and the language of locomotion. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Psychol. Sci.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">19</span>, 232–240 (2008).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 13" data-doi="10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02074.x" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02074.x" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9280.2008.02074.x" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 13" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=18315795" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 13" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Talking%20about%20walking%3A%20biomechanics%20and%20the%20language%20of%20locomotion&journal=Psychol.%20Sci.&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1467-9280.2008.02074.x&volume=19&pages=232-240&publication_year=2008&author=Malt%2CBC" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="14." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR14" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Malt, B. C. et al. Human locomotion in languages: constraints on moving and meaning. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">J. Mem. Lang.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">74</span>, 107–123 (2014).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 14" data-doi="10.1016/j.jml.2013.08.003" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.jml.2013.08.003" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jml.2013.08.003" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 14" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Human%20locomotion%20in%20languages%3A%20constraints%20on%20moving%20and%20meaning&journal=J.%20Mem.%20Lang.&doi=10.1016%2Fj.jml.2013.08.003&volume=74&pages=107-123&publication_year=2014&author=Malt%2CBC" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="15." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR15" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Casasanto, D. & Boroditsky, L. Time in the mind: using space to think about time. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Cognition</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">106</span>, 579–593 (2008).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 15" data-doi="10.1016/j.cognition.2007.03.004" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.cognition.2007.03.004" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2007.03.004" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 15" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17509553" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 15" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Time%20in%20the%20mind%3A%20using%20space%20to%20think%20about%20time&journal=Cognition&doi=10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2007.03.004&volume=106&pages=579-593&publication_year=2008&author=Casasanto%2CD&author=Boroditsky%2CL" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="16." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR16" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Fuhrman, O. et al. How linguistic and cultural forces shape conceptions of time: English and Mandarin time in 3D. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Cogn. Sci.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">35</span>, 1305–1328 (2011).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 16" data-doi="10.1111/j.1551-6709.2011.01193.x" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1111/j.1551-6709.2011.01193.x" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1551-6709.2011.01193.x" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 16" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=21884222" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 16" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=How%20linguistic%20and%20cultural%20forces%20shape%20conceptions%20of%20time%3A%20English%20and%20Mandarin%20time%20in%203D&journal=Cogn.%20Sci.&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1551-6709.2011.01193.x&volume=35&pages=1305-1328&publication_year=2011&author=Fuhrman%2CO" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="17." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR17" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Lai, V. T. & Boroditsky, L. The immediate and chronic influence of spatio-temporal metaphors on the mental representations of time in English, Mandarin, and Mandarin-English speakers. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Front. Psychol.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">4</span>, 142 (2013).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="PubMed reference 17" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=23630505" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed Central reference 17" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3621230" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed Central</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 17" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20immediate%20and%20chronic%20influence%20of%20spatio-temporal%20metaphors%20on%20the%20mental%20representations%20of%20time%20in%20English%2C%20Mandarin%2C%20and%20Mandarin-English%20speakers&journal=Front.%20Psychol.&volume=4&publication_year=2013&author=Lai%2CVT&author=Boroditsky%2CL" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="18." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR18" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Levinson, S. C. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Space in Language and Cognition: Explorations in Cognitive Diversity</i> (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="19." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR19" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Levinson, S., Meira, S. & The Language and Cognition Group. ‘Natural concepts’ in the spatial topological domain—adpositional meanings in crosslinguistic perspective: an exercise in semantic typology. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Language</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">79</span>, 485–516 (2003).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="20." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR20" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Majid, A., Bowerman, M., Kita, S., Haun, D. B. M. & Levinson, S. C. Can language restructure cognition? The case for space. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Trends Cogn. Sci.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">8</span>, 108–114 (2004).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 20" data-doi="10.1016/j.tics.2004.01.003" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.tics.2004.01.003" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tics.2004.01.003" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 20" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15301750" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 20" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Can%20language%20restructure%20cognition%3F%20The%20case%20for%20space&journal=Trends%20Cogn.%20Sci.&doi=10.1016%2Fj.tics.2004.01.003&volume=8&pages=108-114&publication_year=2004&author=Majid%2CA&author=Bowerman%2CM&author=Kita%2CS&author=Haun%2CDBM&author=Levinson%2CSC" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="21." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR21" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feist, M. I. Space between languages. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Cogn. Sci.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">32</span>, 1177–1199 (2008).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 21" data-doi="10.1080/03640210802152335" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1080/03640210802152335" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03640210802152335" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 21" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=21585448" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 21" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Space%20between%20languages&journal=Cogn.%20Sci.&doi=10.1080%2F03640210802152335&volume=32&pages=1177-1199&publication_year=2008&author=Feist%2CMI" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="22." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR22" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Majid, A., Boster, J. S. & Bowerman, M. The cross-linguistic categorization of everyday events: a study of cutting and breaking. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Cognition</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">109</span>, 235–250 (2008).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 22" data-doi="10.1016/j.cognition.2008.08.009" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.cognition.2008.08.009" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2008.08.009" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 22" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=18947824" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 22" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20cross-linguistic%20categorization%20of%20everyday%20events%3A%20a%20study%20of%20cutting%20and%20breaking&journal=Cognition&doi=10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2008.08.009&volume=109&pages=235-250&publication_year=2008&author=Majid%2CA&author=Boster%2CJS&author=Bowerman%2CM" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="23." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR23" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Saji, N. et al. Word learning does not end at fast-mapping: evolution of verb meanings through reorganization of an entire semantic domain. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Cognition</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">118</span>, 45–61 (2011).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 23" data-doi="10.1016/j.cognition.2010.09.007" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.cognition.2010.09.007" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2010.09.007" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 23" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=21074145" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 23" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Word%20learning%20does%20not%20end%20at%20fast-mapping%3A%20evolution%20of%20verb%20meanings%20through%20reorganization%20of%20an%20entire%20semantic%20domain&journal=Cognition&doi=10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2010.09.007&volume=118&pages=45-61&publication_year=2011&author=Saji%2CN" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="24." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR24" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Lewis, M. & Lupyan, G. Gender stereotypes are reflected in the distributional structure of 25 languages. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Nat. Hum. Behav.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">4</span>, 1021–1028 (2020).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 24" data-doi="10.1038/s41562-020-0918-6" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1038/s41562-020-0918-6" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41562-020-0918-6" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 24" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32747806" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 24" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Gender%20stereotypes%20are%20reflected%20in%20the%20distributional%20structure%20of%2025%20languages&journal=Nat.%20Hum.%20Behav.&doi=10.1038%2Fs41562-020-0918-6&volume=4&pages=1021-1028&publication_year=2020&author=Lewis%2CM&author=Lupyan%2CG" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="25." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR25" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Enfield, N. J., Majid, A. & van Staden, M. Cross-linguistic categorisation of the body: introduction. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Lang. Sci.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">28</span>, 137–147 (2006).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 25" data-doi="10.1016/j.langsci.2005.11.001" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.langsci.2005.11.001" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.langsci.2005.11.001" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 25" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Cross-linguistic%20categorisation%20of%20the%20body%3A%20introduction&journal=Lang.%20Sci.&doi=10.1016%2Fj.langsci.2005.11.001&volume=28&pages=137-147&publication_year=2006&author=Enfield%2CNJ&author=Majid%2CA&author=Staden%2CM" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="26." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR26" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Brown, C. H. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Language and Living Things: Uniformities in Folk Classification and Naming</i> (Rutgers Univ. Press, 1984).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="27." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR27" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Berlin, B. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Ethnobiological Classification: Principles of Categorization of Plants and Animals in Traditional Societies</i> (Princeton Univ. Press, 2014).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="28." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR28" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Kemp, C., Xu, Y. & Regier, T. Semantic typology and efficient communication. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Annu. Rev. Linguist.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">4</span>, 109–128 (2018).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 28" data-doi="10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011817-045406" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011817-045406" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-linguistics-011817-045406" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 28" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Semantic%20typology%20and%20efficient%20communication&journal=Annu.%20Rev.%20Linguist.&doi=10.1146%2Fannurev-linguistics-011817-045406&volume=4&pages=109-128&publication_year=2018&author=Kemp%2CC&author=Xu%2CY&author=Regier%2CT" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="29." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR29" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Enfield, N. J. Linguistic relativity from reference to agency. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Annu. Rev. Anthropol.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">44</span>, 207–224 (2015).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 29" data-doi="10.1146/annurev-anthro-102214-014053" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1146/annurev-anthro-102214-014053" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-anthro-102214-014053" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 29" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Linguistic%20relativity%20from%20reference%20to%20agency&journal=Annu.%20Rev.%20Anthropol.&doi=10.1146%2Fannurev-anthro-102214-014053&volume=44&pages=207-224&publication_year=2015&author=Enfield%2CNJ" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="30." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR30" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Hofstadter, D. & Sander, E. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking</i> (Basic Books, 2013).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="31." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR31" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Li, P. & Gleitman, L. Turning the tables: language and spatial reasoning. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Cognition</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">83</span>, 265–294 (2002).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 31" data-doi="10.1016/S0010-0277(02)00009-4" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1016/S0010-0277(02)00009-4" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0010-0277%2802%2900009-4" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="CAS reference 31" data-track-action="cas reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/cas-redirect/1:STN:280:DC%2BD38zgvFSitw%3D%3D" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">CAS</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 31" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11934404" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 31" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Turning%20the%20tables%3A%20language%20and%20spatial%20reasoning&journal=Cognition&doi=10.1016%2FS0010-0277%2802%2900009-4&volume=83&pages=265-294&publication_year=2002&author=Li%2CP&author=Gleitman%2CL" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="32." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR32" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Gleitman, L. & Fisher, C. in <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Cambridge Companion to Chomsky</i> (ed. McGilvray, J. A.) 123–142 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2005).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="33." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR33" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Pinker, S. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Language Instinct</i> (HarperCollins, 1994).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="34." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR34" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Berlin, B. & Kay, P. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution</i> (Univ. California Press, 1969).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="35." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR35" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Evans, N. & Levinson, S. C. The myth of language universals: language diversity and its importance for cognitive science. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Behav. Brain Sci.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">32</span>, 429–448, discussion 448–494 (2009).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="36." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR36" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Davidson, D. On the very idea of a conceptual scheme. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Proc. Addresses Am. Phil. Assoc.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">47</span>, 5–20 (1973).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 36" data-doi="10.2307/3129898" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.2307/3129898" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3129898" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 36" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=On%20the%20very%20idea%20of%20a%20conceptual%20scheme&journal=Proc.%20Addresses%20Am.%20Phil.%20Assoc.&doi=10.2307%2F3129898&volume=47&pages=5-20&publication_year=1973&author=Davidson%2CD" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="37." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR37" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Lupyan, G. & Dale, R. Why are there different languages? The role of adaptation in linguistic diversity. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Trends Cogn. Sci.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">20</span>, 649–660 (2016).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 37" data-doi="10.1016/j.tics.2016.07.005" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.tics.2016.07.005" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tics.2016.07.005" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 37" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27499347" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 37" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Why%20are%20there%20different%20languages%3F%20The%20role%20of%20adaptation%20in%20linguistic%20diversity&journal=Trends%20Cogn.%20Sci.&doi=10.1016%2Fj.tics.2016.07.005&volume=20&pages=649-660&publication_year=2016&author=Lupyan%2CG&author=Dale%2CR" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="38." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR38" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Pellegrino, F., Coupé, C. & Marsico, E. Across-language perspective on speech information rate. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Language</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">87</span>, 539–558 (2011).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 38" data-doi="10.1353/lan.2011.0057" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1353/lan.2011.0057" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.2011.0057" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 38" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Across-language%20perspective%20on%20speech%20information%20rate&journal=Language&doi=10.1353%2Flan.2011.0057&volume=87&pages=539-558&publication_year=2011&author=Pellegrino%2CF&author=Coup%C3%A9%2CC&author=Marsico%2CE" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="39." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR39" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Coupé, C., Oh, Y. M., Dediu, D. & Pellegrino, F. Different languages, similar encoding efficiency: comparable information rates across the human communicative niche. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Sci. Adv.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">5</span>, eaaw2594 (2019).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 39" data-doi="10.1126/sciadv.aaw2594" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1126/sciadv.aaw2594" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aaw2594" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 39" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32047854" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed Central reference 39" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6984970" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed Central</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 39" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Different%20languages%2C%20similar%20encoding%20efficiency%3A%20comparable%20information%20rates%20across%20the%20human%20communicative%20niche&journal=Sci.%20Adv.&doi=10.1126%2Fsciadv.aaw2594&volume=5&publication_year=2019&author=Coup%C3%A9%2CC&author=Oh%2CYM&author=Dediu%2CD&author=Pellegrino%2CF" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="40." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR40" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Lewis, M., Cahill, A., Madnani, N. & Evans, J. Local similarity and global variability characterize the semantic space of human languages. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Proc. Natl Acad. Sci.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">120</span>, e2300986120 (2023).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="41." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR41" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Gibson, E. et al. How efficiency shapes human language. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Trends Cogn. Sci.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">23</span>, 389–407 (2019).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 41" data-doi="10.1016/j.tics.2019.02.003" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.tics.2019.02.003" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tics.2019.02.003" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 41" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=31006626" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 41" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=How%20efficiency%20shapes%20human%20language&journal=Trends%20Cogn.%20Sci.&doi=10.1016%2Fj.tics.2019.02.003&volume=23&pages=389-407&publication_year=2019&author=Gibson%2CE" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="42." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR42" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Bentz, C., Alikaniotis, D., Cysouw, M. & Ferrer-i-Cancho, R. The entropy of words—learnability and expressivity across more than 1000 languages. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Entropy</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">19</span>, 275 (2017).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 42" data-doi="10.3390/e19060275" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.3390/e19060275" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fe19060275" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 42" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20entropy%20of%20words%E2%80%94learnability%20and%20expressivity%20across%20more%20than%201000%20languages&journal=Entropy&doi=10.3390%2Fe19060275&volume=19&publication_year=2017&author=Bentz%2CC&author=Alikaniotis%2CD&author=Cysouw%2CM&author=Ferrer-i-Cancho%2CR" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="43." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR43" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Bellos, D. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Is That a Fish in Your Ear? Translation and the Meaning of Everything</i> (Penguin Books, 2011).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="44." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR44" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Huffman, D. A. A method for the construction of minimum-redundancy codes. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Proc. IRE</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">40</span>, 1098–1101 (1952).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 44" data-doi="10.1109/JRPROC.1952.273898" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1109/JRPROC.1952.273898" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJRPROC.1952.273898" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 44" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20method%20for%20the%20construction%20of%20minimum-redundancy%20codes&journal=Proc.%20IRE&doi=10.1109%2FJRPROC.1952.273898&volume=40&pages=1098-1101&publication_year=1952&author=Huffman%2CDA" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="45." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR45" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Harris, Z. S. Distributional structure. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Word World</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">10</span>, 146–162 (1954).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 45" data-doi="10.1080/00437956.1954.11659520" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1080/00437956.1954.11659520" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1954.11659520" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 45" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Distributional%20structure&journal=Word%20World&doi=10.1080%2F00437956.1954.11659520&volume=10&pages=146-162&publication_year=1954&author=Harris%2CZS" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="46." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR46" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jurafsky, D. & Martin, J. H. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Speech and Language Processing</i> (Stanford Univ., 2018).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="47." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR47" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mikolov, T., Sutskever, I., Chen, K., Corrado, G. S. & Dean, J. Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. In <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems</i> Vol. 26 (MIT Press, 2013).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="48." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR48" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Pennington, J., Socher, R. & Manning, C. Glove: global vectors for word representation. In <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Proc. 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)</i> 1532–1543 (Association for Computational Linguistics, 2014).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="49." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR49" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Kozlowski, A. C., Taddy, M. & Evans, J. A. The geometry of culture: analyzing the meanings of class through word embeddings. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Am. Sociol. Rev.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">84</span>, 905–949 (2019).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 49" data-doi="10.1177/0003122419877135" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1177/0003122419877135" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0003122419877135" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 49" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20geometry%20of%20culture%3A%20analyzing%20the%20meanings%20of%20class%20through%20word%20embeddings&journal=Am.%20Sociol.%20Rev.&doi=10.1177%2F0003122419877135&volume=84&pages=905-949&publication_year=2019&author=Kozlowski%2CAC&author=Taddy%2CM&author=Evans%2CJA" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="50." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR50" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Caliskan, A., Bryson, J. J. & Narayanan, A. Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biases. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Science</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">356</span>, 183–186 (2017).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 50" data-doi="10.1126/science.aal4230" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1126/science.aal4230" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aal4230" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="CAS reference 50" data-track-action="cas reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXlvVems78%3D" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">CAS</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 50" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=28408601" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 50" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Semantics%20derived%20automatically%20from%20language%20corpora%20contain%20human-like%20biases&journal=Science&doi=10.1126%2Fscience.aal4230&volume=356&pages=183-186&publication_year=2017&author=Caliskan%2CA&author=Bryson%2CJJ&author=Narayanan%2CA" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="51." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR51" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Bolukbasi, T., Chang, K.-W., Zou, J. Y., Saligrama, V. & Kalai, A. T. Man is to computer programmer as woman is to homemaker? Debiasing word embeddings. In <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems</i> 4349–4357 (MIT Press, 2016).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="52." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR52" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Hamilton, W. L., Leskovec, J. & Jurafsky, D. Diachronic word embeddings reveal statistical laws of semantic change. Preprint at <a data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.09096v6" data-track="click" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.09096v6" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.09096v6</a> (2016).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="53." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR53" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Arora, S., Li, Y., Liang, Y., Ma, T. & Risteski, A. Linear algebraic structure of word senses, with applications to polysemy. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Trans. Assoc. Comput. Linguist.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">6</span>, 483–495 (2018).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 53" data-doi="10.1162/tacl_a_00034" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1162/tacl_a_00034" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Ftacl_a_00034" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 53" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Linear%20algebraic%20structure%20of%20word%20senses%2C%20with%20applications%20to%20polysemy&journal=Trans.%20Assoc.%20Comput.%20Linguist.&doi=10.1162%2Ftacl_a_00034&volume=6&pages=483-495&publication_year=2018&author=Arora%2CS&author=Li%2CY&author=Liang%2CY&author=Ma%2CT&author=Risteski%2CA" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="54." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR54" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Shannon, C. E. A mathematical theory of communication. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Bell Syst. Tech. J.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">27</span>, 379–423 (1948).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 54" data-doi="10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="MathSciNet reference 54" data-track-action="mathscinet reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=26286" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">MathSciNet</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 54" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20mathematical%20theory%20of%20communication&journal=Bell%20Syst.%20Tech.%20J.&doi=10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x&volume=27&pages=379-423&publication_year=1948&author=Shannon%2CCE" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="55." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR55" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mnih, A. & Hinton, G. Three new graphical models for statistical language modelling. In <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Proc. 24th International Conference on Machine Learning</i> 641–648 (Association for Computing Machinery, 2007).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="56." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR56" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Arora, S., Li, Y., Liang, Y., Ma, T. & Risteski, A. A latent variable model approach to PMI-based word embeddings. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Trans. Assoc. Comput. Linguist.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">4</span>, 385–399 (2016).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 56" data-doi="10.1162/tacl_a_00106" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1162/tacl_a_00106" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Ftacl_a_00106" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 56" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20latent%20variable%20model%20approach%20to%20PMI-based%20word%20embeddings&journal=Trans.%20Assoc.%20Comput.%20Linguist.&doi=10.1162%2Ftacl_a_00106&volume=4&pages=385-399&publication_year=2016&author=Arora%2CS&author=Li%2CY&author=Liang%2CY&author=Ma%2CT&author=Risteski%2CA" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="57." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR57" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Davelaar, E. J. & Raaijmakers, J. G. W. in <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Cognitive Search: Evolution, Algorithms, and the Brain</i> (eds Todd, P. M. et al.) 177–194 (MIT Press, 2012).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="58." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR58" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Romney, A. K., Brewer, D. D. & Batchelder, W. H. Predicting clustering from semantic structure. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Psychol. Sci.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">4</span>, 28–34 (1993).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 58" data-doi="10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00552.x" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00552.x" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9280.1993.tb00552.x" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 58" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Predicting%20clustering%20from%20semantic%20structure&journal=Psychol.%20Sci.&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1467-9280.1993.tb00552.x&volume=4&pages=28-34&publication_year=1993&author=Romney%2CAK&author=Brewer%2CDD&author=Batchelder%2CWH" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="59." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR59" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Howard, M. W., Jing, B., Addis, K. M. & Kahana, M. J. Semantic structure and episodic memory Ch. 7. in <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">LSA: A Road Towards Meaning</i> (eds McNamara, D. & Dennis, S.) (Erlbaum, 2007).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="60." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR60" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Abbott, J. T., Austerweil, J. L. & Griffiths, T. L. Random walks on semantic networks can resemble optimal foraging. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Psychol. Rev.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">122</span>, 558–569 (2015).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 60" data-doi="10.1037/a0038693" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1037/a0038693" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0038693" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 60" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25642588" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 60" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Random%20walks%20on%20semantic%20networks%20can%20resemble%20optimal%20foraging&journal=Psychol.%20Rev.&doi=10.1037%2Fa0038693&volume=122&pages=558-569&publication_year=2015&author=Abbott%2CJT&author=Austerweil%2CJL&author=Griffiths%2CTL" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="61." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR61" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Hills, T. T., Todd, P. M. & Jones, M. N. Foraging in semantic fields: how we search through memory. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Top. Cogn. Sci.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">7</span>, 513–534 (2015).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 61" data-doi="10.1111/tops.12151" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1111/tops.12151" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ftops.12151" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 61" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26097107" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 61" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Foraging%20in%20semantic%20fields%3A%20how%20we%20search%20through%20memory&journal=Top.%20Cogn.%20Sci.&doi=10.1111%2Ftops.12151&volume=7&pages=513-534&publication_year=2015&author=Hills%2CTT&author=Todd%2CPM&author=Jones%2CMN" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="62." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR62" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Charnov, E. L. Optimal foraging, the marginal value theorem. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Theor. Popul. Biol.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">9</span>, 129–136 (1976).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 62" data-doi="10.1016/0040-5809(76)90040-X" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1016/0040-5809(76)90040-X" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-5809%2876%2990040-X" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="CAS reference 62" data-track-action="cas reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/cas-redirect/1:STN:280:DyaE287pvFOkug%3D%3D" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">CAS</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 62" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1273796" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 62" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Optimal%20foraging%2C%20the%20marginal%20value%20theorem&journal=Theor.%20Popul.%20Biol.&doi=10.1016%2F0040-5809%2876%2990040-X&volume=9&pages=129-136&publication_year=1976&author=Charnov%2CEL" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="63." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR63" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Pirolli, P. L. T. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Information Foraging Theory: Adaptive Interaction with Information</i> (Oxford Univ. Press, 2007).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="64." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR64" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Harbison, J. I., Dougherty, M. R., Davelaar, E. J. & Fayyad, B. On the lawfulness of the decision to terminate memory search. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Cognition</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">111</span>, 416–421 (2009).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 64" data-doi="10.1016/j.cognition.2009.03.002" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.cognition.2009.03.002" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2009.03.002" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 64" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=19394922" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 64" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=On%20the%20lawfulness%20of%20the%20decision%20to%20terminate%20memory%20search&journal=Cognition&doi=10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2009.03.002&volume=111&pages=416-421&publication_year=2009&author=Harbison%2CJI&author=Dougherty%2CMR&author=Davelaar%2CEJ&author=Fayyad%2CB" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="65." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR65" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Lewis, M. & Frank, M. C. Linguistic niches emerge from pressures at multiple timescales. In <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Proc. 38th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society</i> 1385–1390 (Cognitive Science Society, 2016).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="66." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR66" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Lupyan, G. & Dale, R. Language structure is partly determined by social structure. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">PLoS ONE</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">5</span>, e8559 (2010).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 66" data-doi="10.1371/journal.pone.0008559" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1371/journal.pone.0008559" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0008559" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 66" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=20098492" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed Central reference 66" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2798932" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed Central</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 66" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Language%20structure%20is%20partly%20determined%20by%20social%20structure&journal=PLoS%20ONE&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0008559&volume=5&publication_year=2010&author=Lupyan%2CG&author=Dale%2CR" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="67." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR67" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Shcherbakova, O. et al. Societies of strangers do not speak less complex languages. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Sci. Adv.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">9</span>, eadf7704 (2023).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 67" data-doi="10.1126/sciadv.adf7704" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1126/sciadv.adf7704" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.adf7704" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 67" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=37585533" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed Central reference 67" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431698" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed Central</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 67" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Societies%20of%20strangers%20do%20not%20speak%20less%20complex%20languages&journal=Sci.%20Adv.&doi=10.1126%2Fsciadv.adf7704&volume=9&publication_year=2023&author=Shcherbakova%2CO" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="68." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR68" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Pellegrino, F., Coupé, C. & Marsico, E. A cross-language perspective on speech information rate. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Language</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">87</span>, 539–558 (2011).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 68" data-doi="10.1353/lan.2011.0057" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1353/lan.2011.0057" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.2011.0057" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 68" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20cross-language%20perspective%20on%20speech%20information%20rate&journal=Language&doi=10.1353%2Flan.2011.0057&volume=87&pages=539-558&publication_year=2011&author=Pellegrino%2CF&author=Coup%C3%A9%2CC&author=Marsico%2CE" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="69." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR69" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Schürmann, T. & Grassberger, P. Entropy estimation of symbol sequences. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Chaos</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">6</span>, 414–427 (1996).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 69" data-doi="10.1063/1.166191" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1063/1.166191" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.166191" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="MathSciNet reference 69" data-track-action="mathscinet reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1413134" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">MathSciNet</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 69" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12780271" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 69" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Entropy%20estimation%20of%20symbol%20sequences&journal=Chaos&doi=10.1063%2F1.166191&volume=6&pages=414-427&publication_year=1996&author=Sch%C3%BCrmann%2CT&author=Grassberger%2CP" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="70." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR70" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Shannon, C. E. Prediction and entropy of printed English. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Bell Syst. Tech. J.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">30</span>, 50–64 (1951).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 70" data-doi="10.1002/j.1538-7305.1951.tb01366.x" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1002/j.1538-7305.1951.tb01366.x" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1951.tb01366.x" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 70" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Prediction%20and%20entropy%20of%20printed%20English&journal=Bell%20Syst.%20Tech.%20J.&doi=10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1951.tb01366.x&volume=30&pages=50-64&publication_year=1951&author=Shannon%2CCE" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="71." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR71" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Kontoyiannis, I., Algoet, P. H., Suhov, Y. M. & Wyner, A. J. Nonparametric entropy estimation for stationary processes and random fields, with applications to English text. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">44</span>, 1319–1327 (1998).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 71" data-doi="10.1109/18.669425" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1109/18.669425" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F18.669425" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="MathSciNet reference 71" data-track-action="mathscinet reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1616653" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">MathSciNet</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 71" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Nonparametric%20entropy%20estimation%20for%20stationary%20processes%20and%20random%20fields%2C%20with%20applications%20to%20English%20text&journal=IEEE%20Trans.%20Inf.%20Theory&doi=10.1109%2F18.669425&volume=44&pages=1319-1327&publication_year=1998&author=Kontoyiannis%2CI&author=Algoet%2CPH&author=Suhov%2CYM&author=Wyner%2CAJ" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="72." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR72" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Levinson, S. C. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature</i> (MIT Press, 2000).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="73." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR73" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Caplan, S., Kodner, J. & Yang, C. Miller’s monkey updated: communicative efficiency and the statistics of words in natural language. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Cognition</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">205</span>, 104466 (2020).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 73" data-doi="10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104466" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104466" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2020.104466" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 73" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=33010667" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 73" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Miller%E2%80%99s%20monkey%20updated%3A%20communicative%20efficiency%20and%20the%20statistics%20of%20words%20in%20natural%20language&journal=Cognition&doi=10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2020.104466&volume=205&publication_year=2020&author=Caplan%2CS&author=Kodner%2CJ&author=Yang%2CC" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="74." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR74" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Brochhagen, T. & Boleda, G. When do languages use the same word for different meanings? The Goldilocks principle in colexification. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Cognition</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">226</span>, 105179 (2022).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 74" data-doi="10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105179" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105179" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2022.105179" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 74" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=35700657" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 74" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=When%20do%20languages%20use%20the%20same%20word%20for%20different%20meanings%3F%20The%20Goldilocks%20principle%20in%20colexification&journal=Cognition&doi=10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2022.105179&volume=226&publication_year=2022&author=Brochhagen%2CT&author=Boleda%2CG" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="75." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR75" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Bentz, C., Dediu, D., Verkerk, A. & Jäger, G. The evolution of language families is shaped by the environment beyond neutral drift. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Nat. Hum. Behav.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">2</span>, 816–821 (2018).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 75" data-doi="10.1038/s41562-018-0457-6" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1038/s41562-018-0457-6" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41562-018-0457-6" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 75" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=31558817" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 75" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20evolution%20of%20language%20families%20is%20shaped%20by%20the%20environment%20beyond%20neutral%20drift&journal=Nat.%20Hum.%20Behav.&doi=10.1038%2Fs41562-018-0457-6&volume=2&pages=816-821&publication_year=2018&author=Bentz%2CC&author=Dediu%2CD&author=Verkerk%2CA&author=J%C3%A4ger%2CG" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="76." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR76" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Olson, J. A., Nahas, J., Chmoulevitch, D., Cropper, S. J. & Webb, M. E. Naming unrelated words predicts creativity. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">118</span>, e2022340118 (2021).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 76" data-doi="10.1073/pnas.2022340118" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1073/pnas.2022340118" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2022340118" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="CAS reference 76" data-track-action="cas reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhtl2jtrrP" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">CAS</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 76" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=34140408" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed Central reference 76" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8237676" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed Central</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 76" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Naming%20unrelated%20words%20predicts%20creativity&journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.2022340118&volume=118&publication_year=2021&author=Olson%2CJA&author=Nahas%2CJ&author=Chmoulevitch%2CD&author=Cropper%2CSJ&author=Webb%2CME" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="77." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR77" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Woolley, A. W., Chabris, C. F., Pentland, A., Hashmi, N. & Malone, T. W. Evidence for a collective intelligence factor in the performance of human groups. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Science</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">330</span>, 686–688 (2010).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 77" data-doi="10.1126/science.1193147" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1126/science.1193147" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1193147" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="CAS reference 77" data-track-action="cas reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlaqt7bJ" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">CAS</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 77" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=20929725" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 77" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Evidence%20for%20a%20collective%20intelligence%20factor%20in%20the%20performance%20of%20human%20groups&journal=Science&doi=10.1126%2Fscience.1193147&volume=330&pages=686-688&publication_year=2010&author=Woolley%2CAW&author=Chabris%2CCF&author=Pentland%2CA&author=Hashmi%2CN&author=Malone%2CTW" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="78." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR78" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">McGrath, J. E. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Groups: Interaction and Performance</i> (Prentice-Hall, 1984).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="79." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR79" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">McMahan, P. & Evans, J. Ambiguity and engagement. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Am. J. Sociol.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">124</span>, 860–912 (2018).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 79" data-doi="10.1086/701298" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1086/701298" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F701298" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 79" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Ambiguity%20and%20engagement&journal=Am.%20J.%20Sociol.&doi=10.1086%2F701298&volume=124&pages=860-912&publication_year=2018&author=McMahan%2CP&author=Evans%2CJ" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="80." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR80" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Murray, D. et al. Unsupervised embedding of trajectories captures the latent structure of mobility. Preprint at <a data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.02785" data-track="click" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.02785" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.02785</a> (2020).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="81." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR81" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Lucy, J. A. Linguistic relativity. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Annu. Rev. Anthropol.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">26</span>, 291–312 (1997).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 81" data-doi="10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.291" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.291" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.26.1.291" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 81" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Linguistic%20relativity&journal=Annu.%20Rev.%20Anthropol.&doi=10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.26.1.291&volume=26&pages=291-312&publication_year=1997&author=Lucy%2CJA" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="82." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR82" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Lucy, J. A. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Language Diversity and Thought: A Reformulation of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis</i> (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="83." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR83" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Tiedemann, J. Parallel data, tools and interfaces in OPUS. In <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Proc. 8th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation</i> (eds Calzolari, N. et al.) 2214–2218 (European Language Resources Association, 2012).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="84." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR84" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Christodouloupoulos, C. & Steedman, M. A massively parallel corpus: the Bible in 100 languages. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Lang. Resour. Eval.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">49</span>, 375–395 (2015).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 84" data-doi="10.1007/s10579-014-9287-y" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s10579-014-9287-y" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10579-014-9287-y" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="PubMed reference 84" data-track-action="pubmed reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26321896" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PubMed</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 84" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20massively%20parallel%20corpus%3A%20the%20Bible%20in%20100%20languages&journal=Lang.%20Resour.%20Eval.&doi=10.1007%2Fs10579-014-9287-y&volume=49&pages=375-395&publication_year=2015&author=Christodouloupoulos%2CC&author=Steedman%2CM" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="85." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR85" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i style="box-sizing: inherit;">YouVersion</i> <a data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="https://www.bible.com/" data-track="click" href="https://www.bible.com/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://www.bible.com/</a> (2017).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="86." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR86" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i style="box-sizing: inherit;">ParaCrawl</i> (NTT Communication Science Laboratories, accessed 1 June 2017); <a data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="https://www.paracrawl.eu/" data-track="click" href="https://www.paracrawl.eu/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://www.paracrawl.eu/</a></span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="87." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR87" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i style="box-sizing: inherit;">OpenSubtitles</i> <a data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="https://www.opensubtitles.org/" data-track="click" href="https://www.opensubtitles.org/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://www.opensubtitles.org/</a> (2017).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="88." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR88" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Rafalovitch, A. & Dale, R. United Nations General Assembly resolutions: a six-language parallel corpus. In <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Proc. MT Summit XII</i> (Association for Computational Linguistics, 2009).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="89." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR89" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Juola, P. Measuring linguistic complexity: the morphological tier. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">J. Quant. Linguist.</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">5</span>, 206–213 (1998).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 89" data-doi="10.1080/09296179808590128" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.1080/09296179808590128" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09296179808590128" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 89" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Measuring%20linguistic%20complexity%3A%20the%20morphological%20tier&journal=J.%20Quant.%20Linguist.&doi=10.1080%2F09296179808590128&volume=5&pages=206-213&publication_year=1998&author=Juola%2CP" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="90." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR90" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mikolov, T., Chen, K., Corrado, G. & Dean, J. Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. Preprint at <a data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.3781" data-track="click" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.3781" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.3781</a> (2013).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="91." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR91" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mikolov, T., Yih, W.-T. & Zweig, G. Linguistic regularities in continuous space word representations. In <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Proc. NAACL-HLT 2013</i> 746–751 (Association for Computational Linguistics, 2013).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="92." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR92" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Hammarström, H., Forkel, R., Haspelmath, M. & Bank, S. Glottolog v.4.4. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</i> <a data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="https://glottolog.org" data-track="click" href="https://glottolog.org/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://glottolog.org</a> (2021).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="93." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR93" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Chen, X., Ender, P., Mitchell, M. & Wells, C. Regression with Stata<i style="box-sizing: inherit;">. UCLA</i> <a data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="https://stats.oarc.ucla.edu/stata/webbooks/reg/" data-track="click" href="https://stats.oarc.ucla.edu/stata/webbooks/reg/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://stats.oarc.ucla.edu/stata/webbooks/reg/</a> (2003).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="94." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR94" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Huber, P. J. The behavior of maximum likelihood estimates under nonstandard conditions. In <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Proc. 5th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability</i> Vol. 1 (Eds Le Cam, L. M. & Neyman, J.) 221–233 (Univ. California Press, 1967).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="95." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR95" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">White, H. A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Econometrica</i> <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">48</span>, 817–838 (1980).</span></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; justify-content: flex-end; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a aria-label="Article reference 95" data-doi="10.2307/1912934" data-track-action="article reference" data-track-label="10.2307/1912934" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1912934" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Article</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="MathSciNet reference 95" data-track-action="mathscinet reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=575027" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">MathSciNet</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a aria-label="Google Scholar reference 95" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20heteroskedasticity-consistent%20covariance%20matrix%20estimator%20and%20a%20direct%20test%20for%20heteroskedasticity&journal=Econometrica&doi=10.2307%2F1912934&volume=48&pages=817-838&publication_year=1980&author=White%2CH" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="96." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR96" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Bills, A. et al. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">IARPA Babel Amharic Language Pack IARPA-babel307b-v1.0b</i> (Linguistic Data Consortium, 2019); <a data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.35111/ehfb-ka57" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.35111/ehfb-ka57" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://doi.org/10.35111/ehfb-ka57</a></span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="97." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR97" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Bills, A. et al. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">IARPA Babel Bengali Language Pack IARPA-babel103b-v0.4b</i> (Linguistic Data Consortium, 2016); <a data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.35111/5jdb-wp44" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.35111/5jdb-wp44" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://doi.org/10.35111/5jdb-wp44</a></span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="98." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR98" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Andresen, L. et al. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">IARPA Babel Cebuano Language Pack IARPA-babel301b-v2.0b</i> (Linguistic Data Consortium, 2018); <a data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.35111/f0b3-5398" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.35111/f0b3-5398" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://doi.org/10.35111/f0b3-5398</a></span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="99." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR99" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Bills, A. et al. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">IARPA Babel Georgian Language Pack IARPA-babel404b-v1.0a</i> (Linguistic Data Consortium, 2016); <a data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.35111/dcr5-ga44" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.35111/dcr5-ga44" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://doi.org/10.35111/dcr5-ga44</a></span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="100." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR100" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Andresen, L. et al. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">IARPA Babel Guarani Language Pack IARPA-babel305b-v1.0c</i> (Linguistic Data Consortium, 2019); <a data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.35111/qdg9-7a64" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.35111/qdg9-7a64" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://doi.org/10.35111/qdg9-7a64</a></span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="101." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR101" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Adams, N. et al. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">IARPA Babel Igbo Language Pack IARPA-babel306b-v2.0c</i> (Linguistic Data Consortium, 2019); <a data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.35111/7988-wd73" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.35111/7988-wd73" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://doi.org/10.35111/7988-wd73</a></span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="102." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR102" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Bills, A. et al. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">IARPA Babel Kazakh Language Pack IARPA-babel302b-v1.0a</i> (Linguistic Data Consortium, 2018); <a data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.35111/rwmc-nm96" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.35111/rwmc-nm96" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://doi.org/10.35111/rwmc-nm96</a></span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="103." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR103" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Benowitz, D. et al. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">IARPA Babel Lithuanian Language Pack IARPA-babel304b-v1.0b</i> (Linguistic Data Consortium, 2019); <a data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.35111/m5qd-dk93" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.35111/m5qd-dk93" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://doi.org/10.35111/m5qd-dk93</a></span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="104." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR104" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Conners, T. et al. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">IARPA Babel Tagalog Language Pack IARPA-babel106-v0.2g</i> (Linguistic Data Consortium, 2016); <a data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.35111/mp23-rd11" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.35111/mp23-rd11" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://doi.org/10.35111/mp23-rd11</a></span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="105." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR105" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Bills, A. et al. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">IARPA Babel Tamil Language Pack IARPA-babel204b-v1.1b</i> (Linguistic Data Consortium, 2017); <a data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.35111/3j2w-kb06" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.35111/3j2w-kb06" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://doi.org/10.35111/3j2w-kb06</a></span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="106." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR106" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Bills, A. et al. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">IARPA Babel Telugu Language Pack IARPA-babel303b-v1.0a</i> (Linguistic Data Consortium, 2018); <a data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.35111/vm6x-za86" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.35111/vm6x-za86" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://doi.org/10.35111/vm6x-za86</a></span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="107." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR107" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Andresen, J. et al. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">IARPA Babel Turkish Language Pack IARPA-babel105b-v0.5</i> (Linguistic Data Consortium, 2016); <a data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.35111/mb8z-6p26" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.35111/mb8z-6p26" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://doi.org/10.35111/mb8z-6p26</a></span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="108." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR108" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Andrus, T. et al. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">IARPA Babel Vietnamese Language Pack IARPA-babel107b-v0.7</i> (Linguistic Data Consortium, 2017); <a data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.35111/yrqp-r555" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.35111/yrqp-r555" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://doi.org/10.35111/yrqp-r555</a></span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="109." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR109" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Adams, N. et al. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">IARPA Babel Zulu Language Pack IARPA-babel206b-v0.1e</i> LDC2017S19 (Linguistic Data Consortium, 2017); <a data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.35111/te29-8988" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.35111/te29-8988" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://doi.org/10.35111/te29-8988</a></span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="110." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR110" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Bojanowski, P., Grave, E., Joulin, A. & Mikolov, T. Enriching word vectors with subword information. In <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics</i> Vol. 5 (Association for Computational Linguistics, 2017).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="111." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR111" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Grave, E., Bojanowski, P., Gupta, P., Joulin, A. & Mikolov, T. Learning word vectors for 157 languages. In <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Proc. International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation</i> (Eds Calzolari, N. et. al.) (European Language Resources Association, 2018).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="112." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR112" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Gordon, R. G. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Ethnologue, Languages of the World</i> (SIL International, accessed 1 October 2017); <a data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="https://www.ethnologue.com" data-track="click" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">https://www.ethnologue.com</a></span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="113." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR113" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Hofstede, G. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations</i> (SAGE, 2001).</span></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="114." style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR114" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 8px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Hofstede, G. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values</i> (Sage, 1984).</span></p></li></ol><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: right; word-break: break-word;"><a data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/s41562-024-01815-w?format=refman&flavour=references" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006699; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem; text-underline-offset: 0.08em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Download references<svg aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon" focusable="false" height="16" role="img" width="16"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"></use></svg></span></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section data-title="Acknowledgements" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="c-article-section" id="Ack1-section" style="box-sizing: inherit; clear: both;"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Ack1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 1.5rem; letter-spacing: -0.0117156rem; line-height: 1.24; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Acknowledgements</span></h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Ack1-content" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 40px; padding-top: 8px;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">We thank Z. Chen (Stanford University) for her excellent research assistance and are grateful for comments from C. Chambers (Johns Hopkins University), M. Lewis (Meta), D. Casasanto (Cornell University), G. Lupyan (University of Wisconsin-Madison), J. L. Martin (University of Chicago), A. Sharkey (Arizona State University), J. Murphy (RAND Corporation) and J. Chu (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). P.A. also thanks the judges of the 2017 INFORMS/Organization Science Dissertation Proposal Competition for their feedback and acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grant (no. 1702788). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.</span></p></div></div></section></div></div>R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-39584931606040612572024-02-20T00:19:00.001-05:002024-02-20T00:22:03.334-05:00Process Thought Through Taylor Swift Songs<div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhk5W_kGq2p_g_8tSZxskjDpITKykCV3SyEe2gTcgfKXUNHp8OyANPaVSvlN2DclMNe2pJ7EWWQIzI4jR_a4H0IVO_CQaqoc74OpbIQlHbWU8gRR71skh6gFtnAioecnudwhow5GQu2D-o4wyEiVE3RDCtwaulM42gOfIRvpbuwZHKTycqRW_8Ax-RQS07l" style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhk5W_kGq2p_g_8tSZxskjDpITKykCV3SyEe2gTcgfKXUNHp8OyANPaVSvlN2DclMNe2pJ7EWWQIzI4jR_a4H0IVO_CQaqoc74OpbIQlHbWU8gRR71skh6gFtnAioecnudwhow5GQu2D-o4wyEiVE3RDCtwaulM42gOfIRvpbuwZHKTycqRW_8Ax-RQS07l=w640-h640" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Taylor Swift and Process Philosophy:</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">A Submission to the Taylor Swift Swiftposium</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/taylor-swift-and-process-philosophy-8203a-submission-to-the-taylor-swift-swiftposium.html?fbclid=IwAR2vLhESikL2J3BYLfp6xIls92QBoRbWe1x33CA6nhTxQK2gg0CZ3wTyR8U" target="_blank">article link</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">by Jay McDaniel</span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">An international academic symposium attempting to explain just how Taylor Swift has become so influential occurred in Melbourne, Australia, on February 11-13, 2024. Called Swiftposium, it was a hybrid academic conference for scholars to engage in critical dialogue about Swift’s popularity and its implications for a range of issues including gender, fandom, popular culture, literature, the economy, the music industry, and more. Swiftposium was collaboratively organized by scholars from six universities across Australia and New Zealand. Click <a href="https://swiftposium2024.com/keynotes">here</a> to learn about it.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I had hoped there would be a session on process philosophy and Taylor Swift, but I missed the deadline for submitting proposals. I share my contribution below. In Part One, I present twenty key ideas in process thought. Skip it if you already know about process philosophy. In Part Two, written by ChatGPT, I share specific songs by Swift that speak to these themes. My proposal is that, through these songs, Swift can invite an outlook on life that resonates with the process movement. In Part Three, I offer an outline of a book, not yet written, on Swift's career as understood in a process perspective. My hope is that another scholar, younger and more able, might write this book.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">- Jay McDaniel</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><img height="28" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/1717519-orig-orig_83.png" width="640" /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Twenty Key Ideas</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">in the Process Worldview</span></b></span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;">by Jay McDaniel</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>1. Process</b>: The universe is an ongoing process of development and change, never quite the same from moment to moment. Every entity in the universe is best understood as a process of becoming that emerges through its interactions with others. The beings of the world are becomings.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>2. Interconnectedness</b>: The universe as a whole is a seamless web of interconnected events, none of which can be completely separated from the others. Everything is connected to everything else and contained in everything else. As Buddhists put it, the universe is a network of inter-being.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>3. Continuous Creativity</b>: The universe exhibits a continuous creativity on the basis of which new events come into existence over time which did not exist beforehand. This continuous creativity is the ultimate reality of the universe. Everywhere we look we see it. Even God is an expression of Creativity. Even as God creates, God is also continuously created.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>4. Nature as Alive</b>: The natural world has value in itself and all living beings are worthy of respect and care. Rocks and trees, hills and rivers are not simply facts in the world; they are also acts of self-realization. The whole of nature is alive with value. We humans dwell within, not apart from, the Ten Thousand Things. We, too, have value.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>5. Ethics</b>: Humans find their fulfillment in living in harmony with the earth and compassionately with each other. The ethical life lies in living with respect and care for other people and the larger community of life. Justice is fidelity to the bonds of relationship. A just society is also a free and peaceful society. It is creative, compassionate, participatory, ecologically wise, and spiritually satisfying - with no one left behind.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>6. Novelty</b>: Humans find their fulfillment in being open to new ideas, insights, and experiences that may have no parallel in the past. Even as we learn from the past, we must be open to the future. God is present in the world, among other ways, through novel possibilities. Human happiness is found, not only in wisdom and compassion, but also in creativity.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>7. Thinking and Feeling</b>: The human mind is not limited to reasoning but also includes feeling, intuiting, imagining; all of these activities can work together toward understanding. Even reasoning is a form of feeling: that is, feeling the presence of ideas and responding to them. There are many forms of wisdom: mathematical, spatial, verbal, kinesthetic, empathic, logical, and spiritual.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>8. Relational Selfhood</b>: Human beings are not skin-encapsulated egos cut off from the world by the boundaries of the skin, but persons-in-community whose interactions with others are partly definitive of their own internal existence. We depend for our existence on friends, family, and mentors; on food and clothing and shelter; on cultural traditions and the natural world. The communitarians are right: there is no "self" apart from connections with others. The individualists are right, too. Each person is unique, deserving of respect and care. Other animals deserve respect and care, too.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>9. Complementary Thinking</b>: The process way leans toward both-and thinking, not either-or thinking. The rational life consists not only of identifying facts and appealing to evidence, but taking apparent conflicting ideas and showing how they can be woven into wholes, with each side contributing to the other. In Whitehead’s thought these wholes are called contrasts. To be "reasonable" is to be empirical but also imaginative: exploring new ideas and seeing how they might fit together, complementing one another.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>10. Theory and Practice</b>: Theory affects practice and practice affects theory; a dichotomy between the two is false. What people do affects how they think and how they think affects what they do. Learning can occur from body to mind: that is, by doing things; and not simply from mind to body.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>11. The Primacy of Persuasion over Coercion</b>: There are two kinds of power – coercive power and persuasive power – and the latter is to be preferred over the former. Coercive power is the power of force and violence; persuasive power is the power of invitation and moral example.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>12. Relational Power</b>: This is the power that is experienced when people dwell in mutually enhancing relations, such that both are “empowered” through their relations with one another. In international relations, this would be the kind of empowerment that occurs when governments enter into trade relations that are mutually beneficial and serve the wider society; in parenting, this would be the power that parents and children enjoy when, even amid a hierarchical relationship, there is respect on both sides and the relationship strengthens parents and children.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>13. The Primacy of Particularity</b>: There is a difference between abstract ideas that are abstracted from concrete events in the world, and the events themselves. The fallacy of misplaced concreteness lies in confusing the abstractions with the concrete events and focusing more on the abstract than the particular.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>14. Experience in the Mode of Causal Efficacy</b>: Human experience is not restricted to acting on things or actively interpreting a passive world. It begins by a conscious and unconscious receiving of events into life and being causally affected or influenced by what is received. This occurs through the mediation of the body but can also occur through a reception of the moods and feelings of other people (and animals).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>15. Concern for the Vulnerable</b>: Humans are gathered together in a web of felt connections, such that they share in one another’s sufferings and are responsible to one another. Humans can share feelings and be affected by one another’s feelings in a spirit of mutual sympathy. The measure of a society does not lie in questions of appearance, affluence, and marketable achievement, but in how it treats those whom Jesus called "the least of these" -- the neglected, the powerless, the marginalized, the otherwise forgotten.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>16. Evil</b>: “Evil” is a name for debilitating suffering from which humans and other living beings suffer, and also for the missed potential from which they suffer. Evil is powerful and real; it is not merely the absence of good. “Harm” is a name for activities, undertaken by human beings, which inflict such suffering on others and themselves, and which cut off their potential. Evil can be structural as well as personal. Systems -- not simply people -- can be conduits for harm.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>17. Education as a Lifelong Process</b>: Human life is itself a journey from birth (and perhaps before) to death (and perhaps after) and the journey is itself a process of character development over time. Formal education in the classroom is a context to facilitate the process, but the process continues throughout a lifetime. Education requires romance, precision, and generalization. Learning is best when people want to learn.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>18. Religion and Science</b>: Religion and Science are both human activities, evolving over time, which can be attuned to the depths of reality. Science focuses on forms of energy which are subject to replicable experiments and which can be rendered into mathematical terms; religion begins with awe at the beauty of the universe, awakens to the interconnections of things, and helps people discover the norms which are part of the very make-up of the universe itself.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>19. God</b>: The universe unfolds within a larger life – a love supreme – who is continuously present within each actuality as a lure toward wholeness relevant to the situation at hand. In human life we experience this reality as an inner calling toward wisdom, compassion, and creativity. Whenever we see these three realities in human life we see the presence of this love, thus named or not. This love is the Soul of the universe and we are small but included in its life not unlike the way in which embryos dwell within a womb, or fish swim within an ocean, or stars travel throught the sky. This Soul can be addressed in many ways, and one of the most important words for addressing the Soul is "God." The stars and galaxies are the body of God and any forms of life which exist on other planets are enfolded in the life of God, as is life on earth. God is a circle whose center is everywhere and circumference nowhere. As God beckons human beings toward wisdom, compassion, and creativity, God does not know the outcome of the beckoning in advance, because the future does not exist to be known. But God is steadfast in love; a friend to the friendless; and a source of inner peace. God can be conceived as "father" or "mother" or "lover" or "friend." God is love.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>20. Faith</b>: Faith is not intellectual assent to creeds or doctrines but rather trust in divine love. To trust in love is to trust in the availability of fresh possibilities relative to each situation; to trust that love is ultimately more powerful than violence; to trust that even the galaxies and planets are drawn by a loving presence; and to trust that, no matter what happens, all things are somehow gathered into a wider beauty. This beauty is the Adventure of the Universe as One.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Explanation: </span></b></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Process thinking is an attitude toward life emphasizing respect and care for the community of life. It is concerned with the well-being of individuals and also with the common good of the world, understood as a community of communities of communities. It sees the world as a process of becoming and the universe as a vast network of inter-becomings. It sees each living being on our planet as worthy of respect and care.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">People influenced by process thinking seek to live lightly on the earth and gently with others, sensitive to the interconnectedness of all things and delighted by the differences. They believe that there are many ways of knowing the world -- verbal, mathematical, aesthetic, empathic, bodily, and practical - and that education should foster creativity and compassion as well as literacy.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Process thinkers belong to many different cultures and live in many different regions of the world: Africa, Asia, Latin America, Europe, North America, and Oceania. They include teenagers, parents, grandparents, store-clerks, accountants, farmers, musicians, artists, and philosophers.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Many of the scholars in the movement are influenced by the perspective of the late philosopher and mathematician, Alfred North Whitehead. His thinking embodies the leading edge of the intellectual side of process thinking. Nevertheless, a mastery of his ideas is not necessary to be a process thinker. Ultimately process thinking is an attitude and outlook on life, and a way of interacting with the world. It is not so much a rigidly-defined worldview as it is a way of feeling the presence of the world and responding with creativity and compassion.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The tradition of process thinking can be compared to a growing and vibrant tree, with blossoms yet to unfold. The roots of the tree are the many ideas developed by Whitehead in his mature philosophy. They were articulated most systematically in his book Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology. The trunk consists of more general ideas which have been developed by subsequent thinkers from different cultures, adding creativity of their own. These general ideas flow from Whitehead's philosophy, but are less technical in tone. The branches consist of the many ways in which these ideas are being applied to daily life and community development. The branches include applications to a wide array of topics, ranging from art and music to education and ecology.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Much of this website -- Open Horizons - is devoted to the branches and trunk. Of course, some people will be interested in the roots. For those interested in gaining knowledge of the roots, we have created a free course of short videos which provides an introduction to Alfred North Whitehead's organic philosophy and serves as a guiding companion to Whitehead's seminal work, Process and Reality. These twenty six-minute videos are offered below. They can be viewed in sequence or in parts, depending on your interests. If you would like to get started on this short course to better understand the roots of process thinking, go to <a href="http://www.jesusjazzbuddhism.org/what-is-process-thought.html">What is Process Thought? </a>The ideas above represent the twenty key ideas in the trunk. </span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><img height="28" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/1717519-orig-orig-83_orig.png" width="640" /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Process Thought Through</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Taylor Swift Songs</span></b></span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;">by ChatGPT</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Let's take each of these principles of process thinking and pair them with a Taylor Swift song, illustrating how each principle is reflected in the song:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Process</b>: "Long Live" - This song celebrates the journey and evolution of relationships and experiences, embracing change and growth over time.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Interconnectedness: "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" - Swift reflects on the interconnectedness of emotions and relationships, acknowledging how one experience can impact various aspects of life.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Continuous Creativity</b>: "Blank Space" - Swift demonstrates her continuous creativity as an artist, experimenting with different personas and musical styles to keep her sound fresh and exciting.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Nature as Alive</b>: "The Best Day" - Swift expresses appreciation for the natural world and the value of cherished memories spent outdoors with loved ones.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ethics: "Change" - Swift advocates for positive change and ethical behavior, encouraging listeners to stand up for what they believe in and make a difference in the world.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Novelty</b>: "22" - Swift embraces novelty and spontaneity in this upbeat anthem about living life to the fullest and embracing new experiences.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Thinking and Feeling</b>: "All Too Well" - Swift combines introspective lyrics with emotional storytelling, showcasing her ability to convey complex thoughts and feelings through her music.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Relational Selfhood</b>: "Fifteen" - Swift reflects on the importance of relationships and shared experiences in shaping one's identity and sense of self.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Complementary Thinking</b>: "Love Story" - Swift blends elements of traditional fairy tales with modern romance, demonstrating her ability to weave contrasting themes into a cohesive narrative.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Theory and Practice</b>: "Mean" - Swift addresses the practical implications of dealing with criticism and negativity, encouraging listeners to rise above adversity and stay true to themselves.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>The Primacy of Persuasion over Coercion</b>: "The Man" - Swift challenges traditional gender norms and societal expectations, advocating for empowerment through persuasion and example rather than coercion.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Relational Power</b>: "You Belong With Me" - Swift explores the dynamics of power and connection in relationships, emphasizing the importance of mutual respect and understanding.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>The Primacy of Particularity</b>: "Tim McGraw" - Swift reminisces about a specific moment in time and the unique emotions associated with it, highlighting the importance of individual experiences.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Experience in the Mode of Causal Efficacy</b>: "Enchanted" - Swift captures the transformative power of a meaningful encounter, illustrating how experiences can shape and influence our lives.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Concern for the Vulnerable</b>: "Safe & Sound" - Swift expresses empathy and compassion for those in need, offering solace and support through her music.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Evil</b>: "Look What You Made Me Do" - Swift confronts harmful behavior and toxic relationships, asserting her agency and reclaiming her narrative in the face of adversity.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Education as a Lifelong Process</b>: "Never Grow Up" - Swift reflects on the passage of time and the ongoing process of learning and self-discovery throughout life.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Religion and Science</b>: "Holy Ground" - Swift celebrates the awe-inspiring beauty of life and love, tapping into themes of spirituality and interconnectedness.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">God: "Begin Again" - Swift finds solace and renewal in the aftermath of heartbreak, embodying themes of resilience and divine love.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Faith</b>: "Fearless" - Swift embraces uncertainty with courage and optimism, trusting in the journey and believing in the possibility of a brighter future.These songs by Taylor Swift exemplify how the principles of process thinking can be reflected in music, offering insights into the dynamic nature of human experience and the interconnectedness of life's moments.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><img height="28" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/1717519-orig-orig-83_orig.png" width="640" /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Prospectus for a Book on Process Philosophy and Taylor Swift</span></b></span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;">by ChatGPT</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Taylor Swift's Evolution as a Process</b>: Analyze Swift's career trajectory and artistic evolution through the lens of process philosophy, highlighting themes of growth, adaptation, and transformation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Interconnectedness in Swift's Work</b>: Explore the interconnectedness of Swift's music, persona, and cultural impact, examining how her narratives and imagery resonate with diverse audiences and intersect with broader social trends.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Continuous Creativity and Innovation</b>: Discuss Swift's ongoing creativity and innovation as a key factor in her sustained relevance within the music industry, highlighting her ability to adapt to changing tastes and technologies.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Relational Selfhood and Fandom Culture</b>: Investigate the role of relational selfhood in Swift's relationship with her fans, analyzing the reciprocal influence between artist and audience and the formation of fan communities based on shared values and experiences.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ethics and Social Responsibility</b>: Consider Swift's ethical engagement with social and political issues, exploring how her advocacy for causes such as gender equality and LGBTQ+ rights reflects a commitment to justice and compassion.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span>R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-31958724684715491022024-02-19T17:40:00.007-05:002024-02-19T18:56:22.406-05:00Has Luther's Sola Scriptura Helped or Hurt Church?<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg1RmUwp-PB99kmavqXUiGLod49f1L5PXT4Txl1eH3zzR0qMdRsvnx102Nxs9HjbyW_wT0n_ck0nPw5ZnqyGguigG-_XD_NEVh-Irb6us6O_7iM7ox-GJO9uf5dxWBB20eYV3pyn66uuocBoNweoj9FZCnOxxmx0p2A37_OG68eVfo-z4bc3QNsjZ0glOat"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg1RmUwp-PB99kmavqXUiGLod49f1L5PXT4Txl1eH3zzR0qMdRsvnx102Nxs9HjbyW_wT0n_ck0nPw5ZnqyGguigG-_XD_NEVh-Irb6us6O_7iM7ox-GJO9uf5dxWBB20eYV3pyn66uuocBoNweoj9FZCnOxxmx0p2A37_OG68eVfo-z4bc3QNsjZ0glOat" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i><blockquote>Kurt Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem says (i) all closed systems are unprovable within themselves and, that (ii) all open systems are rightly understood as incomplete. - R.E. Slater</blockquote></i></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><b>Has Luther's <i>Sola Scriptura</i></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><b>Helped or Hurt the Church?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">I saw this graphic the other day and wondered how I might respond to the statement. First the statement and then my response.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><u>STATEMENT</u></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The Catholics made enough mistakes, but the Protestants made it a 1000 times worse.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><u>MY RESPONSE</u></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In response, the Lutheran position of <i>sola scriptura</i> seems to statedly <span style="color: #0b5394;">rely on the "subjective and individualistic version" of the doctrine</span> that most Protestants have adopted. Meaning that <span style="color: #0b5394;">it is self-referentially incoherent without utilizing outside resources to the bible itself.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And in answer to the statement I would counter by saying "Yes," the Protestant Reformers have made the subject of scriptural authority a thousand times worse.</span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura">Wikipedia - Critiques</a>: In the 2008 book Catholicism and Science, the authors Peter M. J. Hess and Paul Allen wrote that sola scriptura is "inherently divisive", citing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburg_Colloquy">Marburg Colloquy</a> where Martin Luther and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a> debated the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist">real presence of Christ in the Eucharist</a> on scriptural grounds but were unable to reach agreement on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramental_union">sacramental union</a>. </div></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;">Hess and Allen argue that, <span style="color: #0b5394;">when scripture is seen as the only source of infallible teaching, its interpretation is subject to fallible interpretation, and without an infallible interpreter, a certainty of Christian belief is not possible.</span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Hence, when by Luther's statement he therby</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> shut off several voices: for instance,</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">the voice of <b>Experience</b> - let's call this common sense;</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;">the voice of </span><b style="font-family: arial;">Scholarly opinion</b><span style="font-family: arial;"> - say Philosopher's, non-traditional Theologians, the Sciences, and so on; and,</span></span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;">a third voice, that of </span><b style="font-family: arial;">the Spirit of God</b><span style="font-family: arial;">, described generally as God's voice of Love but understood in terms of personal burden to reclaim, or as resistance to evil, or the promotion of any-and-all creatives who strive to redeem and resurrect, renew and repair, heal and restore, that which is fundamentally not striving for Love.</span></span></li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">By stating "sola scriptura" these several voices of (i) experience, (ii) disallowance of doubt and uncertainty (questioning direction and authority), and, (iii) leaning into God's Spirit of Love, can be found repeatedly in Scriptures.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">However, as understood pendantically by the normal presbyter, congregationalist, or ex-churchman or woman, speaks into many ears as a non-loving, non-hearing, non-reasoning voice of profound, senseless religiosity disallowing all other voices but it's own enslaving interpretation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Luther meant well but in his sincerity he brought other nonsensical, errant, and harmful human factors into play... that of human pride, legalism, stoicism, isolation, excommunication, abuse, and religious jihadism... among many other citations.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Thus and thus, it seems my personal position is that of <i><b>"prima scriptura" </b></i>based upon the Methodist principle of hearing and interpreting scripture by the (i) bible, (ii) tradition, (iii) reason, intellect, and experience, and (iv) the voice of <i>Christian</i> experience, known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" target="_blank"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Wesleyan or Methodist Quadrilateral</span></a>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><i>R.E. Slater</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>February 19, 2024</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>*ps. Read Godel's quote again... most churches carry closed metaphysical universes/systems making them unprovable. In process philosophy lies an open universe which is never complete. I vote for the later over the former. - res</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">* * * * * * * * *</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">What Is Sola Scriptura?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar" style="align-items: center; background-color: white; box-shadow: none; color: #202122; display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; grid-area: titlebar; justify-content: flex-end; position: relative; text-align: start;"><h1 class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" id="firstHeading" style="border: 0px; color: black; flex-grow: 1; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 1.8em; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><i><u>Sola scriptura</u></i></h1></header><div aria-labelledby="firstHeading" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" data-mw-ve-target-container="" id="bodyContent" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: var(--font-size-medium); grid-area: content; line-height: var(--line-height-medium); position: relative; text-align: start; z-index: 0;"><div class="vector-body-before-content" style="overflow: hidden;"><div class="mw-indicators" style="column-gap: 10px; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; float: right; font-size: 0.875em; line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 8px; position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="margin-top: 8px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura" target="_blank">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a></div></div><div id="contentSub" style="color: #54595d; margin: 8px 0px 0px; width: auto;"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div><div class="mw-body-content" id="mw-content-text" style="margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" dir="ltr" lang="en"><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">For the album by Neal Morse, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_Scriptura_(album)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sola Scriptura (album)">Sola Scriptura (album)</a>.</div><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250); border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em 1em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 22em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.8em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_solae" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a> of the<br /><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink" style="background: none; cursor: pointer; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: inherit; text-wrap: nowrap;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Sola scriptura</span></a><a class="mw-selflink selflink" style="background: none; color: inherit; cursor: pointer; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: inherit; text-wrap: nowrap;"> - bible as the sole authority</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_fide" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a> - justified by faith alone</i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_gratia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Sola gratia">Sola gratia</a> - saved by grace alone</i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solus_Christus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Solus Christus">Solus Christus</a> - by Christ alone</i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soli_Deo_gloria" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Soli Deo gloria">Soli Deo gloria</a> - saved to God alone</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding: 0px 0.4em 0.4em; text-align: right;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="display: inline;"><ul style="display: inline-block; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;"><li class="nv-view" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Five_solae" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Five solae"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Five_solae" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template talk:Five solae"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Five_solae" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Five solae"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sola scriptura</i></span></b> (Latin for '<b>by scripture alone</b>') is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_theology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian theology">Christian theological doctrine</a> held by most <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_denominations" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a>, in particular the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_tradition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> traditions,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wisse_2017_1-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-Wisse_2017-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> that posits <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Bible" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian Bible">the Bible</a> as the sole infallible source of authority for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Faith in Christianity">Christian faith</a> and practice.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wisse_2017_1-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-Wisse_2017-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> considers it <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heresy">heterodox</a> and generally the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox churches</a> consider it to be contrary to the <i><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phronema" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phronema">phronema</a></span></span></i> of the Church.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">While the scriptures' meaning is mediated through many kinds of subordinate authority—such as:</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>the ordinary teaching offices of a church</b>,</li><li>the <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_creeds" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ecumenical creeds">ecumenical creeds</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">councils of the Catholic Church</a>,</b> or even</li><li><b>personal special revelation...</b></li><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><b>sola scriptura</b></i></span> in contrast rejects any infallible authority other than the Bible.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wisse_2017_1-2" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-Wisse_2017-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> </li></ul><p></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">In this view, all non-scriptural authority is derived from the authority of the scriptures or is independent of the scriptures, and is, therefore, subject to reform when compared to the teaching of the Bible.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sola scriptura</i></span> is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_principle" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Formal principle">formal principle</a> of many Protestant Christian denominations, and one of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_solae" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Five solae">five <i>solae</i></a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wisse_2017_1-3" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-Wisse_2017-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup></b> </p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><b>It was a foundational doctrinal principle of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> held by many of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protestant Reformers">Reformers</a></b>, who taught that authentication of Scripture is governed by the discernible excellence of the text, as well as the personal witness of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a> to the heart of each man.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">Some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Baptists">Baptist</a> denominations state the doctrine of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola scriptura</i></span> more strongly: <b>Scripture is self-authenticating, clear (perspicuous) to the rational reader, its own interpreter ("Scripture interprets Scripture"), and sufficient of itself to be the final authority of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_doctrine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian doctrine">Christian doctrine</a>.</b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><u>By contrast</u>, the Protestant traditions of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> uphold the doctrine of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_scriptura" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prima scriptura"><b>prima scriptura</b></a></i></span>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WELS_3-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-WELS-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphrey201316_4-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphrey201316-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> with: <b><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);">scripture being illumined by</span><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_tradition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; font-size: var(--font-size-medium); overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sacred tradition">tradition</a><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);"> </span><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);">and reason.</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);">The Methodists thought reason should be delineated from experience, though the latter was classically filed under the former and guided by reason, nonetheless this was added, <b>thus changing the "Anglican Stool" to the four sides of the</b></span><b><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; font-size: var(--font-size-medium); overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Wesleyan Quadrilateral</a><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);">.</span></b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt200215Waltz1991_5-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt200215Waltz1991-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);"> [sic, scripture, tradition, reason, and <i>Christian</i> experience]</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);">The</span><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; font-size: var(--font-size-medium); overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);"> </span><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);">holds that to "accept the books of the canon is also to accept the ongoing Spirit-led authority of the church's tradition, which recognizes, interprets, worships, and corrects itself by the witness of Holy Scripture".</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENassif200465_6-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTENassif200465-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);"> </span><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);">The</span><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; font-size: var(--font-size-medium); overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);"> </span><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);">officially regards tradition and scripture as equal, forming a single</span><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposit_of_faith" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; font-size: var(--font-size-medium); overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Deposit of faith">deposit</a><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);">, and considers the</span><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magisterium" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; font-size: var(--font-size-medium); overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Magisterium">magisterium</a><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);"> </span><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);">as the living organ which interprets said deposit.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlinn2007431–33_7-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlinn2007431%E2%80%9333-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);"> </span><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);">The Roman magisterium thus serves Tradition and Scripture as "one common source [...] with two distinct modes of transmission",</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECCC80–81_8-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTECCC80%E2%80%9381-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);"> </span><span style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium);">while some Protestant authors call it "a dual source of revelation".</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnsonWebber199343_9-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonWebber199343-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">Many <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> want to distinguish the view that scripture is the only rule of faith with the exclusion of other sources (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuda_scriptura" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nuda scriptura">nuda scriptura</a>), from the view taught by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lutheranism">Luther</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Calvinism">Calvin</a> that the scripture alone is infallible, without excluding church tradition in its entirety, viewing them as subordinate and ministerial.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History" style="font-size: x-large;">History</span></h2><figure style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: right; display: table; float: right; line-height: 0; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; min-width: 100px; text-align: center;" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_of_Ockham.png" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; display: block; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="361" data-file-width="271" decoding="async" height="260" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/195px-William_of_Ockham.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 3px; vertical-align: middle;" width="195" /></a><figcaption style="border-bottom-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; caption-side: bottom; display: table-caption; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 6px 6px; text-align: left; word-break: break-word;">William of Ockham foreshadowed Luther's view of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola scriptura</i></span>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-:0-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-:2-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-:3-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></figcaption></figure><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">In the 14th century, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius of Padua</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[a]</a></sup> believed that the only authority for a Christian is the scriptures, instead of the pope.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaff199861–69_19-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff199861%E2%80%9369-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup> The same point was made by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a> who foreshadowed the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola scriptura</i></span> doctrine in the 14th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Ruchrat_von_Wesel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Johann Ruchrat von Wesel">Johann Ruchrat von Wesel</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessel_Gansfort" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wessel Gansfort">Wessel Gansfort</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_von_Goch" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Johannes von Goch">Johannes von Goch</a> also foreshadowed<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Schaff_quote_21-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-Schaff_quote-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[b]</a></sup> the Protestant view of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola scriptura</i></span>: they viewed the scripture as being the only infallible authority and denied the authority of the pope or the church as infallible.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaff1998550–552_22-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1998550%E2%80%93552-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Abelard" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a> believed that human reason was a means of understanding the scriptures, instead of submitting to everything the Catholic Church defines.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">Some elements of sola-scriptura are also foreshadowed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Ockham" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:3_17-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-:3-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaff1998258_24-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1998258-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-:0-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:2_16-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-:2-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Overview" style="font-size: x-large;">Overview</span></h2><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: right; display: table; float: right; line-height: 0; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; min-width: 100px; text-align: center;" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration.jpg" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; display: block; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="A painting of Christian Reformer Martin Luther, wearing a black hat and high-necked black clothing." class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="645" data-file-width="600" decoding="async" height="237" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration.jpg/220px-Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration.jpg/330px-Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration.jpg/440px-Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration.jpg 2x" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 3px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><figcaption style="border-bottom-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; caption-side: bottom; display: table-caption; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 6px 6px; text-align: left; word-break: break-word;"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sola scriptura</i></span> was one of the main theological beliefs that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> proclaimed against the Catholic Church during the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Griffith_2018_25-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-Griffith_2018-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup></figcaption></figure><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sola scriptura</i></span> is one of the five <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">solae</i></span>, considered by some Protestant groups to be the theological pillars of the Reformation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup> The key implication of the principle is that interpretations and applications of the scriptures don't have the same authority as the scriptures themselves; hence, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_authority" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Church authority">authority of the church</a> is viewed as subject to correction by the scriptures, even by an individual member of the church.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Griffith_2018_25-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-Griffith_2018-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, 16th-century monk and figurehead of the Protestant Reformation, stated that "a simple layman armed with Scripture is greater than the mightiest pope without it". The intention of the Reformation was thus to correct what he asserted to be the errors of the Catholic Church, by appealing to the uniqueness of the Bible's textual authority. Catholic doctrine is based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_tradition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sacred tradition">sacred tradition</a>, as well as scripture. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sola scriptura</i></span> rejected the assertion that infallible authority was given to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magisterium" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Magisterium">magisterium</a> to interpret both Scripture and tradition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlinn2007431–33_7-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlinn2007431%E2%80%9333-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sola scriptura</i></span>, however, does not ignore Christian history, tradition, or the church when seeking to understand the Bible. Rather, it sees the church as the Bible's interpreter, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Faith" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rule of Faith">regula fidei</a></i></span> (embodied in the ecumenical creeds) as the interpretive context, and scripture as the only final authority in matters of faith and practice.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathison200123_27-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathison200123-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> As Luther said, "The true rule is this: God's Word shall establish articles of faith, and no one else, not even an angel can do so."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Characteristics_in_Lutheranism">Characteristics in Lutheranism</span></h3><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250); border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em 1em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 22em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.4em 0.4em 0px;">Part of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lutheranism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Category:Lutheranism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size: 19.712px; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.1em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther%27s_rose" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Luther's rose"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1000" decoding="async" height="125" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lutherrose.svg/125px-Lutherrose.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lutherrose.svg/188px-Lutherrose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lutherrose.svg/250px-Lutherrose.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="125" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible"><button aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" style="appearance: none; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; float: right; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="mw-collapsible-text" style="color: #3366cc;">show</span></button><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 12.936px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: left;">Background</div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible"><button aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" style="appearance: none; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; float: right; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="mw-collapsible-text" style="color: #3366cc;">show</span></button><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 12.936px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: left;">Doctrine and theology</div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible"><button aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" style="appearance: none; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; float: right; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="mw-collapsible-text" style="color: #3366cc;">show</span></button><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 12.936px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: left;"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_sacraments" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Lutheran sacraments">Sacraments</a> and worship</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible"><button aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" style="appearance: none; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; float: right; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="mw-collapsible-text" style="color: #3366cc;">show</span></button><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 12.936px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: left;">Organization</div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible"><button aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" style="appearance: none; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; float: right; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="mw-collapsible-text" style="color: #3366cc;">show</span></button><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 12.936px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: left;">Movements</div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible"><button aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" style="appearance: none; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; float: right; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="mw-collapsible-text" style="color: #3366cc;">show</span></button><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 12.936px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: left;">Key figures</div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="font-size: 14.168px; padding: 0px 0.4em 0.4em; text-align: right;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="display: inline; font-size: 12.4678px;"><ul style="display: inline-block; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;"><li class="nv-view" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lutheranism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Lutheranism"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lutheranism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template talk:Lutheranism"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheranism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheranism"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> teaches that the books of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Old Testament">Old</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Testament">New</a> Testaments are the only <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biblical inspiration">divinely inspired</a> books and the only source of divinely revealed knowledge.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[c]</a></sup> Scripture alone is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Formal and material principles of theology">formal principle</a> of the faith in Lutheranism, the final authority for all matters of faith and morals because of its inspiration, authority, clarity, efficacy, and sufficiency.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193429Graebner19107ff_30-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193429Graebner19107ff-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Inspiration">Inspiration</span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">Lutheranism teaches that the Bible does not merely contain the Word of God, but every word of it is, because of verbal inspiration, the word of God.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193426_31-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193426-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup> Most Lutheran traditions acknowledge that understanding scriptures is complex given that the Bible contains a collection of manuscripts and manuscript fragments that were written and collected over thousands of years. For example, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a> teaches that "Lutheran Christians believe that the story of God's steadfast love and mercy in Jesus is the heart and center of what the Scriptures have to say."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">As Lutherans confess in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, the Holy Spirit "spoke through the prophets". The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apology_of_the_Augsburg_Confession" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apology of the Augsburg Confession">Apology of the Augsburg Confession</a> identifies "Holy Scripture" with the Word of God<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup> and calls the Holy Spirit the author of the Bible.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup> Because of this, Lutherans confess in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Formula of Concord">Formula of Concord</a>, "we receive and embrace with our whole heart the prophetic and apostolic Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments as the pure, clear fountain of Israel".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> The apocryphal books were not written by the prophets, by inspiration; they contain errors,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup> were never included in the Palestinian Canon that Jesus used,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuekerPoellotJackson2000a_38-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuekerPoellotJackson2000a-38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup> and therefore are not a part of scripture.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193427_39-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193427-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup> The prophetic and apostolic Scriptures are said by the Lutheran church to be authentic as written by the prophets and apostles, and that a correct translation of their writings is God's Word because it has the same meaning as the original <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193427_39-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193427-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup> A mistranslation is not God's word, and no human authority can invest it with divine authority.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193427_39-2" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193427-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: left; display: table; float: left; line-height: 0; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; min-width: 100px; text-align: center;" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biblia.svg" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; display: block; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="447" data-file-width="512" decoding="async" height="192" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Biblia.svg/220px-Biblia.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Biblia.svg/330px-Biblia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Biblia.svg/440px-Biblia.svg.png 2x" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 3px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><figcaption style="border-bottom-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; caption-side: bottom; display: table-caption; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 6px 6px; text-align: left; word-break: break-word;">"I saw another angel fly in the midst of heaven, having the everlasting gospel to preach..."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-40" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup> This illustration is from the title page of Luther's Bible.</figcaption></figure><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Divine_authority">Divine authority</span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">Scripture, regarded as the word of God, carries the full authority of God in Lutheranism: every single statement of the Bible calls for instant, unqualified and unrestricted acceptance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193427Graebner19108–9_41-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193427Graebner19108%E2%80%939-41" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup> Every doctrine of the Bible is the teaching of God and therefore requires full agreement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraebner19108–10_43-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraebner19108%E2%80%9310-43" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup> Every promise of the Bible calls for unshakable trust in its fulfillment;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraebner19108–9_45-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraebner19108%E2%80%939-45" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-46" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup> every command of the Bible is the directive of God himself and therefore demands willing observance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraebner19108–11_47-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraebner19108%E2%80%9311-47" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">What is said here of "every statement of the Bible" does not represent the faith of all Lutherans: a 2001 survey showed that 72 percent of members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America do not accept that everything in the Bible is literal, but that it may contain scientific or historical errors or describe events symbolically.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Clarity">Clarity</span></h4><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarity_of_scripture" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clarity of scripture">Clarity of scripture</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">Lutheranism teaches that the Bible presents all doctrines and commands of the Christian faith clearly;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193429Graebner191011–12_49-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193429Graebner191011%E2%80%9312-49" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-50" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup> that God's word is freely accessible to every reader or hearer of ordinary intelligence, without requiring any special education.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraebner191011_51-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraebner191011-51" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup> It also teaches that readers must understand the language God's word is presented in, and not be so preoccupied by contrary thoughts so as to prevent understanding.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraebner191011_51-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraebner191011-51" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup> It teaches that, consequently, no one needs to wait for any clergy, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pope">pope</a>, scholar, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_council" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical council</a> to explain the real meaning of any part of the Bible.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193428_52-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193428-52" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: right; display: table; float: right; line-height: 0; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; min-width: 100px; text-align: center;" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lutherbibel.jpg" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; display: block; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="759" data-file-width="1000" decoding="async" height="167" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/220px-Lutherbibel.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/330px-Lutherbibel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/440px-Lutherbibel.jpg 2x" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 3px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><figcaption style="border-bottom-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; caption-side: bottom; display: table-caption; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 6px 6px; text-align: left; word-break: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Bible" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Luther Bible">Luther's translation</a> of the Bible, from 1534, with four books placed after those Luther, considered, "the true and certain chief books of the New Testament"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-53" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup></figcaption></figure><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Efficacy">Efficacy</span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">Lutheranism teaches that scripture is united with the power of the Holy Spirit and with it, not only demands but also creates the acceptance of its teaching.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraebner191011_51-2" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraebner191011-51" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup> This teaching produces faith and obedience. Scripture is not a dead letter, but rather, the power of the Holy Spirit is inherent in it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraebner191011–12_54-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraebner191011%E2%80%9312-54" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup> Scripture does not compel a mere intellectual assent to its doctrine, resting on logical argumentation, but rather it creates the living agreement of faith.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraebner191012_55-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraebner191012-55" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalcald_Articles" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Smalcald Articles">Smalcald Articles</a> affirm, "in those things which concern the spoken, outward Word, we must firmly hold that God grants His Spirit or grace to no one, except through or with the preceding outward Word".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-56" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Sufficiency">Sufficiency</span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">Lutheranism teaches that the Bible contains everything that one needs to know in order to obtain <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation_(Christianity)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Salvation (Christianity)">salvation</a> and to live a Christian life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193428_52-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193428-52" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-57" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup> There are no deficiencies in scripture that need to be filled with by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Tradition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sacred Tradition">tradition</a>, pronouncements of the Pope, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_revelation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Continuous revelation">new revelations</a>, or present-day <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_doctrine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Development of doctrine">development of doctrine</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraebner191013_58-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraebner191013-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Characteristics_in_the_Reformed_faith" style="font-size: small;"><u>Characteristics in the Reformed faith</u></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a> spoke of the use of "the ordinary means" (such as turning to pastors and teachers) for reaching an understanding of what is contained in scripture and is necessary to know:</p><blockquote style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">Chapter 1, Section VII. All things in Scripture are not alike plain in themselves, nor alike clear unto all; yet those things which are necessary to be known, believed, and observed, for salvation, are so clearly propounded and opened in some place of Scripture or other, that not only the learned, but the unlearned, in a due use of the ordinary means, may attain unto a sufficient understanding of them.</p></blockquote><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Prima_scriptura" style="font-size: x-large;"><i>Prima scriptura</i></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_scriptura" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prima scriptura">Prima scriptura</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: right; display: table; float: right; line-height: 0; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; min-width: 100px; text-align: center;" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Wesley_memorial_Aldersgate.jpg" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; display: block; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1404" data-file-width="958" decoding="async" height="249" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/John_Wesley_memorial_Aldersgate.jpg/170px-John_Wesley_memorial_Aldersgate.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/John_Wesley_memorial_Aldersgate.jpg/255px-John_Wesley_memorial_Aldersgate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/John_Wesley_memorial_Aldersgate.jpg/340px-John_Wesley_memorial_Aldersgate.jpg 2x" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 3px; vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><figcaption style="border-bottom-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; caption-side: bottom; display: table-caption; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 6px 6px; text-align: left; word-break: break-word;">In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Wesleyan Quadrilateral</a>, experience is an additional source of authority. Pictured is a memorial to John Wesley's own experience of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_again_(Christianity)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Born again (Christianity)">New Birth</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a>.</figcaption></figure><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sola scriptura</i></span> may be contrasted with <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">prima scriptura</i></span>, which holds that, besides <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_canon" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biblical canon">canonical scripture</a>, there are other guides for what a believer should believe, and how he or she should live. Examples of this include the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_revelation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="General revelation">general revelation</a> in creation, traditions, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_gifts" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charismatic gifts">charismatic gifts</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mysticism">mystical</a> insight, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Angel">angelic</a> visitations, conscience, common sense, the views of experts, the spirit of the times or something else. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Prima scriptura</i></span> suggests that ways of knowing or understanding <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="God">God</a> and his will, that do not originate from canonized scripture, are in a second place, perhaps helpful in interpreting that scripture, but testable by the canon and correctable by it, if they seem to contradict the scriptures.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">Two Christian denominations that uphold the position of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">prima scriptura</i></span> are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-60" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[d]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WELS_3-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-WELS-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt200215_59-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt200215-59" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup> In the Anglican tradition, scripture, tradition, and reason form the "Anglican triad" or "three-legged stool", formulated by the Anglican theologian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hooker" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2001138Schmidt200215_61-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2001138Schmidt200215-61" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup> With respect to the Methodist tradition, <i>A Dictionary for United Methodists</i> states:</p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">Building on the Anglican theological tradition, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wesley" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Wesley">Wesley</a> added a fourth emphasis, experience. The resulting four components or "sides" of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">[Wesleyan] quadrilateral</a> are (1) Scripture, (2) tradition, (3) reason, and (4) experience. For United Methodists, Scripture is considered the primary source and standard for Christian doctrine. Tradition is experience and the witness of development and growth of the faith through the past centuries and in many nations and cultures. Experience is the individual's understanding and appropriating of the faith in the light of his or her own life. Through reason the individual Christian brings to bear on the Christian faith discerning and cogent thought. These four elements taken together bring the individual Christian to a mature and fulfilling understanding of the Christian faith and the required response of worship and service.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaltz1991_62-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaltz1991-62" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Quotations#Specific_recommendations" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Quotations"><span title="too-lengthy quotation (July 2017)">excessive quote</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><i>Sola scriptura</i> rejects any original infallible authority, other than the Bible. In this view, all secondary authority is derived from the authority of the scriptures and is therefore subject to reform when compared to the teaching of the Bible. Church councils, preachers, biblical commentators, private revelation, or even a message allegedly from an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Angel">angel</a> or an <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_apostles" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Twelve apostles">apostle</a> are not an original authority alongside the Bible in the <i>sola scriptura</i> approach.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Scripture_and_sacred_tradition" style="font-size: x-large;">Scripture and sacred tradition</span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, against whom the Protestants directed these arguments, did not see Scripture and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Tradition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sacred Tradition">Sacred Tradition</a> of the faith as different sources of authority, but that Scripture was handed down as part of Sacred Tradition (see <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Thessalonians" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="2 Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> 2:15, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Timothy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="2 Timothy">2 Timothy</a> 2:2).</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">The Catholic Church holds that the Gospel was transmitted by the apostles by their oral preaching, by example, and by observances handed on what they had received from the lips of Christ, from living with Him, and from what He did, or what they had learned through the prompting of the Holy Spirit; as well as by those apostles and apostolic men who under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit committed the message of salvation to writing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Dei_Verbum''§7_63-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Dei_Verbum''%C2%A77-63" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[59]</a></sup> "This living transmission, accomplished in the Holy Spirit, is called Tradition, since it is distinct from Sacred Scripture, though closely connected to it."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECCC§78_64-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTECCC%C2%A778-64" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup> "Sacred Tradition and Sacred Scripture make up a single sacred deposit of the Word of God."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Dei_Verbum''§10_65-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Dei_Verbum''%C2%A710-65" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[61]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">The Tradition here in question comes from the apostles and hands on what they received from Jesus' teaching and example and what they learned from the Holy Spirit. (The Catholic Church distinguishes Sacred Tradition from lesser ecclesiastical traditions—local customs that may be retained, modified or even abandoned.) As explained by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a>, "Let us look at the very tradition, teaching, and faith of the Catholic Church from the very beginning, which the Logos gave (edoken), the Apostles preached (ekeryxan), and the Fathers preserved (ephylaxan). Upon this the Church is founded (tethemeliotai)"(St. Athanasius, "First Letter to Serapion", 28)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-goarch_66-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-goarch-66" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[62]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">The doctrines which constitute Sacred Tradition are also perceived by the Church as cohesive in nature. The proper interpretation of the Scriptures was seen as part of the faith of the Church and seen indeed as the manner in which biblical authority was upheld (see <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Acts" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Book of Acts">Book of Acts</a> 15:28–29). The meaning of Scripture was seen as proven from the faith universally held in the churches (see Phil. 2:1, Acts 4:32), and the correctness of that universal faith was seen as proven from the Scriptures and apostolic Sacred Tradition (see 2 Thes. 2:15, 2 Thes. 3:6, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Corinthians" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a> 11:2). The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_canon" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a> itself was thus viewed by the Church as part of the Church's tradition, as defined by its leadership and acknowledged by its laity. The first generation of Christians did not yet have a written New Testament, and the New Testament itself demonstrates the process of living Tradition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECCC§83_67-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTECCC%C2%A783-67" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[63]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">The Catholic <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dei_verbum" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dei verbum">Dei verbum</a></i> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_encyclical" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Papal encyclical">papal encyclicals</a> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providentissimus_Deus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Providentissimus Deus">Providentissimus Deus</a></i> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divino_afflante_Spiritu" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Divino afflante Spiritu">Divino afflante Spiritu</a></i> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> set out Catholic teaching on tradition versus individual interpretation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-68" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[64]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-69" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">The Catholic Church teaches that Christ entrusted the preaching of the Gospel to the apostles, who handed it on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oral gospel traditions">orally</a> and in writing, and according to the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i>, "the apostolic preaching, which is expressed in a special way in the inspired books, was to be preserved in a continuous line of succession until the end of time. "Sacred Tradition and Sacred Scripture make up a single sacred deposit of the Word of God in which, as in a mirror, the pilgrim Church contemplates God, the source of all her riches."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECCC97_70-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTECCC97-70" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a></sup> For the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> too, "the Holy Bible forms a part of Holy Tradition, but does not lie outside of it. One would be in error to suppose that Scripture and Tradition are two separate and distinct sources of Christian Faith, as some do, since there is, in reality, only one source; and the Holy Bible exists and found its formulation within Tradition".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-71" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[67]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">Catholics apply to apostolic tradition many of the qualities that evangelicals and other Protestants apply to scripture alone. For example, the 1978 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Evangelical">Evangelical</a> declaration <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Statement_on_Biblical_Inerrancy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy">Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy</a></i>, states: "We affirm that inspiration was the work in which God by His Spirit, through human writers, gave us His Word. The origin of Scripture is divine. The mode of divine inspiration remains largely a mystery to us. We deny that inspiration can be reduced to human insight, or to heightened states of consciousness of any kind."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-72" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[68]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">Since the Catholic Church professes that apostolic tradition and scripture are both the word of God, Catholics can affirm that many of these propositions apply equally well to tradition: It is the work of the Holy Spirit, which cannot be reduced to human insight or heightened consciousness.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">This ties in with the question of what constitutes apostolic tradition. The Catechism of the Catholic Church states that this tradition is given "by the apostles who handed on, by the spoken word of their preaching, by the example they gave, by the institutions they established, what they themselves had received – whether from the lips of Christ, from his way of life and his works, or whether they had learned it at the prompting of the Holy Spirit".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECCC76_73-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTECCC76-73" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">There remains some confusion on the matter among both Catholics and non-Catholics. This confusion can be seen in those who interpret Catholic researcher James Keenan to claim that the doctrines given by apostolic tradition have changed. Keenan reviewed the history of moral theology, and in particular a change in the approach of moral theologians, specifically in the twentieth century. Keenan noted that Mark D. Jordan said that medieval texts he had reviewed appeared to be inconsistent. This refers to medieval traditions and not to apostolic tradition or doctrine. Keenan, however, says that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_T._Noonan_Jr." style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John T. Noonan Jr.">John T. Noonan Jr.</a> demonstrated that, "despite claims to the contrary, manualists were co-operators in the necessary historical development of the moral tradition". According to Noonan, "history cannot leave a principle or a teaching untouched; every application to a situation affects our understanding of the principle itself."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeenan201045_74-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenan201045-74" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[70]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Critiques" style="font-size: x-large;">Critiques</span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">Following the Protestant churches' separation from the Roman Catholic Church, the relatively new idea of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola scriptura</i></span> came under serious critique by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> Christians. In his 2001 <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shape_of_Sola_Scriptura" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Shape of Sola Scriptura">The Shape of Sola Scriptura</a></i>, <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathison200113_75-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathison200113-75" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup> the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Christian" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reformed Christian">Reformed Christian</a> writer <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_A._Mathison" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Keith A. Mathison">Keith A. Mathison</a> mentions several recent examples of such critics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-namely_76-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-namely-76" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[e]</a></sup> In response, Mathison distinguishes what he considers to be the true doctrine of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola scriptura</i></span> from the "subjective and individualistic version" of the doctrine that most Protestants have adopted.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathison200113–14_77-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathison200113%E2%80%9314-77" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">The American Roman Catholic author and television presenter <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Madrid" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Patrick Madrid">Patrick Madrid</a> wrote that <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola scriptura</i></span> is self-referentially incoherent, as the Bible itself does not teach <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola scriptura</i></span>, and therefore the belief that the scriptures are the only source of Christian belief is self-contradicting given that it cannot be supported without extra-scriptural doctrine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadrid20124–6_78-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadrid20124%E2%80%936-78" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[73]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">In the 2008 book <i>Catholicism and Science</i>, the authors Peter M. J. Hess and Paul Allen wrote that <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola scriptura</i></span> is "inherently divisive", citing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburg_Colloquy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marburg Colloquy">Marburg Colloquy</a> where Martin Luther and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a> debated the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">real presence of Christ in the Eucharist</a> on scriptural grounds but were unable to reach agreement on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramental_union" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sacramental union">sacramental union</a>. Hess and Allen argue that, when scripture is seen as the only source of infallible teaching, its interpretation is subject to fallible interpretation, and without an infallible interpreter, a certainty of Christian belief is not possible.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessAllen200828–29_79-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessAllen200828%E2%80%9329-79" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[74]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">The Roman Catholic <i>Encyclopedia of Theology</i> notes that, since the 27 books that make up the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_of_the_New_Testament" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canon of the New Testament">New Testament canon</a> of scripture are not based on a scriptural list that authenticates them to be inspired, their legitimacy would be impossible to distinguish with certainty without appealing to another infallible source, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magisterium" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Magisterium">magisterium</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, which assembled and authenticated this list at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Rome" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Council of Rome">Synod of Rome</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Carthage" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Synod of Carthage">Synod of Carthage</a>, both of which took place in the fourth century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkitt1913_80-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkitt1913-80" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[75]</a></sup> Before this, a compiled and authenticated Bible as it is now known did not yet exist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeuenzeit1975172_81-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuenzeit1975172-81" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[76]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">The American Roman Catholic writer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Armstrong_(Catholic_apologist)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dave Armstrong (Catholic apologist)">Dave Armstrong</a> wrote that there are several examples of Jesus and his Apostles accepting oral and extrabiblical tradition in the New Testament:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong200443–44_82-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong200443%E2%80%9344-82" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[77]</a></sup></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The reference to "He shall be called a Nazarene" cannot be found in the Old Testament, yet it was "spoken by the prophets" (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> 2:23). This prophecy, which is considered to be "God's Word", was passed down orally rather than through Scripture.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In Matthew 23:2–3, Jesus teaches that the scribes and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharisees" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> have a legitimate, binding authority based "on Moses' seat", but this phrase or idea cannot be found anywhere in the Old Testament. It is found in the (originally oral) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, which teaches a sort of "teaching succession" from Moses.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Corinthians" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a> 10:4, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> refers to a rock that "followed" the Jews through the Sinai wilderness. The Old Testament says nothing about such miraculous movement. But, this critic writes, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_tradition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rabbinic tradition">rabbinic tradition</a> does.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"As Jannes and Jambres opposed Moses" (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Timothy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="2 Timothy">2 Timothy</a> 3:8). These two men cannot be found in the related Old Testament passage (cf. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> 7:8ff.) or anywhere else in the Old Testament.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a> 9, a dispute is mentioned between the Archangel <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Satan">Satan</a> over Moses' body, which is not mentioned elsewhere in the Bible, and is drawn from oral Jewish tradition.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_of_James" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a> 5:17, when recounting the prayers of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> described in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Kings" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1 Kings">1 Kings</a> 17, a lack of rain for three years is mentioned, which is absent from the passage in 1 Kings.</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">Armstrong argues that since Jesus and the Apostles acknowledge authoritative Jewish oral tradition, Christians can therefore not dispute oral tradition's legitimacy and authority. However, according to scripture, Jesus also challenges some man-made Jewish traditions. But Catholics also make a similar distinction today between <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Tradition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sacred Tradition">Sacred Tradition</a>, which is considered inerrant, and lesser ecclesiastical traditions or disciplines, which can be subject to change. In the Catholic view, one can know what belongs to Sacred Tradition and what is an ecclesiastical tradition or discipline by consulting the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magisterium" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Magisterium">Magisterium</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Catholic Church">Church</a>. The difference between the two, in the Catholic view, is that Sacred Tradition is apostolic and part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposit_of_faith" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Deposit of faith">deposit of faith</a>, while ecclesiastical traditions and disciplines are not.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span id="Views_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_.28LDS_Church.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Views_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_(LDS_Church)">Views of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) states: "The official, canonized scriptures of the Church, often called the standard works, are the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bible">Bible</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price_(Mormonism)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)">Pearl of Great Price</a>."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-83" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[78]</a></sup> The Church accepts the Bible as the word of God "as far as it is translated correctly," <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-84" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[79]</a></sup> and it regards parts of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocrypha" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apocrypha">Apocrypha</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-85" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup> some writings of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protestant Reformers">Protestant Reformers</a> and non-Christian religious leaders, and the non-religious writings of some philosophers – and, notably, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States_of_America" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Constitution of the United States of America">Constitution of the United States of America</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-auto_86-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-auto-86" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup> – to be <i>inspired</i>, though <i>not canonical</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-87" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[82]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">Regarding the Church's view on the belief held by many that the Holy Bible, as presently constituted (in any translation, or even from the extant Hebrew and Greek manuscripts), is inerrant or infallible, etc, or the doctrine of <i>sola scriptura</i>, the Church has said the following: "The Latter-day Saints have a great reverence and love for the Bible. They study it and try to live its teachings. They treasure its witness of the life and mission of the Lord Jesus Christ. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joseph Smith">Prophet Joseph Smith</a> studied the Bible all his life, and he taught its precepts. He testified that a person who can 'mark the power of Omnipotence, inscribed upon the heavens, can also see God’s own handwriting in the sacred volume: and he who reads it oftenest will like it best, and he who is acquainted with it, will know the hand [of the Lord] wherever he can see it'."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:02_88-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-:02-88" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[83]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">The Church further said on the subject of <i>sola scriptura</i>: "Latter-day Saints believe in an open scriptural canon, which means that there are other books of scripture besides the Bible (such as the Book of Mormon) and that God continues to reveal His word through living <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prophet">prophets</a>. The argument is often made that to be a Christian means to assent to the principle of <i>sola scriptura,</i> or the self-sufficiency of the Bible. But to claim that the Bible is the final word of God—more specifically, the final written word of God—is to claim more for the Bible than it claims for itself. Nowhere does the Bible proclaim that all revelations from God would be gathered into a single volume to be forever closed and that no further scriptural revelation could be received."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:02_88-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-:02-88" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[83]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also" style="font-size: x-large;">See also</span></h2><ul aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright" role="navigation" style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; display: table; float: right; list-style: none; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; max-width: 175px; padding: 0.1em;"><li class="portalbox-entry" style="display: table-row; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; height: 1.9em; line-height: 13.09px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="portalbox-image" style="display: table-cell; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="icon" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="360" data-file-width="400" decoding="async" height="28" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="31" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link" style="display: table-cell; padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_criticism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliolatry" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibliolatry">Bibliolatry</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessationism_versus_continuationism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cessationism versus continuationism">Cessationism versus continuationism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_cathedra" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ex cathedra">Ex cathedra</a></i></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Nazzam" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ibrahim al-Nazzam">Ibrahim al-Nazzam</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtihad" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></i></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Judaism</a> (an analogous position in Judaism)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Only_movement" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="King James Only movement">King James Only movement</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quranism">Quranism</a> (an analogous position in Islam)</li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes" style="font-size: x-large;">Notes</span></h2><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 35em; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rendered in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Marsiglius</i>; and in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Marsilio da Padova</i></span></li><li id="cite_note-Schaff_quote-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-Schaff_quote_21-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schaff describes these earlier theologians as "reformers before the Reformation", and says of Wesel, for instance:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaff1998550–552_22-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1998550%E2%80%93552-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">John Ruchrath von Wesel, d. 1481, attacked the hierarchy and indulgences and was charged on his trial with calling in question almost all the distinctive Roman Catholic tenets. He was born in Oberwesel on the Rhine between Mainz and Coblentz. He taught at the University of Erfurt and, in 1458, was chosen its vice-rector. Luther bore testimony to his influence when he said, "I remember how Master John Wesalia ruled the University of Erfurt by his writings through the study of which I also became a master." Leaving Erfurt, he was successively professor in Basel and cathedral preacher in Mainz and Worms.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">In 1479, Wesel was arraigned for heresy before the Inquisition at Mainz. Among the charges were that the Scriptures are alone a trustworthy source of authority; the names of the predestinate are written in the book of life and cannot be erased by a priestly ban; indulgences do not profit; Christ is not pleased with festivals of fasting, pilgrimages or priestly celibacy; Christ's body can be in the bread without any change of the bread's substance: pope and councils are not to be obeyed if they are out of accord with the Scriptures; he whom God chooses will be saved irrespective of pope and priests, and all who have faith will enjoy as much blessedness as prelates. Wesel also made the distinction between the visible and the invisible Church and defined the Church as the aggregation of all the faithful who are bound together by love—<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">collectio omnium fidelium caritate copulatorum</i></span>. In his trial, he was accused of having had communication with the Hussites. In matters of historical criticism, he was also in advance of his age, casting doubt upon some of the statements of the Athanasian Creed, abandoning the application of the term Catholic to the Apostles' Creed and pronouncing the addition of the filioque clause—and from the Son—unwarranted. The doctrines of indulgences and the fund of merit he pronounced unscriptural and pious frauds. The elect are saved wholly through the grace of God—<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola Dei gratia salvantur electi</i></span>.</p></blockquote>Schaff sums up the three:<blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">These three German theologians, Goch, Wesel and Wessel, were quietly searching after the marks of the true Church and the doctrine of justification by faith in Christ alone. Without knowing it, they were standing on the threshold of the Reformation.</p><div class="templatequotecite" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 1.6em;">— <cite style="font-style: inherit;">Philip Schaff, "Doctrinal Reformers", <i>History of the Christian Church: The Middle Ages, A.D. 1294–1517</i></cite></div></blockquote></span></li><li id="cite_note-29" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the traditional Lutheran view of the Bible, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFGraebner1910" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Graebner 1910</a>, pp. 3ff. For an overview of the doctrine of verbal inspiration in Lutheranism, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFLuekerPoellotJackson2000b" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Lueker, Poellot & Jackson 2000b</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-60" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-60" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the Anglican view of authority, Richard H. Schmidt wrote:<blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">A favorite, if overworked, image among Anglicans is that of the three-legged stool, which stands only when all three legs are in place, as a visual way to think of the Anglican view of authority. We acknowledge three sources of authority, and we manage not to fall down when all three are in place. The first and most important of these is the Bible. The Articles of Religion, a Reformation-era statement of Anglican views on questions of the day, says that the Bible "containeth all things necessary to salvation", so that nothing not found in the Bible is to be required as an article of faith.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt200215_59-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt200215-59" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup></p></blockquote></span></li><li id="cite_note-namely-76" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-namely_76-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Namely, Mathison cited:<ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Robert A. Sungenis, author of <i>Not by Scripture Alone: A Catholic Critique of the Protestant Doctrine of Sola Scriptura</i> (Santa Barbara: Queenship Publishing Co., 1997)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Mark Shea, author of <i>By What Authority?</i> (Huntington, Indiana: Our Sunday Visitor, 1996)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Clark Carlton, <i>The Way: What Every Protestant Should Know About the Catholic Church</i> (Salisbury, Massachusetts: Regina Orthodox Press, 1997)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Madrid" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Patrick Madrid">Patrick Madrid</a> (editor), <i>Surprised by Truth</i> (San Diego: Basilica Press, 1994)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hahn" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a> and Kimberley Hahn, <i>Rome, Sweet Home</i> (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1993)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">David Currie, <i>Born Fundamentalist. Born Again Catholic</i> (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1993</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">and Peter Gilquist (editor), <i>Coming Home: Why Protestant Clergy Are Becoming Orthodox</i> (Ben Lomond, California: Conciliar Press, 1992).</li></ul></span></li></ol></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References" style="font-size: x-large;">References</span></h2><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes" style="font-size: small;"><u>Footnotes</u></span></h3><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-Wisse_2017-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-Wisse_2017_1-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-Wisse_2017_1-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-Wisse_2017_1-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-Wisse_2017_1-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFWisse2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Wisse, Maarten (2017). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_yk_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"PART I: Systematic Perspectives – <i>Contra et Pro Sola Scriptura</i>"</a>. In Burger, Hans; Huijgen, Arnold; Peels, Eric (eds.). <i>Sola Scriptura: Biblical and Theological Perspectives on Scripture, Authority, and Hermeneutics</i>. Studies in Reformed Theology. Vol. 32. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 19–37. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004356436_003" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1163/9789004356436_003</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35643-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35643-6"><bdi>978-90-04-35643-6</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1571-4799" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1571-4799</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=PART+I%3A+Systematic+Perspectives+%E2%80%93+Contra+et+Pro+Sola+Scriptura&rft.btitle=Sola+Scriptura%3A+Biblical+and+Theological+Perspectives+on+Scripture%2C+Authority%2C+and+Hermeneutics&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Studies+in+Reformed+Theology&rft.pages=19-37&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=1571-4799&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004356436_003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35643-6&rft.aulast=Wisse&rft.aufirst=Maarten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_yk_DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ligonier.org/blog/what-does-sola-scriptura-mean/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>What Does Sola Scriptura Mean?</i></a> 2015</span></li><li id="cite_note-WELS-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-WELS_3-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-WELS_3-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140522105449/http://www.wels.net/what-we-believe/questions-answers/christian/methodist-beliefs" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Methodist Beliefs: In What Ways Are Lutherans Different from United Methodists?"</a>. <i>Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.wels.net/what-we-believe/questions-answers/christian/methodist-beliefs" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 22 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">22 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wisconsin+Evangelical+Lutheran+Synod&rft.atitle=Methodist+Beliefs%3A+In+What+Ways+Are+Lutherans+Different+from+United+Methodists%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fwhat-we-believe%2Fquestions-answers%2Fchristian%2Fmethodist-beliefs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphrey201316-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphrey201316_4-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFHumphrey2013" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Humphrey 2013</a>, p. 16.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt200215Waltz1991-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt200215Waltz1991_5-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFSchmidt2002" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Schmidt 2002</a>, p. 15; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFWaltz1991" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Waltz 1991</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENassif200465-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENassif200465_6-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFNassif2004" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Nassif 2004</a>, p. 65.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlinn2007431–33-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlinn2007431%E2%80%9333_7-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlinn2007431%E2%80%9333_7-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFFlinn2007" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Flinn 2007</a>, pp. 431–33.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECCC80–81-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECCC80%E2%80%9381_8-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFCCC" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">CCC</a>, 80–81.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonWebber199343-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnsonWebber199343_9-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFJohnsonWebber1993" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Johnson & Webber 1993</a>, p. 43.</span></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCarson2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Carson, D. A. (27 January 2015). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CEn7DwAAQBAJ&dq=nuda+scriptura&pg=PA199" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Themelios, Volume 36, Issue 2</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-3466-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-3466-6"><bdi>978-1-7252-3466-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Themelios%2C+Volume+36%2C+Issue+2&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2015-01-27&rft.isbn=978-1-7252-3466-6&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCEn7DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnuda%2Bscriptura%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDockeryMasseySmith2018" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Dockery, David S.; Massey, James Earl; Smith, Robert Jr (20 April 2018). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xKZaDwAAQBAJ&dq=nuda+scriptura&pg=PT136" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Worship, Tradition, and Engagement: Essays in Honor of Timothy George</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-9850-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-9850-6"><bdi>978-1-4982-9850-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worship%2C+Tradition%2C+and+Engagement%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Timothy+George&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2018-04-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-9850-6&rft.aulast=Dockery&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft.au=Massey%2C+James+Earl&rft.au=Smith%2C+Robert+Jr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxKZaDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnuda%2Bscriptura%26pg%3DPT136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFStrange2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Strange, Daniel (8 May 2015). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vH7vDwAAQBAJ&dq=nuda+scriptura&pg=PT38" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>'For Their Rock is not as Our Rock': An Evangelical Theology Of Religions</i></a>. Inter-Varsity Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78359-374-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78359-374-3"><bdi>978-1-78359-374-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27For+Their+Rock+is+not+as+Our+Rock%27%3A+An+Evangelical+Theology+Of+Religions&rft.pub=Inter-Varsity+Press&rft.date=2015-05-08&rft.isbn=978-1-78359-374-3&rft.aulast=Strange&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvH7vDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnuda%2Bscriptura%26pg%3DPT38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFBarrett2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Barrett, Matthew (16 June 2017). <a class="external text" href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/sola-scriptura-radicalized-and-abandoned/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"<span class="cs1-kern-left" style="padding-left: 0.2em;"></span>'Sola Scriptura' Radicalized and Abandoned"</a>. <i>The Gospel Coalition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">25 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gospel+Coalition&rft.atitle=%27Sola+Scriptura%27+Radicalized+and+Abandoned&rft.date=2017-06-16&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegospelcoalition.org%2Farticle%2Fsola-scriptura-radicalized-and-abandoned%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFTreier2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Treier, Daniel J. (2007), Treier, Daniel J.; Larsen, Timothy (eds.), <a class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-evangelical-theology/scripture-and-hermeneutics/8FCBCA529FE98EBF513400518980B834" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Scripture and hermeneutics"</a>, <i>The Cambridge Companion to Evangelical Theology</i>, Cambridge Companions to Religion, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 35–50, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84698-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84698-1"><bdi>978-0-521-84698-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">25 June</span> 2022</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Evangelical+Theology&rft.atitle=Scripture+and+hermeneutics&rft.pages=35-50&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84698-1&rft.aulast=Treier&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-companion-to-evangelical-theology%2Fscripture-and-hermeneutics%2F8FCBCA529FE98EBF513400518980B834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:0-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-:0_15-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-:0_15-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFThiel2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Thiel, John E. (21 September 2000). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ5CelJGUYEC&dq=William+of+Ockham+sola+scriptura&pg=PA18" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Senses of Tradition: Continuity and Development in Catholic Faith</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535031-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535031-9"><bdi>978-0-19-535031-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Senses+of+Tradition%3A+Continuity+and+Development+in+Catholic+Faith&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000-09-21&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535031-9&rft.aulast=Thiel&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIZ5CelJGUYEC%26dq%3DWilliam%2Bof%2BOckham%2Bsola%2Bscriptura%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:2-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-:2_16-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-:2_16-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHeath2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Heath, J. M. F. (2 May 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LfunhfdzJskC&dq=William+of+Ockham+sola+scriptura&pg=PA22" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Paul's Visual Piety: The Metamorphosis of the Beholder</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966414-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966414-6"><bdi>978-0-19-966414-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul%27s+Visual+Piety%3A+The+Metamorphosis+of+the+Beholder&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2013-05-02&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966414-6&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=J.+M.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLfunhfdzJskC%26dq%3DWilliam%2Bof%2BOckham%2Bsola%2Bscriptura%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:3-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-:3_17-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-:3_17-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMcGregorRowland2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">McGregor, Peter John; Rowland, Tracey (20 January 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zOFaEAAAQBAJ&dq=William+of+Ockham+protestant&pg=PT101" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Healing Fractures in Contemporary Theology</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-6610-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-6610-0"><bdi>978-1-7252-6610-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Healing+Fractures+in+Contemporary+Theology&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2022-01-20&rft.isbn=978-1-7252-6610-0&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=Peter+John&rft.au=Rowland%2C+Tracey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzOFaEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DWilliam%2Bof%2BOckham%2Bprotestant%26pg%3DPT101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff199861–69-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaff199861%E2%80%9369_19-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFSchaff1998" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Schaff 1998</a>, pp. 61–69.</span></li><li id="cite_note-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/john-wycliffe-condemned-heretic" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"John Wycliffe condemned as a heretic | History Today"</a>. <i>www.historytoday.com</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historytoday.com&rft.atitle=John+Wycliffe+condemned+as+a+heretic+%7C+History+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Fjohn-wycliffe-condemned-heretic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1998550–552-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaff1998550%E2%80%93552_22-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaff1998550%E2%80%93552_22-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFSchaff1998" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Schaff 1998</a>, pp. 550–552.</span></li><li id="cite_note-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFdePrater2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">dePrater, William A. (25 March 2015). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rXLDCAAAQBAJ&dq=Peter+Abelard+reformation&pg=PA37" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>God Hovered Over the Waters: The Emergence of the Protestant Reformation</i></a>. Wipf and Stock. p. 37. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-0454-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-0454-5"><bdi>978-1-4982-0454-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Hovered+Over+the+Waters%3A+The+Emergence+of+the+Protestant+Reformation&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2015-03-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-0454-5&rft.aulast=dePrater&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrXLDCAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DPeter%2BAbelard%2Breformation%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1998258-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaff1998258_24-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFSchaff1998" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Schaff 1998</a>, p. 258.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Griffith_2018-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-Griffith_2018_25-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-Griffith_2018_25-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFGriffith2018" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Griffith, Howard (Spring 2018). <a class="external text" href="https://journal.rts.edu/article/luther-in-1520-justification-by-faith-alone/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Luther in 1520: Justification by Faith Alone"</a>. <i>Reformed Faith & Practice: The Journal of Reformed Theological Seminary</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando, Florida</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Theological_Seminary" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reformed Theological Seminary">Reformed Theological Seminary</a>. <b>3</b> (1): <a class="external text" href="https://journal.rts.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Cumulative-3.1-w-cover.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">28–37</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203011553/https://journal.rts.edu/article/luther-in-1520-justification-by-faith-alone/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reformed+Faith+%26+Practice%3A+The+Journal+of+Reformed+Theological+Seminary&rft.atitle=Luther+in+1520%3A+Justification+by+Faith+Alone&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-37&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.rts.edu%2Farticle%2Fluther-in-1520-justification-by-faith-alone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine cs1" id="CITEREFHorton1994" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Horton_(theologian)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michael Horton (theologian)">Horton, Michael</a> (1994). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080731225827/http://www.monergism.com/updates/reformation_essentials_by_mich.php" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Crisis of Evangelical Christianity: Reformation Essentials"</a>. <i>Modern Reformation</i>. Vol. 3, no. 2. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.monergism.com/updates/reformation_essentials_by_mich.php" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 31 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">10 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Reformation&rft.atitle=The+Crisis+of+Evangelical+Christianity%3A+Reformation+Essentials&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monergism.com%2Fupdates%2Freformation_essentials_by_mich.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathison200123-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathison200123_27-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFMathison2001" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Mathison 2001</a>, p. 23.</span></li><li id="cite_note-28" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Luther, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalcald_Articles" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Smalcald Articles">Smalcald Articles</a> II, 15.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193429Graebner19107ff-30" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193429Graebner19107ff_30-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer1934" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Engelder et al. 1934</a>, p. 29; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFGraebner1910" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Graebner 1910</a>, pp. 7ff.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193426-31" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193426_31-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer1934" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Engelder et al. 1934</a>, p. 26.</span></li><li id="cite_note-32" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Timothy+3:16&version=50" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2 Timothy 3:16</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+2:13&version=50" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1 Corinthians 2:13</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Thessalonians+2:13&version=50" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1 Thessalonians 2:13</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+3:2&version=50" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Romans 3:2</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Peter+1:21&version=50" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2 Peter 1:21</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Samuel+23:2&version=50" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2 Samuel 23:2</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hebrews+1:1&version=50" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Hebrews 1:1</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+10:35&version=50" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">John 10:35</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+16:13&version=50" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">John 16:13</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+17:17&version=50" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">John 17:17</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-33" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://elca.org/Faith/ELCA-Teaching/Scripture-Creeds-Confessions" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Scriptures, Creeds, Confessions"</a>. Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scriptures%2C+Creeds%2C+Confessions&rft.pub=Evangelical+Lutheran+Church+in+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felca.org%2FFaith%2FELCA-Teaching%2FScripture-Creeds-Confessions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-34" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"God's Word, or Holy Scripture" from the <a class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.org/defense_2_originalsin.php" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Apology of the Augsburg Confession, Article II, of Original Sin</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022004920/https://bookofconcord.org/defense_2_originalsin.php" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 22 October 2020 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-35" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"the Scripture of the Holy Ghost". <a class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.org/defense_greeting.php" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Apology to the Augsburg Confession, Preface, 9</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031090229/http://bookofconcord.org/defense_greeting.php" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 31 October 2020 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-36" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228130027/http://www.bookofconcord.org/sd-ruleandnorm.php" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.org/sd-ruleandnorm.php" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 28 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">13 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Solid+Declaration+of+the+Formula+of+Concord&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookofconcord.org%2Fsd-ruleandnorm.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-37" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Tobit 6, 71; 2 Macc. 12, 43 f.; 14, 411),</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuekerPoellotJackson2000a-38" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuekerPoellotJackson2000a_38-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFLuekerPoellotJackson2000a" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Lueker, Poellot & Jackson 2000a</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193427-39" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193427_39-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193427_39-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193427_39-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer1934" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Engelder et al. 1934</a>, p. 27.</span></li><li id="cite_note-40" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-40" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#14:6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 14:6</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193427Graebner19108–9-41" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193427Graebner19108%E2%80%939_41-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer1934" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Engelder et al. 1934</a>, p. 27; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFGraebner1910" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Graebner 1910</a>, pp. 8–9.</span></li><li id="cite_note-42" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%204:3" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Matthew 4:3</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Luke%204:3" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Luke 4:3</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%203:1" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Genesis 3:1</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%2010:35" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">John 10:35</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Luke%2024:25" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Luke 24:25</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Psalms%20119:140" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Psalm 119:140</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Psalms%20119:167" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Psalm 119:167</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraebner19108–10-43" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraebner19108%E2%80%9310_43-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFGraebner1910" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Graebner 1910</a>, pp. 8–10.</span></li><li id="cite_note-44" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Thessalonians%202:15" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2 Thessalonians 2:15</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Luke%2024:25%E2%80%9327" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Luke 24:25–27</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Luke%2016:29%E2%80%9331" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Luke 16:29–31</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Timothy%203:15%E2%80%9317" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2 Timothy 3:15–17</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Jeremiah%208:9" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Jeremiah 8:9</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Jeremiah%2023:26" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Jeremiah 23:26</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Isaiah%208:19%E2%80%9320" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Isaiah 8:19–20</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Corinthians%2014:37" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1 Corinthians 14:37</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Galatians%201:8" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Galatians 1:8</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2017:11" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Acts 17:11</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2015:14%E2%80%9315" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Acts 15:14–15</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraebner19108–9-45" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraebner19108%E2%80%939_45-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFGraebner1910" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Graebner 1910</a>, pp. 8–9.</span></li><li id="cite_note-46" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-46" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Thessalonians%202:13" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2 Thessalonians 2:13</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Corinthians%201:20" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2 Corinthians 1:20</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Titus%201:2%E2%80%933" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Titus 1:2–3</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Thessalonians%202:15" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2 Thessalonians 2:15</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Peter%201:19" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2 Peter 1:19</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraebner19108–11-47" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraebner19108%E2%80%9311_47-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFGraebner1910" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Graebner 1910</a>, pp. 8–11.</span></li><li id="cite_note-48" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104103503/http://www.thelutheran.org/article/article.cfm?article_id=1186" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Bible: Literal or Inspired"</a>. The Lutheran. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.thelutheran.org/article/article.cfm?article_id=1186" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 4 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">13 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bible%3A+Literal+or+Inspired&rft.pub=The+Lutheran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelutheran.org%2Farticle%2Farticle.cfm%3Farticle_id%3D1186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193429Graebner191011–12-49" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193429Graebner191011%E2%80%9312_49-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer1934" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Engelder et al. 1934</a>, p. 29; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFGraebner1910" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Graebner 1910</a>, pp. 11–12.</span></li><li id="cite_note-50" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-50" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+19:8&version=50" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Psalm 19:8</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+119:105&version=50" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Psalm 119:105</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+119:130&version=50" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Psalm 119:130</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Timothy+3:15&version=50" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2 Timothy 3:15</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy+30:11&version=50" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Deuteronomy 30:11</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Peter%201:19" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2 Peter 1:19</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Ephesians%203:3%E2%80%934" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Ephesians 3:3–4</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%208:31%E2%80%9332" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">John 8:31–32</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Corinthians%204:3%E2%80%934" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2 Corinthians 4:3–4</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%208:43%E2%80%9347" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">John 8:43–47</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Peter%203:15%E2%80%9316" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2 Peter 3:15–16</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraebner191011-51" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraebner191011_51-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraebner191011_51-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraebner191011_51-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFGraebner1910" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Graebner 1910</a>, p. 11.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193428-52" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193428_52-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer193428_52-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer1934" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Engelder et al. 1934</a>, p. 28.</span></li><li id="cite_note-53" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-53" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/antilegomena.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Luther's Antilegomena"</a>. <i>www.bible-researcher.com</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bible-researcher.com&rft.atitle=Luther%27s+Antilegomena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible-researcher.com%2Fantilegomena.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraebner191011–12-54" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraebner191011%E2%80%9312_54-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFGraebner1910" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Graebner 1910</a>, pp. 11–12.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraebner191012-55" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraebner191012_55-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFGraebner1910" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Graebner 1910</a>, p. 12.</span></li><li id="cite_note-56" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-56" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731111923/http://www.bookofconcord.org/smalcald.php#confession" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Smalcald Articles – Book of Concord"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.org/smalcald.php#confession" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 31 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">15 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smalcald+Articles+%E2%80%93+Book+of+Concord&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookofconcord.org%2Fsmalcald.php%23confession&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-57" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-57" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Timothy%203:15%E2%80%9317" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2 Timothy 3:15–17</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%205:39" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">John 5:39</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%2017:20" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">John 17:20</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Psalms%2019:7%E2%80%938" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Psalm 19:7–8</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraebner191013-58" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraebner191013_58-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFGraebner1910" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Graebner 1910</a>, p. 13.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt200215-59" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt200215_59-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt200215_59-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFSchmidt2002" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Schmidt 2002</a>, p. 15.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2001138Schmidt200215-61" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2001138Schmidt200215_61-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFLewis2001" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Lewis 2001</a>, p. 138; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFSchmidt2002" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Schmidt 2002</a>, p. 15.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaltz1991-62" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaltz1991_62-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFWaltz1991" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Waltz 1991</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Dei_Verbum''§7-63" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Dei_Verbum''%C2%A77_63-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFDei_Verbum" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Dei Verbum</i></a>, §7.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECCC§78-64" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECCC%C2%A778_64-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFCCC" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">CCC</a>, §78.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Dei_Verbum''§10-65" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Dei_Verbum''%C2%A710_65-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFDei_Verbum" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Dei Verbum</i></a>, §10.</span></li><li id="cite_note-goarch-66" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-goarch_66-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.goarch.org/-/tradition-in-the-orthodox-church" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Tradition in the Orthodox Church – Theology – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America"</a>. <i>www.goarch.org</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.goarch.org&rft.atitle=Tradition+in+the+Orthodox+Church+%E2%80%93+Theology+%E2%80%93+Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2F-%2Ftradition-in-the-orthodox-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECCC§83-67" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECCC%C2%A783_67-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFCCC" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">CCC</a>, §83.</span></li><li id="cite_note-68" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-68" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFScott_Windsor_Sr.2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Scott Windsor Sr. (19 January 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://quilocutus.blogspot.in/2010/01/sola-scriptura-self-refuting.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Qui Locutus: Sola Scriptura Self Refuting"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">19 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qui+Locutus%3A+Sola+Scriptura+Self+Refuting&rft.date=2010-01-19&rft.au=Scott+Windsor+Sr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquilocutus.blogspot.in%2F2010%2F01%2Fsola-scriptura-self-refuting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-69" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-69" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFSippo2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Sippo, Art (January 2000). Pacheco, John (ed.). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140109230252/http://www.catholic-legate.com/Apologetics/Scripture/Articles/SolaScripturasSelf-Refutation.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Sola Scriptura's Self Refutation"</a>. <i>The Catholic Legate</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.catholic-legate.org/post/sola-scriptura-s-self-refutation" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 9 January 2014.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Legate&rft.atitle=Sola+Scriptura%27s+Self+Refutation&rft.date=2000-01&rft.aulast=Sippo&rft.aufirst=Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-legate.org%2Fpost%2Fsola-scriptura-s-self-refutation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECCC97-70" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECCC97_70-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFCCC" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">CCC</a>, 97.</span></li><li id="cite_note-71" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-71" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075130/http://www.orthodoxoutreach.net/orthodoxy/TTtradition.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Orthodox Outreach, "Holy Tradition"<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxoutreach.net/orthodoxy/TTtradition.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">20 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Outreach%2C+%22Holy+Tradition%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxoutreach.net%2Forthodoxy%2FTTtradition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-72" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-72" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141101055745/http://www.alliancenet.org/partner/Article_Display_Page/0,,PTID307086_CHID750054_CIID2094584,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy, Article VII"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Confessing_Evangelicals" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals">Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.alliancenet.org/partner/Article_Display_Page/0,,PTID307086_CHID750054_CIID2094584,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 1 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">1 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alliance+of+Confessing+Evangelicals&rft.atitle=Chicago+Statement+on+Biblical+Inerrancy%2C+Article+VII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alliancenet.org%2Fpartner%2FArticle_Display_Page%2F0%2C%2CPTID307086_CHID750054_CIID2094584%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECCC76-73" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECCC76_73-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFCCC" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">CCC</a>, 76.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenan201045-74" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeenan201045_74-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFKeenan2010" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Keenan 2010</a>, p. 45.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathison200113-75" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathison200113_75-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFMathison2001" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Mathison 2001</a>, p. 13.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathison200113–14-77" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathison200113%E2%80%9314_77-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFMathison2001" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Mathison 2001</a>, pp. 13–14.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadrid20124–6-78" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadrid20124%E2%80%936_78-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFMadrid2012" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Madrid 2012</a>, pp. 4–6.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessAllen200828–29-79" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessAllen200828%E2%80%9329_79-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFHessAllen2008" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Hess & Allen 2008</a>, pp. 28–29.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkitt1913-80" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkitt1913_80-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFBurkitt1913" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Burkitt 1913</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuenzeit1975172-81" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeuenzeit1975172_81-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFNeuenzeit1975" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Neuenzeit 1975</a>, p. 172.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong200443–44-82" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong200443%E2%80%9344_82-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#CITEREFArmstrong2004" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Armstrong 2004</a>, pp. 43–44.</span></li><li id="cite_note-83" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-83" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/eng/manual/gospel-topics/scriptures" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Scriptures"</a>. <i>www.churchofjesuschrist.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">10 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Scriptures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Feng%2Fmanual%2Fgospel-topics%2Fscriptures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-84" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-84" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Pearl_of_Great_Price_(1913)/Articles_of_Faith#1:8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:The Pearl of Great Price (1913)/Articles of Faith">Articles of Faith 1:8</a> ("We believe the <i>Bible</i> to be the word of God as far as it is translated correctly.") <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> wrote, "I believe the Bible as it read when it came from the pen of the original writers" (<i>Teachings of The Prophet Joseph Smith</i>, p. 327).</span></li><li id="cite_note-85" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-85" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/eng/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/91" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Doctrine and Covenants 91"</a>. <i>www.churchofjesuschrist.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">10 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Doctrine+and+Covenants+91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Feng%2Fscriptures%2Fdc-testament%2Fdc%2F91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-auto-86" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-auto_86-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/101?lang=eng&id=80#p80" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">D&C 101:80</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-87" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-87" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/World_Religions_(Non-Christian)_and_Mormonism" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Encyclopedia of Mormonism – World Religions (Non-Christian) and Mormonism"</a>. 1992. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080429193758/http://ldsfaq.byu.edu/emmain.asp?number=202" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">3 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism+%E2%80%93+World+Religions+%28Non-Christian%29+and+Mormonism&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feom.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FWorld_Religions_%28Non-Christian%29_and_Mormonism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:02-88" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-:02_88-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#cite_ref-:02_88-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/eng/manual/gospel-topics/bible-inerrancy-of" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Bible, Inerrancy of"</a>. <i>www.churchofjesuschrist.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">10 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Bible%2C+Inerrancy+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Feng%2Fmanual%2Fgospel-topics%2Fbible-inerrancy-of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></span></li></ol></div><h3 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography" style="font-size: small;"><u>Bibliography</u></span></h3><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFArmstrong2004" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Armstrong_(Catholic_apologist)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dave Armstrong (Catholic apologist)">Armstrong, Dave</a> (2004). <i>The Catholic Verses: 95 Bible Passages That Confound Protestants</i>. Manchester, New Hampshire: Sophia Institute Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-928832-73-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-928832-73-7"><bdi>978-1-928832-73-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Verses%3A+95+Bible+Passages+That+Confound+Protestants&rft.place=Manchester%2C+New+Hampshire&rft.pub=Sophia+Institute+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-928832-73-7&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBurkitt1913" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crawford_Burkitt" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Francis Crawford Burkitt">Burkitt, F. C.</a> (1913). <a class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/articles/burkitt_gelasianum.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Review of <i>The Decretum Gelasianum</i> Examined by Ernst von Dobschütz"</a>. <i>The Journal of Theological Studies</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 469–471. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2Fos-XIV.3.469b" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1093/jts/os-XIV.3.469b</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5185" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0022-5185</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">17 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Decretum+Gelasianum+Examined+by+Ernst+von+Dobsch%C3%BCtz&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=469-471&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjts%2Fos-XIV.3.469b&rft.issn=0022-5185&rft.aulast=Burkitt&rft.aufirst=F.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Farticles%2Fburkitt_gelasianum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCCC" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_INDEX.HTM" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church </i>(CCC)<i></i></a>. Vatican: Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+%28CCC%29&rft.place=Vatican&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F_INDEX.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFEngelderArndtGraebnerMayer1934" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Engelder, Theodore; Arndt, W.; Graebner, Theodore; Mayer, F. E. (1934). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Popular Symbolics: The Doctrines of the Churches of Christendom and of Other Religious Bodies Examined in the Light of Scripture</i></a>. Saint Louis, Missouri: Concordia Publishing House. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42956289" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">42956289</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">17 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Symbolics%3A+The+Doctrines+of+the+Churches+of+Christendom+and+of+Other+Religious+Bodies+Examined+in+the+Light+of+Scripture&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42956289&rft.aulast=Engelder&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft.au=Arndt%2C+W.&rft.au=Graebner%2C+Theodore&rft.au=Mayer%2C+F.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMN41551ucmf_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFlinn2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Flinn, Frank K. (2007). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofca0000flin" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position-y: 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 9px; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Encyclopedia of Catholicism</i></a></span>. New York: Facts on File. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7565-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7565-2"><bdi>978-0-8160-7565-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Catholicism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7565-2&rft.aulast=Flinn&rft.aufirst=Frank+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofca0000flin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGraebner1910" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Graebner, A. L. (1910). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060712193848/http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/bibliology.txt" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Outlines of Doctrinal Theology</i></a>. Saint Louis, Missouri: Concordia Publishing House. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7"><bdi>978-0-524-04891-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/bibliology.txt" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 12 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">17 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Doctrinal+Theology&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-0-524-04891-7&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshowcase.netins.net%2Fweb%2Fbilarson%2Fbibliology.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHessAllen2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hess, Peter P. J.; Allen, Paul (2008). <i>Catholicism and Science</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33190-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33190-9"><bdi>978-0-313-33190-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholicism+and+Science&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33190-9&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Peter+P.+J.&rft.au=Allen%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHumphrey2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Humphrey, Edith M. (2013). <i>Scripture and Tradition: What the Bible Really Says</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-4048-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-4048-4"><bdi>978-1-4412-4048-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scripture+and+Tradition%3A+What+the+Bible+Really+Says&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-4048-4&rft.aulast=Humphrey&rft.aufirst=Edith+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFJohnsonWebber1993" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Johnson, Alan F.; Webber, Robert E. (1993) [1989]. <i>What Christians Believe: An Overview of Theology and Its Biblical and Historical Development</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-36721-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-36721-5"><bdi>978-0-310-36721-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Christians+Believe%3A+An+Overview+of+Theology+and+Its+Biblical+and+Historical+Development&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-310-36721-5&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Alan+F.&rft.au=Webber%2C+Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKeenan2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Keenan, James F. (2010). <i>A History of Catholic Moral Theology in the Twentieth Century: From Confessing Sins to Liberating Consciences</i>. London: Continuum. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2929-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2929-2"><bdi>978-0-8264-2929-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Catholic+Moral+Theology+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+From+Confessing+Sins+to+Liberating+Consciences&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-2929-2&rft.aulast=Keenan&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFLewis2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lewis, Harold T. (2001). <i>Christian Social Witness</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cowley Publications. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56101-188-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56101-188-9"><bdi>978-1-56101-188-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Social+Witness&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Cowley+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56101-188-9&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Harold+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" id="CITEREFLuekerPoellotJackson2000a" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lueker, Erwin L.; Poellot, Luther; Jackson, Paul, eds. (2000a). <a class="external text" href="http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=c&word=CANON.BIBLE" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Canon, Bible"</a>. <i>Christian Cyclopedia</i>. St. Louis, Missouri: Concordia Publishing House<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">17 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canon%2C+Bible&rft.btitle=Christian+Cyclopedia&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcyclopedia.lcms.org%2Fdisplay.asp%3Ft1%3Dc%26word%3DCANON.BIBLE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" id="CITEREFLuekerPoellotJackson2000b" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lueker, Erwin L.; Poellot, Luther; Jackson, Paul, eds. (2000b). <a class="external text" href="http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=i&word=INSPIRATION.DOCTRINEOF" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Inspiration, Doctrine of"</a>. <i>Christian Cyclopedia</i>. St. Louis, Missouri: Concordia Publishing House<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">17 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Inspiration%2C+Doctrine+of&rft.btitle=Christian+Cyclopedia&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcyclopedia.lcms.org%2Fdisplay.asp%3Ft1%3Di%26word%3DINSPIRATION.DOCTRINEOF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMadrid2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Madrid" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Patrick Madrid">Madrid, Patrick</a> (2012). <i>Envoy for Christ: 25 Years as a Catholic Apologist</i>. Cincinnati, Ohio: Servant Books. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61636-484-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61636-484-7"><bdi>978-1-61636-484-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Envoy+for+Christ%3A+25+Years+as+a+Catholic+Apologist&rft.place=Cincinnati%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Servant+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61636-484-7&rft.aulast=Madrid&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMathison2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Mathison" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Keith Mathison">Mathison, Keith A.</a> (2001). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shape_of_Sola_Scriptura" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Shape of Sola Scriptura"><i>The Shape of Sola Scriptura</i></a>. Moscow, Idaho: Canon Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885767-74-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885767-74-5"><bdi>978-1-885767-74-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shape+of+Sola+Scriptura&rft.place=Moscow%2C+Idaho&rft.pub=Canon+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-885767-74-5&rft.aulast=Mathison&rft.aufirst=Keith+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFNassif2004" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Nassif, Bradley (2004). "Are Eastern Orthodoxy and Evangelicalism Compatible? Yes: The Evangelical Theology of the Eastern Orthodox Church". In Stamoolis, James J. (ed.). <i>Three Views on Eastern Orthodoxy and Evangelicalism</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan (published 2010). <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-86436-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-86436-3"><bdi>978-0-310-86436-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Are+Eastern+Orthodoxy+and+Evangelicalism+Compatible%3F+Yes%3A+The+Evangelical+Theology+of+the+Eastern+Orthodox+Church&rft.btitle=Three+Views+on+Eastern+Orthodoxy+and+Evangelicalism&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-310-86436-3&rft.aulast=Nassif&rft.aufirst=Bradley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" id="CITEREFNeuenzeit1975" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Neuenzeit, Paul (1975). "Canon of Scripture". In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Rahner" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner, Karl</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Theology: A Concise Sacramentum Mundi</i>. London: Burns & Oates (published 1999). <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-006-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-006-3"><bdi>978-0-86012-006-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canon+of+Scripture&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Theology%3A+A+Concise+Sacramentum+Mundi&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Burns+%26+Oates&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-86012-006-3&rft.aulast=Neuenzeit&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDei_Verbum" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Pope Paul VI (18 November 1965). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140531175312/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651118_dei-verbum_en.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Dei Verbum</i></a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651118_dei-verbum_en.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 31 May 2014.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dei+Verbum&rft.date=1965-11-18&rft.au=Pope+Paul+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_const_19651118_dei-verbum_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFSchaff1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Schaff, Philip (1998) [This edition first published 1910]. <a class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/s/schaff/hcc6/cache/hcc6.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>History of the Christian Church: The Middle Ages, A.D. 1294–1517</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Grand Rapids, MI, USA: Christian Classics Ethereal Library. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56333343" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">56333343</a>. Volume VI<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">14 November</span> 2021</span> – via ccel.org.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church%3A+The+Middle+Ages%2C+A.D.+1294%E2%80%931517&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI%2C+USA&rft.pub=Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56333343&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fs%2Fschaff%2Fhcc6%2Fcache%2Fhcc6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFSchmidt2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Schmidt, Richard H. (2002). <i>Glorious Companions: Five Centuries of Anglican Spirituality</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2222-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2222-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-2222-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glorious+Companions%3A+Five+Centuries+of+Anglican+Spirituality&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2222-2&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFWaltz1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Waltz, Alan K. (1991). <i>A Dictionary for United Methodists</i>. Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+for+United+Methodists&rft.place=Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Waltz&rft.aufirst=Alan+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASola+scriptura"></span></li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links" style="font-size: x-large;">External links</span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090927214347/https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=39&cuItem_itemID=928" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">WELS Topical Q&A: Sola Scriptura in the Bible?</a> (a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessional_Lutheran" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Confessional Lutheran">Confessional Lutheran</a> perspective)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090927214527/https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=39&cuItem_itemID=12132" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">WELS Topical Q&A: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sola Scriptura</i></span>?</a> (a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessional_Lutheran" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Confessional Lutheran">Confessional Lutheran</a> perspective)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.monergism.com/search?keywords=%22sola+scriptura%22&format=All&=Search" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Articles on <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola scriptura</i></span></a> from a Reformed perspective</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120518000715/http://www.veritasbible.com/resources/sacred_scripture_shortcuts/categories/Scripture_%26_Tradition/Sola+Scriptura+%5BBible+alone%3F+No%21%5D" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Bible verses on <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola scriptura</i></span></a> from a Catholic perspective</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060226182616/http://www.catholic.com/library/scripture_tradition.asp" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Scripture & Tradition</i></a> from a Catholic perspective<ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060212170522/http://www.catholic.com/library/Proving_Inspiration.asp" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Proving Inspiration</i></a> refers to <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola scriptura</i></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100328011053/http://www.catholic.com/library/Scripture_and_Tradition.asp" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Scripture and Tradition</i></a> and <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100326075828/http://www.catholic.com/library/What_Your_Authority.asp" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>"What's Your Authority?"</i></a> argues against <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola scriptura</i></span></li></ul></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.reformed.org/webfiles/antithesis/v1n5/ant_v1n5_issue.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">A written debate on <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola scriptura</i></span></a> between Douglas Jones and Gerald Matatics from <i>Antithesis Magazine</i></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bringyou.to/apologetics/a60.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">A formal written debate on <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola scriptura</i></span></a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413234431/http://www.bringyou.to/apologetics/a60.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 13 April 2008 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> between Julie Staples and Apolonio Latar</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110321125847/http://thecatholicconvert.webs.com/solascriptura21.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">A Catholic assessment of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola scriptura</i></span></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/tca_solascriptura.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">An Orthodox Christian assessment of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola scriptura</i></span></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.saintjonah.org/articles/responses_sola.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Orthodox Christian Responses to Protestant Apologists on <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola scriptura</i></span></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.catholicapologetics.org/ap040100.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Paradosis: The Handing On of Divine Revelation"</a> from a Catholic perspective</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/adisputationonho00whituoft/adisputationonho00whituoft_djvu.txt" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"A Disputation on Holy Scripture" by Puritan William Whitaker (1588)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.contra-mundum.org/essays/herndon/jh_scriptura.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Citations from the Early Church Fathers on <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola scriptura</i></span></a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124180253/http://www.contra-mundum.org/essays/herndon/jh_scriptura.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 24 November 2020 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://free-brethren.com/doctrines/sola-scriptura.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sola Scriptura</i></span> – The Sufficient and Final Authority of the Scriptures</a>, from the Free Brethren House Churches of Christ, a group in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> tradition</li></ul></div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-65498492806901661012024-02-18T12:52:00.011-05:002024-02-18T17:34:02.583-05:00The Lands, Maps, People and Events of the Bible<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: large; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCZQL79Xa0sXPURUzud_CDlwS-Drkd6JCdNL2RNtmK8X9wvpYrZACRN4uf5hOfiBxfYwh6NF5_UjujkGQMsSk4gwmUd0ZjIqIWb1YG0RbrKfI99Yf4lT5nH2v6VF_JbTqSTTfNxChuwoeqkBG8IheEcSwhHO6ITcvgIgVDiGE0ID6S0M18F8OOSzQ7KfkE/s1057/Major%20Periods%20in%20the%20Bible.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="804" data-original-width="1057" height="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCZQL79Xa0sXPURUzud_CDlwS-Drkd6JCdNL2RNtmK8X9wvpYrZACRN4uf5hOfiBxfYwh6NF5_UjujkGQMsSk4gwmUd0ZjIqIWb1YG0RbrKfI99Yf4lT5nH2v6VF_JbTqSTTfNxChuwoeqkBG8IheEcSwhHO6ITcvgIgVDiGE0ID6S0M18F8OOSzQ7KfkE/w640-h486/Major%20Periods%20in%20the%20Bible.png" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">A Few Words About the Timelines & Maps</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">by R.E. Slater</span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I thought these set of timelines and maps might be helpful to those studying the traditional teachings of the bible. Nothing has been changed from the <i>FCM bible site</i> except to add the traditional <i>Major Periods of the Old Testament</i> above which I'm sure they would approve.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Myself, I was raised in 1950s-60s Christian fundamentalism and entered into 1970s evangelicalism before it decided to become conservative (1980s; which then necessarily spawned progressive evangelicalism as they made of God an evil thing which God is not).</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">About 13-14 years ago, after going through a deep darkness of spirit, it forced me to begin re-thinking everything I had centered my life in, and had lived through, my first fifty years of life. From this divinely appointed wilderness I began to make fundamental changes.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>I first needed to deconstruct my current beliefs before reconstructing them. This journey you may read about over the first several years of this website. Anyway, </span><span>I decided to drop Calvinism and go back to my Baptist roots based in Arminianism. I then updated Arminianism towards and <i>Open and Relational Theology</i> set which I reset together rather than leaving them apart as was currently being done.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">All this time I gave preference to Jesus and God's love over that of my learned interpretation of the bible from youth through seminary (sic, a 4 year program resulting in an M.Div. with a Major in NT and minor in pastoral). I next leaned into progressive evangelical Christianity while keeping to Covenant Reformed Theology.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>The final thing which the Lord's Spirit burdened my heart with was to look at my faith's philosophical foundations. Which I did. First Westernism. Then European Continentalism till finally stumbling across Whitehead's <i>Philosophy of Organism - </i></span><span>later to be known as <i>Process Philosophy</i>.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This I found was flexible enough to mimic nature around me; to incorporate today's sciences and societal-era movements. By it I could release all previous bible creeds, doctrines and dogma from their foundations of Westernized Hellenism (aka Platonism, Scholasticism, Enlightenment, and Modernistic philosophic theologies).</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>Why? Because I needed to re-center all these (eclectic) synthetic PHILOSOPHICAL structures around Jesus and God's Love. </span><span>Hence, <i>Open and Relational (Arminian) Theology</i> became <i>Open and Relational <u>Process</u> Theology</i>. The theology I had worked towards required a release from Westernized thinking to a Philosophical Process which could work much better than they could in their past eras and timelines as well as form a better framework for any future eras to come... including postmodernism, metamodernism, and whatever else will come by and by.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Which is also why I write topically many times rather than expositionally. Not that I can't, but my calling of God is to write out of a process context in which to reset the bible and bible-thinking into a more proper processual framework where it has become out-of-focus and misinterpreted centuries ago through past philosophical influences.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">By citing these timelines and maps below, I find them helpful for the bible student but will caution that as I have worked through Christian ideas and doctrines over the past years - and hope to continue doing so in the future - I will necessarily be recontextualizing many past and/or popular Christian teachings with processual content, events, ideas, ethics, and science all built around Jesus and God's love. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning, that all of the articles here will be distinctly different than what I once had diligently been taught and learned... and what I suspect will confront many readers here themselves. However, I was forced into this vocation by the Lord. I really didn't have a choice. I had retired to try my hand at poetry (which I did for three years nonstop) to find myself serving on governmental boards and committees, and working in local, regional, or statewide quasi-political environmentalism. I never intended to develop, expand, nor write about process philosophy, cosmology, natural or panpsychic theology. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">But we all have to start somewhere so I'll start here creating a website I didn't know how to make or maintain though my technology proficiency helped a lot. Nor did I receive help when asking for it, surrounded by those who refused acknowledging my internal spiritual pain.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">So the Lord and I started where I was and went together from there. Along the way I have better channels and contacts than I once did and am glad to have spent my retirement years in these pursuits.... Not unlike AN Whitehead who quit mathematics at age 62 and went on to develop a full-scale, complex, Hegelian-like, philosophy unknown to the world. He finished at age 68, which is where my age sits as well. This makes me laugh a bit when I think of it though I never knew the prestige that Whitehead had, nor want it, frankly. It's easy to write unhindered by people's responses.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>Anyway, please enjoy. And as I continue my </span><i>Garden of Eden</i><span> series I will ease this series into a series on <i>The Evolution of God, Man and Religion</i> before the bible was written; before Abraham had lived; or before the Jewish faith was even a thing. It will deal with evolutionary </span><i>human paleontology </i><span>where </span><span>I will continue to apply process thought into both the church's language, its bible doctrines and beliefs, as well as into today's quantum sciences et. al.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: medium;">Peace,</span></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><i>R.E. Slater</i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><i>February 18, 2024</i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i>* * * * * * *</i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/bible-reading/"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">HOLY BIBLE</span></a></div></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">Old Testament / Maps</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">by JCM</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We present to you a detailed description of the geography of the lands of the Holy Bible at the time of its events, where the best international references and manuscripts in both Arabic and English were used.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We carefully pictured the events of the Bible according to the Bible’s chronological order, placed the names of the biblical cities, and wrote titles explaining the content of each map with an assistant index to help our maps to facilitate for Bible enthusiasts studying and searching in the Holy Bible.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">These maps are copyright protected for the benefit of FMC world © Copying, photocopying or using them for the interests of buying and selling is liable to legal punishment.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">By sharing it through social media, you will become a partner with us in our service to the word of God †</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This service was performed by the blessed servants of the LORD:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-size: medium;">General supervision: Maggie Khozam</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;">Maps studying and researching: Dr. Mattews Andraws</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;">Maps designing: Lama Abu Deeb</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;">Coordination and programming: <a href="https://mediastarsmaker.com/">Feras Khozam ( MSM )</a></span></li></ul></div></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>DOUBLE CLICKING ON EACH .JPG WILL</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>ENLARGE TWICE WITH EXCELLENT CLARITY</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Genealogy-of-Adam.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/Genealogy-of-Adam-pa2q0oq81lsg4rk1q6lffv85m0ss62emx93s5fdct0.jpg" width="498" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Genealogy of Adam</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Abraham-Journeys-near-East.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/Abraham-Journeys-near-East-pa0uxz871g8ijf1zxeu907kzxel8666jlk0v9folck.jpg" width="498" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Journeys of Abraham in the Near East</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/2-2.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/2-2-p62s1hq4l79o4bkpoeibvetcuvw49r3fukgqrwopw4.jpg" width="498" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Journeys of Abraham in Promised Land</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/3.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/3-p62s1jlsyvc8rjhzdfbl0eca1nmup5awitrpqglxjo.jpg" width="498" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Story of Lot</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/4-2.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/4-2-p62s1mfbjdg3qddvwyjgpvmntt8yc8m3j7q66ahr10.jpg" width="498" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Journeys of Isaac and Rebekah</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/5-2.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/5-2-p62s1oazx1iodlb5lzcpuv5l0kzormtk7h154ueyok.jpg" width="498" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Journeys of Jacob and Rachel</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/6-3.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/6-3-p62s1q6q4hrwfth0xdgq5yy1rd1v6nulpf7vbi20ds.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Joseph is sold in Egypt</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/7-2.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/7-2-p62s1r4kbbt6rffnrvvcqgpicqx8ecyc1jvcss0m7k.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Fathers in the Promised Land</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/8.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/8-p62s1t08ozvrencxgwolvg8fjinytr5spt6brbxtv4.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Exodus</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/9.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/9-p62s1uvx2nyc1va75xhv0frcqaep95d9e2hapvv1io.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Journey of The Spies</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/10-2.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/10-2-p62s1wrlgc0wp37guyb45fa9x25fojkq2bs9ofs968.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Entering the Promised Land</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/11-2.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/11-2-p62s1yn9u03hcb4qjz4daet73tw63xs6ql38mzpgts.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Battle of Ai</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/12-2.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/12-2-p62s20iy7o61zj208zxmfec4almwjbzneue7ljmohc.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Saving Gibeon</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/13-2.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/13-2-p62s21gsei7cb50n3ic8zw3kvzi9r13dqz1p2tlab4.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Division of Promised Land to Tribes of Israel</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/14-2.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/14-2-p62s23cgs69wycxwsj5i4vmi2r906fauf8co1dihyo.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Israel in the Promised Land</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/15.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/15-p62s25855uchlkv6hjyr9v5f9izqltib3hnmzxfpm8.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Taking over Hazor</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/16-2.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/16-2-p62s273tjif28ssg6ks0euocgaqh17prrqylyhcx9s.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Judges</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/17-2.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/17-2-p62s28zhx6hmw0ppvll9ju79n2h7glx8g09kx1a4xc.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Ehud and the Moabites</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/18-2.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/18-2-p62s2av6auk7j8mzkmeiotq6tu7xw04p49kjvl7ckw.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jephthah and the Ammonites</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/19-2.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/19-2-p62s2cquoims6gk99n7rtt940lyobec5siviu54k8g.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Capturing the ark of the covenant</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/20-2.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/20-2-p62s2emj26pctohiyo10yss17dpeqsjmgs6hsp1rw0.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Kingdom of Saul</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/21.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/21-p62s2fkd90qn5ag5t6fnjajhsrkryhncswtz9z0dps.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Saving Jabeshgilead</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/22-2.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/22-2-p62s2hg1mot7sidfi78woa2ezjbidvuth64y8ixldc.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Battle of Michmash</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/23-2.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/23-2-p62s2jbq0cvsfqap7825t9lc6b28ta2a5ffx72ut0w.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">David eludes Saul</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/24-2.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/24-2-p62s2l7ee0yd2y7yw8vey949d2sz8o9qtoqw5ms0og.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Death of Saul in Gilboa</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/25-2.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/25-2-p62s2n32rp0xq658l9oo38n6jujpo2h7hy1v46p8c0.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">King's David Military Victories</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/26.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/26-p62s2oyr5d3ide2iaahx8863qmag3goo67cu2qmfzk.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">United Kingdom of David</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/27.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/27-p62s2pwlc74sp0154swjspxkc05tb5seic0bk0l1tc.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The United Kingdom of Solomon</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/28.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/28-p62s2rs9pv6svmm4hr1celmh4xgcgo0ol3tghlzafc.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jerusalem in Times of David & Solomon</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/29.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/29-p62s2tny3j9xzfvoiuj22ozepjna5y7buum9h4fh4g.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Solomon's Temple</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/30.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/30-p62s2vjmh7cimnsy7vcb7oibwbe0lcesj3x8focos0.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Two Kingdoms of Israel and Judah</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/31.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/31-p62s2whgo1dsy9rl2dqxs69shp9dt1iiv8kpwybals.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Elijah and Elisha</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/32.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/32-p62s2zaz8jhnx3nhlwythnk69uvhg4tpvmj6cs7434.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Prophets of Two Kingdoms of Israel & Judah</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/33.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/33-p62s316nm7k8kbkraxs2mn33gmm7vj16jvu5bc4bqo.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Israel & Judah during rule of Jeroboam II</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/34.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/34-p62s332bzvmt7ji0zylbrmm0necyax8n85549w1je8.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Campaigns of Tiglathpileser</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/35.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/35-p62s35vukdqo6ddxjht7h3wefjz1y0ju8j3kppxcvk.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Fall of Israel</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/36.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/36-p62s38pd4vuj579u31136l6s7pl5l3v18x215jt6cw.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Sennacherib's Campaign in Judah</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/37.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/37-p62s3al1ijx3sf73s1ucbkppehbw0i2hx6d043qe0g.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Babylonian Empire & Babylonian Captivity</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/38.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/38-p62s3cgpw7zofn4dh2nlgk8ml92mfw9ylfnz2nnlo0.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Fall of Judah to The Babylonians</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/39.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/39-p62s3ece9w292v1n63guljrjs0tcvahf9oyy17ktbk.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Back from the Exile</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/40.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/40-p62s3g82nk4tq2ywv4a3qjagysk3aoovxy9wzri0z4.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Israel after Captivity</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/41.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/41-p62s3i3r187edaw6k53cvite5katq2wcm7kvybf8mo.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jerusalem in the time of Nehemiah</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A1%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84-38-39E.jpg"><img height="640" src="https://fmcworld.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A1%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84-38-39E-pvvu6q2q0kiarpp1dv42dvebmbnmxvjn21eb8itai8.jpg" width="533" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Prophecy of Ezekiel 38-39</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-28600057350363072292024-02-18T01:21:00.005-05:002024-02-18T16:03:37.872-05:00The Postmodern John Cobb: Deconstructive and Constructive<div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ1t6A6qM7x_CcrL9M-8FvineZuYt79lX9Wk80nlwd8HPPz5HY0oYWwN6R3kJKBZobXYvG4NZqnhSWlzLOD5MetTUecXsNY1BmfadtBuJYOISAIbauZ8jE_RPS0Vn05FHarnDQKeetSp3TzOgq0W7ZjXqc2qzfR0DJMXVM66ptc3nH9u9k6CX5W3TCut4C/s600/postmodernism.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="337" data-original-width="600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ1t6A6qM7x_CcrL9M-8FvineZuYt79lX9Wk80nlwd8HPPz5HY0oYWwN6R3kJKBZobXYvG4NZqnhSWlzLOD5MetTUecXsNY1BmfadtBuJYOISAIbauZ8jE_RPS0Vn05FHarnDQKeetSp3TzOgq0W7ZjXqc2qzfR0DJMXVM66ptc3nH9u9k6CX5W3TCut4C/w640-h360/postmodernism.webp" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: xx-large;">The Postmodern John Cobb</b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">deconstructive and constructive</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-postmodern-john-cobb-deconstructive-and-constructive.html"><span style="font-size: large;">Op.Cit. Open Horizons by Jay McDaniel</span></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>What's to deconstruct about Modernity? </b><br /><br />Eight things, says John Cobb, in the essay below:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Christianism</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Modern Metaphysics</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Modern Science</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Modern Nationalism</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Economism</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Modern Defense</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">American Exceptionalism</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The University</span></li></ol><br /><b>Does anything have "value"?</b><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The world of people, animals, and the earth is filled with value. Its value does not lie simply in the usefulness of things but in their interiority, their subjectivity, their reality in and for themselves as they interact with one another. Human beings, too, have this value, and it is supremely important. The value of the world is appreciated and enfolded within the life of Abba, and it has powerful implications for how we treat one another and the more-than-human world. See <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/whiteheads-theory-of-value.html">Whitehead's Theory of Value</a> and <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/economic-justice-and-process-philosophy.html">Economic Justice and Process Philosophy.</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Is there a social and philosophical alternative to Modernity?</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The alternative is the emergence in our world of "communities of communities of communities," each of which embodies the spirit and practice of Ecological Civilization, These communities are creative, compassionate, participatory, inclusive, ecologically wise, and spiritually satisfying, with no one left behind. Their focus is not on money or on imperial aspirations, or even on individual happiness at the expense of community health; but on the well-being and flourishing of people, animals, and the earth. See <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/five-foundations-for-an-ecological-ciivilization.html">Five Foundations for an Ecological Civilization</a> and <a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2024/02/dr-john-b-cobb-jr-ten-ideas-for-saving.html" target="_blank">Ten Ideas for Saving the Planet</a>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Can a postmodern world include belief in God?</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Yes. But it is important to keep in mind that the word "God" has different meanings, and not all people in such a world will find it a helpful word. A constructively postmodern world includes people who believe in God, people who do not, and the many who are somewhere in between. For those who believe, John Cobb recommends that God be conceived as Abba, not as an all-powerful ruler or cosmic moralist. God is more concerned with the well-being and flourishing of life than in being worshipped or flattered. See <a href="https://relevancy22.blogspot.com/2024/02/jay-mcdaniel-biography-of-dr-john-b.html" target="_blank">God as Abba: John Cobb's Proposal</a>.</div></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">* * * * * * *</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img height="428" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/published/604491359.jpg?1522447485" width="640" /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">DECONSTRUCTING MODERNITY</span></b></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> John B. Cobb, Jr.</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Whitehead’s followers have long called themselves “postmodern.” When the French postmodernists defined postmodernism as “deconstruction” of the modern, Whiteheadians distinguished themselves as “constructive postmodernists.” We prefer to emphasize the positive. When we learned from China to call the world we work for “ecological civilization,” this further accented the positive.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This has led us to mute our criticism of the modern. Our call for an organic worldview obviously implies criticism of the mechanistic one. Our call for multinational cooperation obviously implies criticism of nationalism and imperialism. Our call for orienting education toward ecological civilization obviously implies criticism of “value-free” universities. But the needed deconstruction has been muted.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This emphasis on the positive has made it easier for people to join us. But many who now talk about moving toward an ecological civilization retain features of modernity that in fact prevent them from moving very far. Too often, affirming an ecological civilization means little more than being ecologically sensitive. In fact, ecological civilization calls for profound changes and significant sacrifices.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This article joins the deconstructive postmodernists. It focuses on what must be changed and overcome. It opposes any effort to reassure and bring comfort. One may legitimately object to the harshness of its negations. They are not the whole story, but they are the part of the story that we “constructive postmodernists” have not done enough to highlight. So here goes with eight obstacles to an ecological civilization.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Christianism</span></b></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Not all Christianity is “Christianism.” There are people who seek to serve God and humanity by following Jesus and understand that affirmations of Christianity as the only way or lashing out at its opponents are damaging. But Christians have too often absolutized the church or the Bible or what they have understood by “God.” Christianism is a form of idolatry no better and no worse than the many other forms of idolatry that have informed so much of history. Charlemagne taught his soldiers that they would be rewarded for killing opponents of what he viewed as orthodox Christianity. This spirit fueled Crusades against Muslims and “heretics.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Modernity has largely liberated society from Christianism. But not entirely. It is still an obstacle to be recognized and opposed. We can move toward ecological civilization only if the great moral and spiritual traditions of the world work together. The last century has witnessed great progress, but Christianism remains as an obstacle. It is an obstacle to authentic response to Jesus, and just for that reason, to openness to humble sharing with others in working for the “divine commonwealth” about which Jesus testified.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The other great traditions have similar dangers and limitations. In this essay, I focus on the obstacles most important for Americans. Thus far, Christianism has been No. 1.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Modern Metaphysics</span></b></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">By modern metaphysics I mean the metaphysical tradition that was initiated by Rene Descartes. It has taken many forms. Most philosophers today repudiate Descartes, yet the influence remains. Indeed, the first, and perhaps the greatest obstacle to deconstructing the metaphysics that still rules the world is that most people, and especially most philosophers and scientists deny that they have a metaphysics. When one’s metaphysics thoroughly shapes the way one perceives the world, it becomes nonconscious.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Most modern people suppose that our best source of knowledge of the external world is through sight. “Seeing is believing.” Of course, they know that that world is not simply the patches of colors that are attained by sight. Those colors are the colors of something. The “something” is a substance, that, it is what the color inheres in. This is material in nature. It is material entities that science studies. Matter cannot be identified visually or by the data of any of the senses. It has no subjective reality. That is, it does not feel or have purposes. It is not an agent. When it moves, it is because something moves it. Thus nature, the world studied by science, is constituted by matter in motion.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Descartes taught that the only exception to this is the human soul. We know ourselves as feeling, purposing, acting beings. He thought the soul is not material at all. Charles Darwin confused moderns profoundly by showing that human beings are part of the nature that Descartes taught them to understand as matter in motion. Many moderns give lip service to this view, but in fact they do not think of themselves as simply machine-like. Today, many are recognizing that in addition to machine-like nature, including human bodies, there is also what Descartes called the human soul. Today we call it “consciousness.”</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A few philosophers have simply denied the existence of matter and held that everything is soul-like, psychic. There are others who say that we should stick to the appearances and not take any position on what is appearing. There are still others who don’t want to get into these issues and talk only about language. I cannot survey the history of modern metaphysical thought in a page. I am trying to identify what became in modern times a kind of common sense. I believe that has been the dualism of matter and mind introduced by Descartes.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This dualism leaves open the question of where the line should be drawn. Even those who may verbally limit mind to the human soul are likely to actually feel that their pet dog is not adequately understood as matter in motion. It seems to have feelings and purposes. Descartes’ serious insistence that it has no feelings has never become part of modern common sense, but his teaching has nevertheless given license to vivisection of animals and to the industrial production of meat. Modern common sense has always been seriously confused.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The problem is not only confusion. It is also that this modern common sense justifies much that is unjustifiable and gives poor guidance in relation to much else. Instead of illustrating this now, I will take up the problems in subsequent sections.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Constructive postmodernism calls for the rejection of both pure matter and pure mind. It rejects the mechanistic model and calls for an organic one. Whitehead described his thought as a philosophy of organism. We constructive postmodernists prefer to attract people to thinking in these new ways, but it turns out that unless the hold of materialism and dualism is broken, vague feelings about organisms do not reshape thought.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Modern Science</span></b></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Modern science is the science that followed the guidance of Descartes. In the science of the high and late Middle Ages, the most influential philosopher had been Aristotle. He taught that to understand something we should pursue four questions: first, what is it made of; second, what is its form; third, what made it come into being; and fourth, to what end did in come into being? These are called the four explanations or causes: material, formal, efficient, and final. Scientists have always been interested in the first three causes, but under the influence of Aristotle, in the late Middle Ages they tended to focus on the final cause. For example, in their study of the human body they wanted to understand the role or function of the liver, the kidneys, the heart, and so forth.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Descartes was convinced that this function was only superficially explanatory. The scientific question was not whether the heart pumped blood but how it did so. That is the question about the efficient cause. What made the heart pump? Descartes insisted that nothing is explained by the final cause. Purposes play no role in nature. Descriptively, we may of course note that the circulatory system could not function without the pumping of the blood, but the task of science is not this description but an explanation of how and why the heart pumps.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">To insure that we do not attribute purposes to the heart, Descartes insisted that it functions like a machine. The most impressive Medieval machines were clocks; so scientists sought the “the clockwork” that explained the behavior of things. We do not suppose that clocks have any experience or subjectivity; certainly, they have no feelings or purposes. They are matter in motion, and the task of science is to explain what makes the motions occur as they do.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Modern science was and is brilliantly successful. Again and again, it predicted what had not been thought to be explicable apart from the introduction of natural or divine purposes. It success was amazing that moderns put science on a pedestal. It was recognized that scientific knowledge had a definitiveness that had been totally lacking before. Of course, there was always more to study, but the assumption took hold that in time science could explain everything. When Darwin showed that we are part of nature, it seemed that the human soul or consciousness could also be explained.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This meant that in fact there is nothing but matter in motion. Ethics, values, morality, purposes, feelings, etc., etc. are fluff. They can be explained along with everything else as science advances. And science does advance. With its advance comes a vast improvement in technology and thus in the control of nature. Modernity is thus a vast improvement over what came before. That there has been progress can no longer be questioned.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This modern understanding of modern science has now become a major obstacle to progress when we understand progress as improving the lot and security of the human species. The occasional recognition of this fact leads to asking whether in fact the Cartesian view of nature as purely material is in fact needed by science, or even compatible with scientific finding. It seems not to work well not only in explaining conscious experience but also in explaining the nature and behavior of the quanta of which supposed matter is composed.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Interestingly, it turns out “matter” does not appear in the actual writings of science. The closest equivalent is “mass”. But not all the entities studied by science have mass. Few deny the existence of light, but light has no mass. Apparently if mass is what we mean by matter then matter is only one part of the natural world studied by physics.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Physics offers us a better candidate for universality. It is “energy”. Now for the most part “mass” and “energy” are convertible into each other. But we noted that light has no mass. Yet it has energy. Clearly the physical world consists of units of energy. One might think that this makes little metaphysical difference, but in fact the concept of “energy” is very different from the concept of “matter.” Energy cannot be pushed and pulled in the way we think of matter as being moved. Energy suggests agency, whereas matter requires some external act in order to change location or speed.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Furthermore, it is not so difficult to think of human conscious experience also embodying energy. Just as evolution should lead us to suppose, the line between human experience and other parts of nature is no longer so sharp. We noted that materialist views of nature lead to either a dualism of matter and consciousness or a monism of matter in which no one can actually believe. Science supports the abandonment of the Cartesian view of nature.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Today’s science is showing us more and more about nature that does not fit with materialism. Information has become a central concept. Animals and even plants seem to behave intelligently and purposefully. Unicellular organisms respond to human emotions. Rejecting materialism and adopting organic models opens the door to including much in science that had been rejected on a priori grounds rather than because of evidence.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Indeed, our more openminded study of what we used to call primitive people now reveals that on many counts they were wiser than we. In the West we slaughtered many women who practiced ancient medicine that involves psychological as well as physical elements. In fact, they were better healers than the modern doctors who were more “scientific”. We now routinely use placebos to give some recognition to the role of subjective feelings that modernity still excludes from having efficient causality. We find that “primitive” people can gain knowledge of the location of animals, for example, that we regard as impossible.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I am saying little that most readers will find improbable. But the dominance of modern thought in our culture keeps all of this at the fringes. The truth is that indigenous communities have beliefs and practices that are far superior to ours in terms of developing a sustainable society. At the fringes a few people are telling us this. But the dominance of modern thought blocks any significant cultural assimilation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We are taught that our knowledge and understanding are far superior to that of indigenous people. The truth is that we do know a great many facts about the universe that they did not know. We can develop many machines they did not have. We can reshape nature in ways they could not. But an equal truth is that they understood how to live in a sustainable relation to nature. They understood that human beings are part of a community of subjects rather than simply a collection of objects so that our relations to other, both human and nonhuman, are subject to subject.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Have we progressed? Yes, in some respects. Have we regressed? Yes, in some respects. But to accept the latter as having any truth at all is to reject modernity. Such rejection is urgent.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Perhaps even more urgent is the rejection of the late modern belittling of all questions about better and worse. This is the natural result of materialism, but only when human life is included in the world of matter in motion. That inclusion arose only after Darwin, and even then it was strongly resisted. Immanuel Kant offered a new way of understanding dualism: theoretical and practical reason. But by the middle of the twentieth century modernists judged that facts alone are important, that the facts gained by theoretical reason could explain the judgments belonging to practical reason and show that they had no importance. Science is the arbiter of facts; so science alone is truly worthy of respect.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Hence, the modern world in which we live teaches that it does not matter what people believe about the world and their role in it, that human commitment and dedication do not matter. And the same world has no hope of survival unless people are willing to sacrifice some of their priorities for the sake of more important ones. The unwillingness of modern people to even discuss such questions and their continuing to ‘solve” problems by the activities that cause them suggests to me that the modernity dominated by modern science may be the most stupid culture that has ever existed. It is a major obstacle to building an ecological civilization.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Modern Nationalism</span></b></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We all take a special interest in those others who accept us as part of their group. For hundred of thousands of years our ancestors lived in tribes, and the members of those tribes identified themselves primarily in that way. Some other tribes were viewed as friendly, but others were threats. These relations could change over time, but one’s fundamental identity and loyalty did not.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">With the rise of civilization, citizenship in cities took over as the primary identity and loyalty of many. There was often a close connection between ancestral tribal identity and citizenship in a city. Within a city there might be many people who were not citizens. Slavery was common and usually slaves were from other cities or from tribes that had not settled in cities.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Some cities conquered others and established empires. However, most of the citizens in the conquered cities still identified themselves primarily by their cities not in terms of the empire. On the other hand, Roman emperors worked hard to evoke loyalty to the empire and to themselves as representing the empire. When confronting threats from outside the empire, many citizens of cities other than Rome did identify themselves with the empire and its culture against barbarians. Most free people in the empire gave allegiance to Rome and its emperor without abandoning identification with the local city.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The people least willing to give full obedience to Caesar were the Jews. They thought that full loyalty could be given only to God. Although on the whole they were willing to recognize that Rome ruled politically, they distinguished religious devotion from political loyalty, and Rome did not want to allow such a distinction. Despite their weakness, they rebelled several times. To pacify them Rome gave them special privileges and exemptions but eventually drove many of them out of their homeland.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The problem was aggravated when some Jews recognized Jesus as the Messiah, Christ, or liberator, because this Jewish sect spread rapidly in the Gentile population. It did not seek to overthrow the rulers of the empire, but like the Jews, it denied Caesar ultimate loyalty or “worship”. From that time on the relation of “religion” and politics, or church and state, has been a major issue in Western society. The Roman emperors from time to time tried to stamp out this new threat to their ultimate authority, but Christianity continued to grow. As the empire began to crumble, people in many regions began to look to the church for help in meeting practical needs. The church survived the collapse of the empire and for the first time what had been a voluntary organization became also the basis of self-identification of masses of people and the most powerful institution. For a thousand years most Europeans identified themselves primarily as Christians and secondarily in terms of ethnicity and location. It was generally thought that the political rulers derived their legitimacy from the church.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Of course, power attracts many people regardless of whether it is political or religious. Although the rhetoric of the church never claimed for its ruler, supreme loyalty, practically speaking the church could be as intolerant of dissent and disloyalty as the preceding empire. Its wealth also attracted many. So viewed from the perspective of original Christian teaching, many leaders of the church were corrupted by their enjoyment of wealth and earthly power. There were many protests and eventually the protest of Luther gained powerful support from political leaders. The church split.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The habit of understanding oneself religiously remained prominent; so now many understood themselves to be Catholic or Protestant. But the political rulers had played a large role in determining whether the church in a given area would be Catholic or Protestant. After decades of fighting between Catholic and Protestant princes, they made peace with the decision that political rulers would decide the form of Christianity that would be practiced in their domains. Secular government became dominant.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This move toward regional self-determination was supported by Protestantism in another way. A strong Protestant principle was that all Christians should be able to read the Bible for themselves. However, this could not happen as long as it depended on learning a foreign language, namely, Latin. Few outside the priesthood could read it. Luther undertook to translate the Bible into German. Since the spoken language differed widely according to locale, he had to decide which form of German he would use. Because reading the Bible in German became extremely important, it created a homogeneous language that could unite people who had before spoken many diverse dialects. It also excluded others whose Germanic languages were too different for Luther’s translation to be acceptable, such as the Dutch, the Danes, and other Scandinavians. They needed their own translations.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In this way national feeling was greatly strengthened. If one read Luther’s Bible, one was a German. More and more European writings were in the vernacular, so that boundaries were established among readers. Linguistic boundaries tended to become national boundaries. National feeling became much stronger than when all European literature was in Latin. Modern nationalism was born.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This modern nationalism meant not only separating Germans from people who spoke other languages but also a drive toward uniting the German people in one country. By the eighteenth century, nationalism had fully triumphed. One was no longer primarily a Christian or a Catholic or Protestant, one was German, or French, or Spanish, or Italian. Wars were fought between nations over issues over perceived national well-being. Control of distant regions in Africa and Asia was clearly for building national empires, and rhetoric about religion played a minor role at best.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nationalism tended to strengthen German concern for other Germans. Of course, there was hierarchy and exploitation within the Germanic world. But there was little thought of some Germans enslaving others. There was also some respect for other Europeans. So, when Europeans set out to exploit the resources of the planet and colonize much of it, they did not bring with them the slave labor that would make that exploitation possible. In order to justify annihilating or enslaving the people inhabiting other parts of the world, nationalism had to be accompanied by racism. The inhabitants of Africa, South America, and North America did not belong to the same race as Europeans. Indeed, they could be regarded as not fully human, as being human was understood in Europe. Accordingly, the rights pertaining to European individuals did not protect them. Modern civilization has been the most racist the world has seen. Nowhere has racism played a larger role than in the United States.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">European nationalism led to two world wars in the twentieth century. So, in its European homeland, the dominance of modern nationalism was brought to an end by the formation of the European Economic Community. It is hard to imagine conflicts between France and Germany plunging the world into was a third time. Sadly, this has not ended the danger of international war. On the one hand national feeling continues to be a danger to peace and an obstacle to moving toward ecological civilization. On the other hand, it helps us to work against mutual antagonism among ethnic and religious groups and even races.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Economism</span></b></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">What caused the European nations to seek a closer unity was certainly the desire to avoid further wars among themselves. But it is interesting that they formulated their unity in economic terms – the European Economic Community. The clearest symbol of their unity was a common currency. Giving up control over its own money was the greatest sacrifice of sovereignty on the part of the participating nations. We saw the consequences recently when the political party committed to the will of the Greek people was forced to yield to the European banks.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Of course, the pursuit of individual wealth has played a large role in all societies, at least since the invention of money. When Jesus said one could not serve both God and wealth, this was not spoken against “economism” as a comprehensive system. That did not yet exist. During the period of Christianism there was much criticism of the clerical leadership, supposedly committed to poverty, for its luxurious lifestyle. During the modern period not only individuals, but also nations, have been devoted to the pursuit of wealth. This is a step toward “economism,” especially because it increased the power of banks in relation to nations. But nationalism gave way to economism only when national sovereignty was subordinated to the interests of the economic system. I have noted that this occurred, and was publicly announced, in the formation of the European Union.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Of course, this shift in power had been going on for some time. National rulers often needed to borrow money from bankers and this gave bankers considerable influence on policy. Few histories of Europe give adequate attention to the role of banks.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Cold War that took over soon after World War II was partly another was between nations. However, it was in fact and often recognized to be, between two economic systems: Capitalism and Communism. Nothing of that sort had even occurred before.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The United States did not surrender sovereignty to any community of nations. Nevertheless, it may be a clearer instance of the shift from nationalism to economism than the European nations. It accepted leadership of the “Free World,” by which was meant the world that is free from Communism. To be in the service of Capitalism meant to subordinate national interests as measured in nonmonetary ways, or even GNP per capita, to effectiveness in pursuing the goals of capitalists. As long as the capitalists in question lived and worked within the nation, one could find some congruence between their interests and the pursuit of national wealth characteristic of nationalism. But the interests of capitalism were to minimize national boundaries, and the great corporations became global in scope. This was especially true of financial institutions. For the United States to serve global corporations and the global banking system, often at the expense of the American people has been a dramatic expression of the shift from nationalism to economism.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Americans who are unhappy with this development are told that this is a democracy so that if they want to return to nationalism they have only to elect representatives who will do so. But this is misleading because of another dimension of economism. In our society one must have a lot of money to mount a serious campaign for Congress or the presidency. A few people have been able to get elected without funding from the major corporations or banks or billionaires. But thus far, they have always been a small minority. Most elected officials are indebted to people of wealth and wealthy institutions. These also control the media and the educational system. Whereas democracy works well where people know those for whom they vote or at least other people who know them, representative democracy offers little resistance to the controllers of wealth. When we “democratize” other countries, they are likely to serve global capitalism rather than their own people.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">For a short time after World War II, American capitalism seemed to be dominated by industrial corporations. But fairly rapidly, real power shifted from the industrial world to the financial institutions. Of course, much of the time, the interests of industry and finance largely coincide. Both aim to reduce the power of national governments to restrict business and the flow of capital. But in the “free world,” private finance controls the money supply and has a more direct power over politics than does industry.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In the long run financiers would benefit from intact eco-systems and a world with plenty of topsoil and oceans that supported lots of fish. But they have been schooled by economists who focus only on increasing market activity. Even continuing the present level of economic activity is extremely likely to make the planet uninhabitable. Its general increase speeds the coming of utter catastrophe. Nothing is more important than to end the actual reign of economism, and that will not happen unless its domination of popular thinking as well as scholarly theory are ended.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Modern Defense</span></b></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">One adage that is used to cover a great many absurdities is that the best defense is a skillful offense. All individual and all nations are justified in defending themselves against the attack of others. What is allowable or desirable is a matter of dispute. There are those who call for only nonviolent defense. This may mean that an individual accepts serious injury or death rather than injure or kill another person. But there have been instances when skillful use of nonviolent defense has accomplished a great deal more than the use of violence against a far more powerful adversary.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We Americans, however, can safely assume that our Department of Defense is not discussing such matters. Indeed, judging by the official story of what happened on 9/11, it seems not to devote much time and effort to protecting the buildings and lives of Americans, violently or otherwise. All evidence points to the primary interest in extending military and political control over the entire planet, what is called “full sector dominance.” In short, we act as if the only, or at least, the best way to “defend” ourselves is to attack and control everyone who does not serve us, which means, as explained above, does not serve the Western financial system.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In order for Americans to be willing to be heavily taxed to support this imperialist enterprise, they must be persuaded that it is indeed financed for the sake of the security of American lives and property. That is, what the word “defense” is ordinarily supposed to mean. Accordingly, almost any sum of money can be demanded for “defense” with little or no opposition in Congress. To be accused of being soft on defense is assumed to be the kiss of death, politically speaking. Few things are more important for reducing our destruction of the life system on the planet than redirecting government expenditures from global imperialism to the well being of people, especially, of course, American people and the natural world. Understanding that our expenditures for “defense” actually make our lives and well being more precarious would be a first step toward the exercise of common sense.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The deceptive use of “defense” goes farther. Thus far it has thus far prevented auditing the Department of Defense. It is highly probable that large sums are siphoned off to enrich the rich, and that defense contracts are not entirely directed to serving military needs efficiently. In short, powerful people have much to conceal.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Suspicion is heightened by a remarkable feature of the 9/11 attack on the Pentagon. The part of the Pentagon at which it was directed was the section where defense records were kept. Congress had finally decided on an audit, which then became impossible.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I have focused on the Department of Defense. The situation is similar, perhaps worse, with the FBI and the CIA. These two are supposed to be defending us. They, together with the Congress that funds them so generously, think that we are enemies of our own defense and so must be carefully reigned in. The freedoms of which we brag and being taken from us in the name of security.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">If half of the resources now provided to the “security establishment” were spent on working for peace, justice, and prosperity along with improving global ecosystems, there might be a chance for the healthy survival of civilization. But currently there is no discussion of any reduction in what we spend on “defense” and “security” or any assessment of its actual achievements. “Defense” and “security” sound great. So, we throw more money at them, guaranteeing widespread loss and suffering.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">American Exceptionalism</span></b></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Earlier I discussed nationalism, and what I say there applies to the American case. However, because of the extreme importance to the planet as a whole of how Americans think of themselves, I am returning to this topic. Much of what I say about American exceptionalism can be paralleled in other countries. It is natural to evaluate all by the standards of your own culture, and when you do that you are likely to find that your culture excels, that in some ways important to you, it is unique, that is, an exception.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I grew up in Japan, and there is no question that there are unique features, very attractive features, in Japanese culture. Further, their view of themselves tends to divinize their emperor, thus reinforcing their uniqueness. Over the millennia no foreign army had invaded Japan. Japanese exceptionalism led to the belief that the lot of anyone ruled by the emperor was superior, so that its conquest of Korea and Manchuria, and the great expansion of its empire in East the Japanese military was invincible. The willingness of the Japanese to die for the emperor would enable them to defeat any enemy. In the end, of course, they were defeated despite their remarkable attitude and commitment.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Spiritually and culturally the adjustment to the possibility of being conquered was painful and difficult. I am sure that the sense of their own uniqueness has not disappeared, but whatever is left of it takes less dangerous forms. Indeed, Japanese have much be proud of, and I think pride in positive accomplishments is healthy. Part of its current uniqueness is the intensity with which it supports peace.</span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Unfortunately, American exceptionalism is more like Japanese exceptionalism before World War II than like current Japanese exceptionalism. Americans tend to think that our goals are beneficial to those we control. They think of the United States as committed to democracy and human rights and as promoting these all around the world.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Like the self-image of many countries, there is some truth in this. The American Declaration of Independence and the American Constitution completed by the first ten amendments, inspire people all of the world to aim at democracy and human rights. Our success in liberating ourselves from British rule with these goals led to emulation elsewhere. We were not alone in believing ourselves to be in the lead in these matters.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Our view that when we made the decisions for other people, they benefited also had some historical basis. The American occupation of Japan under MacArthur’s control was excellent for the Japanese people in many respects. He broke up the conglomerates that had excessive political and economic power. He broke up large farms and gave ownership to those who had worked them. He got the Japanese to adopt a pacifist constitution. He helped to humanize the emperor without destroying the imperial system. Human rights were emphasized along with democratic governance.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The United States has not always treated immigrants well. Nevertheless, it has done a remarkable job of taking people of many nationalities and creating a unified nation. Religious freedom and cultural diversity are allowed without fragmenting the body politic. Despite the recent losses in the name of security, I write critically about my country without fear of punishment. There is much about the United States of which we can be proud, some of it truly exceptional.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Our problem is much like that of Japan before World War II. We are so sure of our virtue and of the benefits we bestow on others, that we are blind to much that is happening. We spend more on our military than the rest of the nations combined, and so consider ourselves invincible, and do not notice that we are already losing ground. Even though we know that we have troops all over the world we do not consider ourselves an imperial power.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The history of our country that we learn in school is essentially celebratory, so we simply do not notice the dark side of our history and of our current policies. If any other countries acted as we act, we would consider it inexcusable and see to it that they were severely sanctioned. Consider, for example, how we would react if Russia engaged in drone warfare anywhere. But because it is we who are doing it, and we know that our motives are pure and our actions for the sake of people everywhere, we support our own practice. We are not told how the countries where we kill people in this way feel about it and derivatively, about us.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Nations that do not recognize the evil they do in the eyes of the world are not making themselves more secure. We need to free ourselves from erroneous or one-sided understandings of our history and current actions. Only a people who know who they really have been and are can be trusted to lead the world wisely.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">So, who are we? What happened in our history that we ignore? This is a large topic. I will mention only a few points. First, from the arrival of the first settlers until today we have been in constant imperial expansion. One of the crimes of which we accused the British, justifying our revolt, was the effort to protect the indigenous people from our genocidal advance. Once we rid ourselves of British rule that advance continued and has not ceased even today.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Second, our country’s economy was built to a large extent on slave labor. Of course, everyone knows that slavery is a blot on our record, but our emphasis in recalling our history is that we freed the slaves. They and their continued exploitation tend to drop from history until Martin Luther King again forced attention.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Third, a major part of our foreign policy dealt with Latin America. While we celebrate the extension of our great nation from sea to shining sea, we pay little attention, not only to the genocide of indigenous people but to the theft of land from Mexico. Meanwhile our “Monroe doctrine” may have helped some Latin American countries gain independence from Europe, but it sucked them into our orbit of economic exploitation. The most decorated soldier in the U.S. Army, General Smedley Darlington Butler, after frequent battles in Latin America, finally understood that all his killing and leading U.S. soldiers to death was for the sake of U.S. corporate profits. He wrote War is a Racket, and devoted the rest of his life to sharing this understanding with the American people, but the truth he exposed has not found its way into our collective consciousness.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In Latin American, we frequently destroyed democratic governments in favor of military regimes that took orders from us. This is continuing to happen today. In my youth I rejoiced that I was not a citizen of one of those bad European colonial powers. The truth, of course, is that our overall record is one of the worst. It provides no basis at all for others to trust our intentions. When we realize that our military operations are also today in the service of corporations, now especially international financial corporations, we have every reason to withdraw support from established U.S. policy. It is time to recognize we are one nation among others, with our strengths and weaknesses, but with no mandate to rule the world.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">The University</span></b></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The discussion of American exceptionalism suggests that a standard American education gives a dangerously one-sided picture of American history. We understand that this is almost inevitable. A major function of schooling has been to turn immigrants from many nations and cultures into American citizens. All history writing is selective. To write a text book on American history for such a purpose will always lead to selections favorable to American self-appreciation. But we suppose that the leaders of the future will go on to college and there acquire more accurate knowledge.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">As with so many widely held suppositions, there is some truth to this. In a college or university history department there will be a number of courses going into great detail on some segment of American history. If one majors in American history and takes many of these courses, one will certainly understand that the popular view is seriously mistaken. But it unlikely that the department will help much in developing an alternative overview. In contemporary universities, the goal is not to develop comprehensive views of what has occurred and its meaning for orienting us today. It is to acquire accurate factual information about particular events. This tends to leave the historical basis for American exceptionalism little changed even for many specialists. And, of course, the number of students who specialize in American history is very small.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I begin with this as an example of how American universities do not fulfill the expectations that many outsiders hold for them. Since these expectations are of important human functions, until we recognize that universities are about something else, we will leave these functions unfulfilled. There are some things that modern universities do well. They should be congratulated and appreciated. But meeting the world’s greatest needs is not among them. Either universities must change, or we must find other ways of educating, or we have little chance of “saving the world.” This is recognized by the title of a book written by a famous educator to university professors, Stanley Fish, Save the World on Your Own Time.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">He makes it clear that universities hire professors to do research on limited topics and pass the information gained and the research methods on to their students.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Our greatest universities call themselves “value-free research universities.” Being free of values means in part being free of prejudices, open to the evidence. But it also means that values are considered unimportant, and this judgment of unimportance is transmitted to students. This makes the “modern university”, one that became normative only after World War II, unique in history. “Saving the world” is a value, I think it is a very important value that should inform our whole educational system. But discussion of this possibility is excluded from the modern university. Given the many possible topics to be researched, the decision is not made on any judgment of importance for the human species. Often in fact it is made because funding is available for that. When one brings no other values to the table, in a time of economism, money is likely to determine what is done.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The incentive for attending a university today is usually the expectation of improving job prospects, judged by salaries, that is money. Although the intention of the university is to serve the rapid increase of known facts, which facts are made known, and even how they are formulated, tends to be determined by money. Unfortunately, the research for which money is available is more likely to serve the profits of corporations than the sustainability of human life.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In the second and third sections of the paper I talked about the rigidities of the academy in relation to metaphysics or worldview. I claimed that the evidence gained by university research called for revision of the metaphysics it assumes. I repeat that charge. Universities were once places where questions about assumptions could be asked. They were, in other words, places supportive of intellectual activity. Today they are not. If intellectual reflection were encouraged, I feel quite sure that the commitment to a seventeenth-century philosophy would give way. That could open the door to an interest in wisdom, that is helpful guidance with regard to the pressing issues of personal, social, and national life. I am confident that the current threats to human life would be recognized and that our educational system would be reconceived to help us rather than to block interest in the most important questions.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><img height="300" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/240791099.jpg" width="400" /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><img height="300" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/263814302_orig.jpg" width="400" /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><br /></div></span><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div>R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-18913753428016454162024-02-18T00:50:00.009-05:002024-02-20T00:25:18.490-05:00Index - Process Theology: What Is It?<div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiVweDNCneMoEuiYO4WSMTXEN65OdBY8busIEtLym68WYzQzfUXstfO5GYB6klggAX6zxBdKSyH70IbOqAhQkkowVWh4zkA_PcGkPcj1eSWM-7TVn6OWDZKTlxOhxzJozn7K4gvPRPky1IE1IlMqzFBVpFeH1Wlzyu09eKyxyr7MH1Zu7-MDvXjpTVoBl8m" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="1024" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiVweDNCneMoEuiYO4WSMTXEN65OdBY8busIEtLym68WYzQzfUXstfO5GYB6klggAX6zxBdKSyH70IbOqAhQkkowVWh4zkA_PcGkPcj1eSWM-7TVn6OWDZKTlxOhxzJozn7K4gvPRPky1IE1IlMqzFBVpFeH1Wlzyu09eKyxyr7MH1Zu7-MDvXjpTVoBl8m=w640-h360" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Jay McDaniel did a massive mind-dump today... or, perhaps more accurately, a massive website dump, over years and years of labor as he put together volumes and volumes on his <i><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Open Horizon's</span></a></i> website explaining what <i>Process Philosophy and Theology</i> is via AN Whitehead and notable process figureheads over many decades devoted to this subject.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In fact, this is such a <i>massive mind meld</i> that I am taking the entire post here and making it into it's own INDEX file by placing it with the many other process-based Index files I have listed here at <i>Relevancy22</i> on the right column serving as a ready library to any and all who come visiting.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Moreover, there is so much good information here that one could create:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(i) a dozen different college courses, or</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(ii) a full introductory year for a (Christian) high school course in the freshman year, or</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(iii) serve as a senior capstone project, or even</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(iv) serve as a decent start for a doctoral or post-doctoral program.</span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And for those of us in the <i>church</i> and/or the <i>work-a-day world</i>, these dialogues would serve as great discussions in weekly group formats, Sunday School topics, pulpit and lectern teaching / preaching, as well as policy initiatives for community, environmental, and social justice activism locally, regionally, and even nationally.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">So THANK YOU JAY! for the many years of love and devotion to your subject. You have done a profound job in creating and disseminating such much great material onto the Internet we everybody can come, read, and go away rethinking life and faith, community and responsibility. We are very, very thankful for all you have done and given to the process world!</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><i>R.E. Slater</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>February 17, 2024</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">* * * * * * * *</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Open Horizons</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><b>Exploring a Process Worldview</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><b>and Way of Living</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">curated by Jay McDaniel</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Welcome. Open Horizons is an evolving collection of webpages by different writers and artists exploring a process worldview and way of living. All pages include images and text, and some include music. We believe in many ways of knowing. We have readers from more than a hundred countries and add new content almost every day.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This homepage introduces the process worldview and way of living; gives you a sense of the social aspirations and practices of the process movement; and offers a list of recently added pages for further exploration. New to the "process" outlook on life? Scroll down and you'll get the introduction you need. Thanks for joining us.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img height="93" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/horizontal-line-png-photos-orig-4-orig_orig.png" style="font-size: medium;" width="640" /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: xx-large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">20 Key Ideas in Process Thought</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.canva.com/design/DAE9PMAjT4s/view" target="_blank">What Is Process Thought?</a> by Jay McDaniel</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[brackets] and <span style="color: #0b5394;">highlights</span> are mine for added clarity - r.e. slater]</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>1 - Process</b>: The universe is an ongoing process of development and change, never quite the same from moment to moment. Every entity in the universe is best understood as a process of becoming that emerges through its interactions with other [relationships]. <span style="color: #0b5394;"><i>The "beings" of the world are "becomings".</i></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>2 - Interconnectedness</b>: The universe as a whole is a seamless web of interconnected events, none of which can be completely separated from the others. Everything is connect to everything else and contained in everything else. As Buddhists put it, <i><span style="color: #0b5394;">the universe is a network of inter-being.</span></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="color: #0b5394;"><blockquote>**As I understand it, many of Process Christianity's processual elements are shared by Buddhist thought... meaning, what Western British mathematician and philosopher Alfred North Whitehead developed in his "Philosophy of Organism" - and which later became known as "Process Philosophy" - was already extuant in ancient Eastern Buddhist thought. Whitehead did not intend this coincidence when observing ancient civilization's philosophies and Hegel's work begun but not completed - however, his prescient thought is also shared by Buddhism's prescient thoughts founded centuries earlier. - r.e. slater</blockquote></span></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>3. Continuous Creativity</b>: The universe exhibits a continuous creativity on the basis of which new events come into existence over time which did not exist beforehand. This continuous creativity is the ultimate reality of the universe. Everywhere we look we see it. Even God is an expression of Creativity. <span style="color: #0b5394;"><i>Even as God creates, [God's Self] is also continuously created.</i></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>4. Nature as Alive</b>: <span style="color: #0b5394;"><i>The natural world has value in itself, and all living beings are worthy of respect and car</i>e</span>. Rocks and trees, hills and rivers are not simply facts in the world; <span style="color: #0b5394;"><i>they are also acts of self-realization. The whole of nature is alive with value</i></span>. We humans dwell within, not apart from, <strike>the Ten Thousand Things</strike> [the natural world]. We, [then, also] have value.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>5. Ethics</b>: Humans find their fulfillment in living in harmony with the earth and compassionately with each other. The ethical life lies in living with respect and care for other people and the larger community of life (nature) [around itself]. <span style="color: #0b5394;"><i>Justice is fidelity to the bonds of relationship. A just society is a free and peaceful societ</i></span>y. It is creative, compassionate, participatory, ecologically wise, and spiritually satisfying - with no one [relationship] left behind.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>6. Novelty</b>: Humans find their fulfillment in being open to new ideas, insights, and experiences that may have no parallel in the past. <span style="color: #0b5394;"><i>Even as we learn from the past, we must be open to the future</i></span>. God is present in the world, among other ways, through novel possibilities. Human happiness is found, not only in wisdom and compassion, but also in creativity.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>7. Thinking and Feeling</b>: The human mind is not limited to reasoning but also includes feeling, intuiting, imagining; all of these activities can work together toward understanding. Even reasoning is a form of feeling: that is, feeling the presence of ideas and responding to them. There are many forms of wisdom: mathematical, spatial, verbal, kinesthetic, empathic, logical, and spiritual.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>8. Relational Selfhood</b>: Human beings are not skin-encapsulated egos cut off from the world by the boundaries of the skin, but persons-in-community whose interactions with others are partly definitive of their own internal existence. We depend for our existence on friends, family, and mentors; on food and clothing and shelter; on cultural traditions and the natural world. The communitarians are right: there is no "self" apart from connections with others. The individualists are right, too. Each person is unique, deserving of respect and care. Other animals deserve respect and care, too.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>9. Complementary Thinking</b>: The process way leans toward both-and thinking, not either-or thinking. The rational life consists not only of identifying facts and appealing to evidence, but taking apparent conflicting ideas and showing how they can be woven into wholes, with each side contributing to the other. In Whitehead’s thought these wholes are called contrasts. To be "reasonable" is to be empirical but also imaginative: exploring new ideas and seeing how they might fit together, complementing one another.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>10. Theory and Practice</b>: Theory affects practice and practice affects theory; a dichotomy between the two is false. What people do affects how they think and how they think affects what they do. Learning can occur from body to mind: that is, by doing things; and not simply from mind to body.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>11. The Primacy of Persuasion over Coercion</b>: There are two kinds of power – coercive power and persuasive power – and the latter is to be preferred over the former. Coercive power is the power of force and violence; persuasive power is the power of invitation and moral example.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>12. Relational Power</b>: This is the power that is experienced when people dwell in mutually enhancing relations, such that both are “empowered” through their relations with one another. In international relations, this would be the kind of empowerment that occurs when governments enter into trade relations that are mutually beneficial and serve the wider society; in parenting, this would be the power that parents and children enjoy when, even amid a hierarchical relationship, there is respect on both sides and the relationship strengthens parents and children.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>13. The Primacy of Particularity</b>: There is a difference between abstract ideas that are abstracted from concrete events in the world, and the events themselves. The fallacy of misplaced concreteness lies in confusing the abstractions with the concrete events and focusing more on the abstract than the particular.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>14. Experience in the Mode of Causal Efficacy</b>: Human experience is not restricted to acting on things or actively interpreting a passive world. It begins by a conscious and unconscious receiving of events into life and being causally affected or influenced by what is received. This occurs through the mediation of the body but can also occur through a reception of the moods and feelings of other people (and animals).</span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>15. Concern for the Vulnerable</b>: Humans are gathered together in a web of felt connections, such that they share in one another’s sufferings and are responsible to one another. Humans can share feelings and be affected by one another’s feelings in a spirit of mutual sympathy. The measure of a society does not lie in questions of appearance, affluence, and marketable achievement, but in how it treats those whom Jesus called "the least of these" -- the neglected, the powerless, the marginalized, the otherwise forgotten.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>16. Evil</b>: “Evil” is a name for debilitating suffering from which humans and other living beings suffer, and also for the missed potential from which they suffer. Evil is powerful and real; it is not merely the absence of good. “Harm” is a name for activities, undertaken by human beings, which inflict such suffering on others and themselves, and which cut off their potential. Evil can be structural as well as personal. Systems -- not simply people -- can be conduits for harm.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>17. Education as a Lifelong Process</b>: Human life is itself a journey from birth (and perhaps before) to death (and perhaps after) and the journey is itself a process of character development over time. Formal education in the classroom is a context to facilitate the process, but the process continues throughout a lifetime. Education requires romance, precision, and generalization. Learning is best when people want to learn.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>18. Religion and Science</b>: Religion and Science are both human activities, evolving over time, which can be attuned to the depths of reality. Science focuses on forms of energy which are subject to replicable experiments and which can be rendered into mathematical terms; religion begins with awe at the beauty of the universe, awakens to the interconnections of things, and helps people discover the norms which are part of the very make-up of the universe itself.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>19. God</b>: The universe unfolds within a larger life – a love supreme – who is continuously present within each actuality as a lure toward wholeness relevant to the situation at hand. In human life we experience this reality as an inner calling toward wisdom, compassion, and creativity. Whenever we see these three realities in human life we see the presence of this love, thus named or not. This love is the Soul of the universe and we are small but included in its life not unlike the way in which embryos dwell within a womb, or fish swim within an ocean, or stars travel throught the sky. This Soul can be addressed in many ways, and one of the most important words for addressing the Soul is "God." The stars and galaxies are the body of God and any forms of life which exist on other planets are enfolded in the life of God, as is life on earth. God is a circle whose center is everywhere and circumference nowhere. As God beckons human beings toward wisdom, compassion, and creativity, God does not know the outcome of the beckoning in advance, because the future does not exist to be known. But God is steadfast in love; a friend to the friendless; and a source of inner peace. God can be conceived as "father" or "mother" or "lover" or "friend." God is love.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>20. Faith</b>: Faith is not intellectual assent to creeds or doctrines but rather trust in divine love. To trust in love is to trust in the availability of fresh possibilities relative to each situation; to trust that love is ultimately more powerful than violence; to trust that even the galaxies and planets are drawn by a loving presence; and to trust that, no matter what happens, all things are somehow gathered into a wider beauty. This beauty is the Adventure of the Universe as One.</span></div><div><br /></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Explanation: </span></b></div><div><br /></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Process thinking is an attitude toward life emphasizing respect and care for the community of life. It is concerned with the well-being of individuals and also with the common good of the world, understood as a community of communities of communities. It sees the world as a process of becoming and the universe as a vast network of inter-becomings. It sees each living being on our planet as worthy of respect and care.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;">People influenced by process thinking seek to live lightly on the earth and gently with others, sensitive to the interconnectedness of all things and delighted by the differences. They believe that there are many ways of knowing the world -- verbal, mathematical, aesthetic, empathic, bodily, and practical - and that education should foster creativity and compassion as well as literacy.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Process thinkers belong to many different cultures and live in many different regions of the world: Africa, Asia, Latin America, Europe, North America, and Oceania. They include teenagers, parents, grandparents, store-clerks, accountants, farmers, musicians, artists, and philosophers.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Many of the scholars in the movement are influenced by the perspective of the late philosopher and mathematician, Alfred North Whitehead. His thinking embodies the leading edge of the intellectual side of process thinking. Nevertheless, a mastery of his ideas is not necessary to be a process thinker. Ultimately process thinking is an attitude and outlook on life, and a way of interacting with the world. It is not so much a rigidly-defined worldview as it is a way of feeling the presence of the world and responding with creativity and compassion.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The tradition of process thinking can be compared to a growing and vibrant tree, with blossoms yet to unfold. The roots of the tree are the many ideas developed by Whitehead in his mature philosophy. They were articulated most systematically in his book Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology. The trunk consists of more general ideas which have been developed by subsequent thinkers from different cultures, adding creativity of their own. These general ideas flow from Whitehead's philosophy, but are less technical in tone. The branches consist of the many ways in which these ideas are being applied to daily life and community development. The branches include applications to a wide array of topics, ranging from art and music to education and ecology.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Much of this website -- Open Horizons - is devoted to the branches and trunk. Of course, some people will be interested in the roots. For those interested in gaining knowledge of the roots, we have created a free course of short videos which provides an introduction to Alfred North Whitehead's organic philosophy and serves as a guiding companion to Whitehead's seminal work, Process and Reality. These twenty six-minute videos are offered below. They can be viewed in sequence or in parts, depending on your interests. If you would like to get started on this short course to better understand the roots of process thinking, go to <a href="http://www.jesusjazzbuddhism.org/what-is-process-thought.html">What is Process Thought? </a>The ideas above represent the twenty key ideas in the trunk.</span></div></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="93" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/horizontal-line-png-photos-orig-4-orig_orig.png" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">RECENT POSTS</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Scan, click, and enjoy according to your interests.</span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></span><div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Click <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/index-of-all-titles.html">here</a> for index of all titles in Open Horizons.</span></b></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">updated February 17, 2024</span></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/starting-a-john-cobb-home-garden-healing-action-for-a-world-in-need.html">Starting a John Cobb Home Garden: Healing Action for a World in Need</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-real-culture-war-authoritatives-and-nurturers.html">The Real Culture War: Authoritatives and Nurturers</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-real-culture-war-authoritatives-and-nurturers.html"></a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/a-stick-is-a-stick-the-metaphysics-of-zen-christianity.html">A Stick is a Stick: The Metaphysics of Zen Christianity</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/john-cobb-my-frugal-visionary-mentor.html">John Cobb: My Frugal, Visionary Mentor</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/you-sure-say-ought-a-lot-8203the-problem-of-excessive-preachiness.html">You Sure Say "Ought" a Lot! The Problem of Excessive Preachiness</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-religion-of-tomorrow-ilia-delio-and-process-theology.html">The Religion of Tomorrow: Ilia Delio and Process Theology</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/blessing-the-water-snakes-the-rime-of-the-ancient-mariner.html">Blessing the Water Snakes: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/we-move-with-the-music-the-body-as-a-source-of-creativity-imagination-and-fun-while-living-with-dementia.html">We Move with the Music: Living with Dementia</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/reimagining-dementia-with-help-from-process-theology.html">Reimagining Dementia with help from Process Theology</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-open-and-relational-voice-maria-callas-and-process-theology.html">The Open and Relational Voice: Maria Callas and Process Theology</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/how-my-grandma-grows-vegetables---respect-for-elders-and-respect-for-the-earth---process-confucianism.html">Respect for Elders and Respect for the Earth - Process Confucianism</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-cosmic-significance-of-being-polite-in-daily-life-a-note-on-process-and-confucianism.html">The Significance of Being Polite in Daily Life: Process and Confucianism</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/8203the-devil-as-moral-anaesthesia-ursula-le-guins-the-ones-who-walk-away-from-omelas.html">Moral Anaesthesia: Ursula Le Guin's "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas"</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/whitehead-on-god-six-passages-from-process-and-reality.html">Whitehead on God: Six Passages from Process and Reality</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/octavia-butler-and-alfred-north-whitehead-springboards-for-reflection.html">Octavia Butler and Alfred North Whitehead: Springboards for Reflection</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/iain-mcgilgrist-and-the-widening-of-attention-patricia-adams-farmer.html">Iain McGilgrist and the Widening of Attention: Patricia Adams Farmer</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-joy-of-having-curious-students-a-lesson-from-confucius.html">The Joy of Having Curious Students: A Lesson from Confucius</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/zen-novelty-and-suchness-ultimate-reality-in-a-cup-of-tea.html">Zen, Novelty, and Suchness: Ultimate Reality in a Cup of Tea</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/three-faces-of-ecological-civilization.html">Three Faces of Ecological Civilization</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-beauty-of-negative-five-my-math-adventures-as-a-young-girl-in-rural-china.html">Is Negative Five an Eternal Object? A Young Girl in Rural China </a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/purpose-in-human-life-l-charles-birch.html">Purpose in Human Life: L. Charles Birch</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/reinventing-yourself-process-theology-and-david-bowie.html"></a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/process-thought-an-introduction-by-ian-barbour.html">Process Thought: An Introduction by Ian Barbour</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/reinventing-yourself-process-theology-and-david-bowie.html">Reinventing Yourself: Process Theology and David Bowie</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/8203lighting-candles-as-prayer-lifting-things-up-to-the-light-of-the-universe.html">Lighting Candles as Prayer: Lifting Things Up to the Light of the Universe</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/8203lighting-candles-as-prayer-lifting-things-up-to-the-living-whole-of-the-universe.html"></a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/finding-your-inner-banjo-a-process-theology-for-pluckers.html">Finding Your Inner Banjo: A Process Theology for Pluckers</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/becoming-a-whole-person.html">Becoming a Whole Person</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/god-as-interpoint-symbolic-logic-as-a-tool-for-process-theology.html">God as Interpoint: Symbolic Logic as a Tool for Process Theology</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/teilhards-fire-donald-viney.html">Teilhard's Fire: Donald Viney</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/bereaved-parents-rebuilding-lives-after-a-suicide-loss-farhan-shah1.html">Bereaved Parents: Rebuilding Lives After a Suicide Loss (Farhan Shah)</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/knowing-without-words-whitehead-and-the-apophatic.html">Knowing without Words: Whitehead and the Apophatic</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/faith-hope-and-laughter-a-note-on-process-and-virtue.html">Faith, Hope, and Laughter: A Note on Process and Virtue</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/religion-in-the-making-whitehead-on-religion.html">Religion in the Making: Whitehead on Religion</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/religion-and-science-alfred-north-whitehead.html">Religion and Science: Alfred North Whitehead</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/process-new-years-resolution-to-see-each-person-as-a-potential-face-of-god.html"></a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/mathematics-and-the-good-alfred-north-whitehead.html">Mathematics and the Good:</a> <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/mathematics-and-the-good-alfred-north-whitehead.html">Alfred North Whitehead</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/process-theology--relations-with-loved-ones-after-they-die.html">Process Theology & Relations with Loved Ones after they Die</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/process-theology--relations-with-loved-ones-after-they-die.html"></a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/8203healing-reactive-behavior-a-process-and-jungian-approach-sheri-kling.html"></a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/8203healing-reactive-behavior-a-process-and-jungian-approach-sheri-kling.html">Healing Reactive Behavior</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/8203healing-reactive-behavior-a-process-and-jungian-approach-sheri-kling.html">:</a> <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/8203healing-reactive-behavior-a-process-and-jungian-approach-sheri-kling.html">A Process and Jungian Approach: Sheri Kling</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/does-p-equal-np-a-mathematical-love-poem-by-haipeng-guo.html">Does P equal NP? A Mathematical Love Poem by Haipeng Guo</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/process-and-puddings-a-culinary-approach-to-process-philosophy.html">Process and Puddings: A Culinary Approach to Process Philosophy</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/yes-i-can-stay-a-while-nita-gilger-on-abiding.html">Yes, I can stay a while: Nita Gilger on Abiding</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/walking-in-the-air-patricia-adams-farmer-jay-mcdaniel.html">Walking in the Air: Patricia Adams Farmer, Jay McDaniel</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-sentience-of-lava-katy-didden-process-theology.html">The Sentience of Lava: Katy Didden, Process Theology</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/820382038203hiding-in-a-comfort-bubble-turning-away-from-suffering-as-a-kind-of-evil.html">Hiding in a Comfort Bubble: Turning Away from Suffering as a Kind of Evil</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/making-peace-with-impermanence-whitehead-and-the-four-noble-truths-of-buddhism.html">Making Peace with Impermanence: Whitehead and the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/it-wasnt-meant-to-be-god--the-insistent-particularities-of-the-world.html">It Wasn't Meant to Be: God & the Insistent Particularities of the World</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-insistent-particularity-of-the-world-an-8203whitehead-and-louis-zukofsky-an-8203whitehead-and-louis-zukofsky-on-the-meaning-of-a.html">AN Whitehead and Louis Zukofsky on the Meaning of "A"</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/8203chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-on-the-epidemic-of-self-censorship.html">Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie on the Epidemic of Self-Censorship</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/trusting-in-nurturant-light-worship-in-a-process-context.html">Trusting in Nurturant Light</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/trusting-in-nurturant-light-worship-in-a-process-context.html">: </a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/trusting-in-nurturant-light-worship-in-a-process-context.html">Worship in a Process Context</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/ecological-civilization-on-my-balcony-zhihe-wang-meijun-fan-and-junfeng-wang-on-chinas-future.html">Ecological Civilization on My Balcony:</a> <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/ecological-civilization-on-my-balcony-zhihe-wang-meijun-fan-and-junfeng-wang-on-chinas-future.html">Zhihe Wang, Meijun Fan, and Junfeng Wang on China's Future</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/after-your-death-we-still-talk-the-transmutation-of-loved-ones-after-they-die.html">After Your Death: We Still Talk</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/having-faith-when-life-does-not-make-sense-nita-gilger-jay-mcdaniel.html">Having Faith When Life Does Not Make Sense: Nita Gilger, Jay McDaniel</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/process-buddhism-learning-from-8203kazi-adi-shakti.html">Process Buddhism: Learning from Kazi Adi Shakti</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/process-buddhism-learning-from-8203kazi-adi-shakti.html"></a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/from-consumerism-to-ecological-civilization-corinne-hummel-on-marx-and-whitehead.html">From Consumerism to Ecological Civilization: Corinne Hummel on Marx and Whitehead</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/islam-and-process-thought-challenges-and-possibilities-farhan-shah.html">Islam and Process Thought, challenges and possibilities: Farhan Shah</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/how-would-you-advise-alex-a-journey-in-open-and-relational-theology.html">How would you advise Alex? A Journey in Open and Relational Theology</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/affirming-divine-omnipotence-in-islamic-process-theology-jared-morningstars-proposal.html">Affirming Divine Omnipotence in Islamic Process Theology: Jared Morningstar's Proposal</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/process-theology-through-equations-for-the-mathematically-minded.html">Process Theology through Equations: For the Mathematically Minded</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-consolation-of-stars-their-beauty-their-independence.html">The Consolation of Stars: Their Beauty, Their Independence</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/process-theology-and-the-rapture-the-passing-of-the-love-on-earth-into-heaven.html">Process Theology and the Rapture: The Passing of the Love on Earth into Heaven</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-not-yet-god-by-ilia-delio-a-reflection-and-review.html">"The Not-Yet God" by Ilia Delio: A Reflection and Review</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/theology-as-curiosity-rapturous-rewards-of-serendipitous-discovery.html">Theology as Curiosity: Rapturous Rewards of Serendipitous Discovery</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/living-in-loves-universe-rumi-and-process-theology.html">Living in Love's Universe: Rumi and Process Theology</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/8203lets-love-each-other-haleh-liza-gafori-reciting-rumi-8203.html"></a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/8203lets-love-each-other-haleh-liza-gafori-reciting-rumi-8203.html">Let's Love Each Other: Haleh Liza Gafori reciting Rumi </a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/process-theology-and-encounters-of-the-third-kind-david-griffin-dw-pasulka.html">Process Theology and Encounters of the Third Kind: David Griffin, D.W. Pasulka</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/8203rabbi-bradley-artson-on-the-israel-hamas-conflict-to-my-jewish-and-palestinian-friends.html">Rabbi Bradley Artson on the Israel-Hamas Conflict: To my Jewish and Palestinian Friends</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/ayaan-hirsi-ali-from-islamic-fundamentalism-through-atheism-to-christianity.html">Ayaan Hirsi Ali: From Islamic fundamentalism through Atheism to Christianity</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/shamanism-life-8203as-a-cosmic-principle.html">Shamanism: Life as a Cosmic Principle</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/from-the-place-where-we-are-right-flowers-will-never-grow-in-the-spring-8203yehuda-amichai.html">From the Place Where We Are Right Flowers will never Grow in the Spring: Yehuda Amichai</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-fuller-oord-project-claiming-doubt-as-part-of-faith.html">The Fuller-Oord Project</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-fuller-oord-project-claiming-doubt-as-part-of-faith.html">:</a> <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-fuller-oord-project-claiming-doubt-as-part-of-faith.html">Claiming Doubt as Part of Faith</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-unmoved-mover-of-process-theology-changing-without-moving.html">The Unmoved Mover of Process Theology: Changing without Moving</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/god-as-changing-without-moving-a-relational-understanding-of-the-8203unmoved-mover.html"></a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/circadian-theology-finding-god-in-the-rhythms-of-daily-life.html"></a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/have-a-good-day-and-get-a-good-nights-sleep-circadian-theology-in-process-perspective.html">Have a Good Day and Get a Good Night's Sleep: Circadian Theology in Process Perspective</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/an-eccentric-view-of-the-normal-science-fiction-philip-k-dick-and-whitehead.html">An Eccentric View of the Normal: Science Fiction, Philip K. Dick, and Whitehead</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/after-the-battle-many-new-ghosts-du-fus-facing-snow.html">After the Battle, Many New Ghosts: Du Fu's "Facing Snow"</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/8203after-deconstruction-the-process-theology-of-artisttheologian-steve-thomason.html"></a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/8203after-deconstruction-the-process-theology-of-artisttheologian-steve-thomason.html">After Deconstruction</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/8203after-deconstruction-the-process-theology-of-artisttheologian-steve-thomason.html">: The Process Theology of Artist/Theologian Steve Thomason</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/love-and-social-justice-daniel-day-williams.html">Love and Social Justice: Daniel Day Williams</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/alien-minds-artificial-intelligence-and-cosmotheology-andrew-davis-and-martin-rees.html">Alien Minds, Artificial Intelligence, Cosmotheology: Andrew Davis and Martin Rees</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/grieving-is-the-longing-for-home-jonathan-fosters-indigo.html">grieving is the longing for home: Jonathan Foster's indigo</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-courage-of-mushrooms-nita-gilger.html">The Courage of Mushrooms: Nita Gilger</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-soul-expanding-melodies-of-sadness-patricia-adams-farmer.html">The Soul-Expanding Melodies of Sadness: Patricia Adams Farmer</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/music-as-experiential-metaphysics-schopenhauer-whitehead-and-mahler.html">Music as Experiential Metaphysics: Schopenhauer, Whitehead, and Mahler</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/not-a-hug-but-a-bow-a-softer-more-buddhist-8203side-of-whitehead.html">Not a Hug but a Bow</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/not-a-hug-but-a-bow-a-softer-more-buddhist-8203side-of-whitehead.html">: A Softer more Buddhist Side of Whitehead</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/radical-non-binary-love-understanding-the-yearnings-of-my-enemies.html">Radical, Non-Binary Love</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/radical-non-binary-love-understanding-the-yearnings-of-my-enemies.html">:</a> <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/radical-non-binary-love-understanding-the-yearnings-of-my-enemies.html">Understanding the Yearnings of My Enemies</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/last-night-i-had-the-strangest-dream-pete-seeger-john-cobb-walter-brueggemann.html">Last Night I Had the Strangest Dream: Pete Seeger, John Cobb, Walter Brueggemann</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/beyond-petty-factionalism-the-federalist-papers-and-8203originalism-in-process.html">Beyond Petty Factionalism: The Federalist Papers and Originalism in Process</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/supporting-pockets-of-hope-in-a-time-of-despair-a-jewish-hope-for-palestinian-liberation.html">Supporting Pockets of Hope</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/supporting-pockets-of-hope-in-a-time-of-despair-a-jewish-hope-for-palestinian-liberation.html">:</a> <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/supporting-pockets-of-hope-in-a-time-of-despair-a-jewish-hope-for-palestinian-liberation.html">A Jewish Hope for Palestinian Liberation</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/ideology-terror-and-the-freedom-to-begin-anew-thinking-with-hannah-arendt.html">Ideology, Terror and the Freedom to Begin Anew: Thinking with Hannah Arendt</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-federalist-papers-a-process-reflection.html"></a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/process-and-plankton-eco-theology-and-microbial-life.html">Process and Plankton: Eco-Theology and Microbial Life</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-federalist-papers-a-process-reflection.html">The Federalist Papers: A Process Reflection</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-great-sadness-of-god-patricia-adams-farmer.html">The Great Sadness of God: Patricia Adams Farmer</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/all-people-of-goodwill-must-rally-rabbi-bradley-shavit-artson.html">All People of Goodwill Must Rally: Rabbi Bradley Shavit Artson</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/8203revisioning-god-and-the-self-with-help-from-buddhism-jay-mcdaniel.html">Revisioning God and the Self with help from Buddhism: Jay McDaniel</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/nex363s-and-the-logic-of-relations-john-lango.html">Nexūs and the Logic of Relations</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/nex363s-and-the-logic-of-relations-john-lango.html">: </a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/nex363s-and-the-logic-of-relations-john-lango.html">John Lango</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/creation-out-of-nothing-maybe-so-maybe-not-whats-most-important-is-love.html">Creation out of Nothing? Maybe so, maybe not, what's most important is love.</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/process-and-populism-the-humbling-of-liberal-democracy.html">Process and Populism:</a> <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/process-and-populism-the-humbling-of-liberal-democracy.html">The Humbling of Liberal Democracy</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/sourdough-spirituality-patricia-adams-farmer.html">Sourdough Spirituality: Patricia Adams Farmer</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/process-theology-and-crows-animals-as-elders-and-totems.html">Process Theology and Crows: Animals as Elders and Totems</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/a-more-expansive-truth-apostasy-as-a-spiritual-practice.html">A More Expansive Truth:</a> <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/a-more-expansive-truth-apostasy-as-a-spiritual-practice.html">Apostasy as a Spiritual Practice</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/beyond-rank-and-status-sonnet-29-by-william-shakespeare-and-whiteheads-image-of-god-as-friend.html">Beyond Rank and Status:</a> <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/beyond-rank-and-status-sonnet-29-by-william-shakespeare-and-whiteheads-image-of-god-as-friend.html">William Shakespeare and Whitehead's Image of God </a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/withness-of-the-body-process-theology-and-bodily-knowing.html">Withness of the Body:</a> <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/withness-of-the-body-process-theology-and-bodily-knowing.html">Process Theology and Bodily Knowing</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/beyond-the-management-mentality-whiteheads-idea-of-importance.html">Beyond the Management Mentality: Whitehead's Idea of 'Importance'</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/8203beings-are-becomings-introducing-process-philosophy-8203with-help-from-gerunds.html">Beings are Becomings: Introducing Process Philosophy with help from Gerunds</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/god-as-the-poet-of-the-world-ten-meanings.html">God as the Poet of the World</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/god-as-the-poet-of-the-world-ten-meanings.html">: Ten Meanings</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-migration-of-religion-to-popular-culture-taylor-swift-and-process-theology.html">The Migration of Religion to Popular Culture</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-migration-of-religion-to-popular-culture-taylor-swift-and-process-theology.html">: Taylor Swift and Process Theology</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/curiouser-and-curiouser-whitehead-lewis-carroll-and-alice-in-wonderland.html">Curiouser and Curiouser</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/curiouser-and-curiouser-whitehead-lewis-carroll-and-alice-in-wonderland.html">:</a> <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/curiouser-and-curiouser-whitehead-lewis-carroll-and-alice-in-wonderland.html">Whitehead, Lewis Carroll, and Alice in Wonderland</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-end-of-materialism-and-the-civilizational-crisis-maria-teresa-teixeira-in-munich.html">The End of Materialism and the Civilizational Crisis: Maria-Teresa Teixeira in Munich</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/seven-process-poets-in-china-ecology-creativity-freedom-of-self-expression.html">Seven Process Poets in China: Ecology, Creativity, Freedom of Self-Expression</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-sublime-and-the-mundane-nita-gilger-jay-mcdaniel.html">The Sublime and the Mundane</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-sublime-and-the-mundane-nita-gilger-jay-mcdaniel.html">:</a> <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-sublime-and-the-mundane-nita-gilger-jay-mcdaniel.html">Nita Gilger, Jay McDaniel</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-constancy-of-love-shakespeare-and-charles-hartshorne.html">The Constancy of Love:</a> <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-constancy-of-love-shakespeare-and-charles-hartshorne.html">Shakespeare and Charles Hartshorne</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-extensive-continuum-michael-halewood-in-munich.html">The Extensive Continuum: Michael Halewood in Munich</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/seven-process-poets-in-china.html">Process Poets in China: Poetry, Ecology, Creativity</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/camping-with-kierkegaard-hot-chocolate-with-j-aaron-simmons.html">Camping with Kierkegaard</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/camping-with-kierkegaard-hot-chocolate-with-j-aaron-simmons.html">:</a> <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/camping-with-kierkegaard-hot-chocolate-with-j-aaron-simmons.html">Hot Chocolate with J. Aaron Simmons</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/andrew-davis-in-munich-on-the-goodness-of-whiteheads-god.html">Andrew Davis in Munich: On the Goodness of Whitehead's God</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/reading-poetry-in-a-whiteheadian-way-christopher-hastys-lecture-in-munich.html">Reading Poetry in a Whiteheadian Way</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/reading-poetry-in-a-whiteheadian-way-christopher-hastys-lecture-in-munich.html">:</a> <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/reading-poetry-in-a-whiteheadian-way-christopher-hastys-lecture-in-munich.html">Christopher Hasty's Lecture in Munich</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-lure-of-margaritaville-a-whiteheadian-appreciation.html">The Lure of Margaritaville: A Whiteheadian Appreciation</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/a-window-into-urban-chinese-youth-culture-im-growing-vegetables-on-my-balcony-its-my-spiritual-home.html">Chinese Youth Culture</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/a-window-into-urban-chinese-youth-culture-im-growing-vegetables-on-my-balcony-its-my-spiritual-home.html">:</a> <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/a-window-into-urban-chinese-youth-culture-im-growing-vegetables-on-my-balcony-its-my-spiritual-home.html">I'm Growing Vegetables on my Balcony</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/whiteheads-infinitely-erotic-god-the-love-poetry-of-richie-hofmann.html">Whitehead's Infinitely Erotic God: The Love Poetry of Richie Hofmann</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/omega-now-the-ongoing-eschatological-resurrection-of-all-things-within-the-divine-life.html">Omega Now: The Eschatological Resurrection of all Things within the Divine Life</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/woven-nurturing-a-faith-your-kid-doesnt-have-to-heal-from---book-review.html">Woven: Nurturing a Faith Your Kid Doesn't Have to Heal From - Book Review</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/places-in-the-heart-final-scene-and-the-christian-gospel.html">Places in the Heart: Final Scene and the Christian Gospel</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/dead-man-walking-confession-and-creative-transformation.html">Dead Man Walking: Confession and Creative Transformation</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/divine-inscrutability-countee-cullens-yet-do-i-marvel.html">Divine Inscrutability: Countee Cullen's "Yet Do I Marvel" </a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/atonement-a-process-perspective.html">Atonement: A Process Perspective</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-metaphysics-of-erasure-poetry-tracy-k-smiths-revision-of-the-declaration-of-independence.html">The Metaphysics of Erasure Poetry: Tracy K. Smith's Declaration of Independence</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/erasure-erasing-erasure-tracy-k-smiths-poetic-revision-of-the-declaration-of-independence.html"></a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-dao-of-civilization-8203a-letter-to-china---freya-mathews.html">The Dao of Civilization: A Letter to China - Freya Mathews</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-process-poetry-movement-in-china-eyes-of-process-heart-of-ecology-and-the-pen-of-freedom.html">The Process Poetry Movement in China</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/process-moral-education-bangxiu-xie-jay-mcdaniel-bob-mesle.html">Process Moral Education: Bangxiu Xie, Jay McDaniel, Bob Mesle</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/joy-harjo-and-the-dream-of-the-earth.html">Joy Harjo and the Dream of the Earth</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/toward-a-theology-of-enzymes-god-evolution-and-collaborative-design.html">Toward a Theology of Enzymes: God, Evolution, and Collaborative Design</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-spiritual-side-of-gardening-8203a-process-approach.html">The Spiritual Side of Gardening: A Process Approach</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/sex-eros-and-love-whiteheadian-reflections.html">Sex, Eros, and Love: Whiteheadian Reflections</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/beauty-in-the-darkness-patricia-adams-farmer.html">Beauty in the Darkness: Patricia Adams Farmer</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/apocalypse-coral8203-god-coral-reefs-intrinsic-value-8203and-planet-loyalty.html">Apocalypse Coral: God, Coral Reefs, Intrinsic Value, and Planet Loyalty</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/strong-independent-assertive-competent-funny-and-feminist-chaucers-wife-of-bath.html">Strong, Independent, Assertive, Funny, and Feminist: Chaucer's Wife of Bath</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/is-god-in-control-reverend-barkley-thompson.html">Is God in control? Reverend Barkley Thompson</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/ambition-greed-deception-and-revenge-feudal-loyalty-in-american-society.html">Ambition, Greed, Deception, and Revenge: Feudal Loyalty in American Society</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/as-john-sees-it-process-philosophy-aa-and-recovery.html">As John Sees It: Process Philosophy, AA, and Recovery</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/standing-and-waiting-in-difficult-circumstances-john-milton-when-i-consider-how-my-light-is-spent.html">John Milton, "When I Consider How My Light is Spent"</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/o-second-moon-of-jupiter-we-too-are-made-of-water-sending-poetry-to-europa.html">O Second Moon of Jupiter, We, Too, are Made of Water: Sending Poetry to Europa</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/sonnet-73-shakespeare-and-whitehead-on-love-and-impermanence.html">Sonnet 73: Shakespeare and Whitehead on Love and Impermanence</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/welcoming-our-extraterrestrial-neighbors-process-philosophy-and-ufos.html">Welcoming our Extraterrestrial Neighbors: Process Philosophy and UFOs</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-most-famous-cat-in-english-literature-8203christopher-smarts-jeoffry.html">The Most Famous Cat in English Literature: Christopher Smart's Jeoffry</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/befriending-the-planets-ten-gifts-from-our-planetary-neighbors.html">Befriending the Planets: Ten Gifts from our Planetary Neighbors</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-green-jesus-is-breaking-ground-process-christo-poetics-8203.html">The Green Jesus is Breaking Ground: Process Christo-Poetics </a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/plastics-for-the-common-good-the-high-calling-of-the-chemical-engineer.html">Process Theology. Ecology, and Plastics: The High Calling of the Chemical Engineer</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/infinitely-tender-infinitely-wild-twenty-one-divine-infinities.html">Infinitely Tender, Infinitely Wild: Twenty-One Divine Infinities</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/and-beauty-for-all-lubarsky-goddard-and-farmer.html">And Beauty for All: Lubarsky, Goddard, and Farmer</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/earth-awe-wordsworth-paganism-and-process.html"></a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/a-friends-love-bob-mesle.html"></a></span></li></ol><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="93" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/horizontal-line-png-photos-orig-4-orig_orig.png" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Practicing the Process Way</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div>please copy and share any as desired</div><div>no need for permission or citation</div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="320" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/listening-to-others-on-their-own-terms-1_5.jpg" width="320" /> <img height="320" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/promoting-interfaith-cooperation-1_5.jpg" width="320" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="320" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/creating-compassionate-communities_5.jpg" style="text-align: left;" width="320" /><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><img height="320" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/living-with-respect-and-care-for-all-life_5.jpg" style="text-align: left;" width="320" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="320" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/fostering-spiritual-vitality_5.jpg" style="text-align: left;" width="320" /> <img height="320" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/building-an-ecological-civilization_5.jpg" style="text-align: left;" width="320" /></div><img height="93" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/horizontal-line-png-photos-orig-4-orig_orig.png" width="640" /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Process Worldview: - <a href="https://www.canva.com/design/DAE9PMKfqFM/view" target="_blank">A Simpler Version</a></span></b></div></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> <span style="font-size: large;">by Jay McDaniel</span></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><img height="93" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/horizontal-line-png-photos-orig-4-orig_orig.png" width="640" /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">14 Process Transformations</span></b></div></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.canva.com/design/DAFKdK5fyYk/view" target="_blank">click here for whiteboard diagrams</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">by Jay McDaniel</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img height="93" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/horizontal-line-png-photos-orig-4-orig_orig.png" width="640" /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Ecological Civilizations: Just & Compassionate Communities</span></b></div></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.canva.com/design/DAE9PPhu0v8/view" target="_blank">click here for whiteboard diagrams</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The social ideal of process philosophy</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Ecological civilizations are the world's best hope. We humans live within, not apart form, a larger web of life filled with value and beauty. Our responsibility is to care for the larger whole and for one another. The building blocks of ecological civilizations are local communities that are creative, compassionate, participatory, inclusive, diverse, humane to animals, good for the earth, and spiritually satisfying -- with no one left behind. The social aim of process thinkers is to help build these kinds of communities.</span></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Here are some links to get started:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/ecotheology-and-ecological-civilizations-ideas-and-practices.html">Ecotheology in Theory and Practice</a> (Jay McDaniel)</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-radical-vision-of-ecological-civilization-wm-andrew-schwartz.html">The Radical Vision of Ecological Civilization</a> (Andrew Schwartz)</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/five-foundations-for-an-ecological-ciivilization.html">Five Foundations for an Ecological Civilization</a> (John Cobb)</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/ten-ideas-for-saving-the-planet.html">Ten Ideas for Saving the Planet</a> (John Cobb)</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/economic-justice-and-process-philosophy.html">Economic Justice and Process Philosophy</a> (John Cobb and others)</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/chinas-ecological-civilization-our-common-great-opportunity.html">China's Ecological Civilization</a> (Zhihe Wang)</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/a-call-to-deeper-places-the-owl-as-my-teacher.html">A Call to Deeper Places: The Owl as My Teacher</a> (Nita Gilger)</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/goodbye-earth-the-failure-of-adults-to-care-for-the-planet.html">Goodbye, Earth: The Failure of "Adults" to Care for the Planet</a> (Patricia Adams Farmer)</span></li></ul><span style="font-family: arial;"><img height="93" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/horizontal-line-png-photos-orig-4-orig_orig.png" width="640" /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: xx-large;">Beauty & Process Theology</b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.canva.com/design/DAFBRU856hc/view" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">click here for whiteboard diagrams</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">by Patricia Adams Farmer</span></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><img height="93" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/horizontal-line-png-photos-orig-4-orig_orig.png" width="640" /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">God in Process Theology</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.canva.com/design/DAE9PLf0CQA/view" target="_blank"></a></span><a href="https://www.canva.com/design/DAE9PLf0CQA/view" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">click here for whiteboard diagrams</a></div><br /><img height="93" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/horizontal-line-png-photos-orig-4-orig_orig.png" width="640" /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Four Aims of the Process Movement</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;">please copy and share any as desired</div><div style="text-align: center;">no need for permission or citation</div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="640" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/published/four-aims-full-text-holistic_6.png" width="640" /></div><br /><img height="93" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/horizontal-line-png-photos-orig-4-orig_orig.png" width="640" /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Process and Spirituality</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.canva.com/design/DAFFNQXoCdI/view" target="_blank">Process and Spirituality Presentation</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"> by Jared Morningstar</span></div><img height="93" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/horizontal-line-png-photos-orig-4-orig_orig.png" width="640" /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Jewish Process Theology</span></b></div></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.canva.com/design/DAFPtPUGchg/view" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="text-align: left;"></span>click here for whiteboard diagrams</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Reflections from Rabbi Bradley Shavit Artson</span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img height="93" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/horizontal-line-png-photos-orig-4-orig_orig.png" width="640" /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Christian Process Theology</span></b></div></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.canva.com/design/DAFKu5OKBEU/view" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">click here for whiteboard diagrams</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">by Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img height="93" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/horizontal-line-png-photos-orig-4-orig_orig.png" width="640" /><br /></span><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Christian Process Theology</span></b></div></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.canva.com/design/DAFQihCxIiY/view" target="_blank">click here for whiteboard diagrams</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">by Jeffery D. Long</span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img height="93" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/horizontal-line-png-photos-orig-4-orig_orig.png" width="640" /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">A Miscellany of Recent Offerings</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/a-process-perspective-of-virtual-reality-jason-barker.html"><img height="242" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/elvi-bjorkquist-concrescence_orig.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/a-process-perspective-of-virtual-reality-jason-barker.html">A Process Perspective of Virtual Reality: Jason Barker</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-ripening-of-souls-avocado-theology.html"><img height="205" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/avocado_orig.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-ripening-of-souls-avocado-theology.html">The Ripening of Souls: Avocado Theology</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/enlightenment-as-awakening-to-essential-kenosis-open-and-relational-buddhism.html"><img height="180" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/buddhist-enlightenment-laying-down_orig.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/enlightenment-as-awakening-to-essential-kenosis-open-and-relational-buddhism.html">Enlightenment as Awakening to Essential Kenosis:</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/enlightenment-as-awakening-to-essential-kenosis-open-and-relational-buddhism.html">Open and Relational Buddhism</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/key-questions-for-process-philosophy-theology-andrew-davis.html"><img height="180" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/what-is-process-philosophy-youtube-thumbnail-andrew-davis_orig.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/key-questions-for-process-philosophy-theology-andrew-davis.html">Key Questions for Process Philosophy & Theology:</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/key-questions-for-process-philosophy-theology-andrew-davis.html">An Interview with Andrew Davis</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/kimjang-and-the-sharing-of-kimchi-an-eco-practice-from-korea.html"><img height="193" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/kimjang-kimchi-eco-practice-korea_orig.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/kimjang-and-the-sharing-of-kimchi-an-eco-practice-from-korea.html">Kimjang and the Sharing of Kimchi:</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/kimjang-and-the-sharing-of-kimchi-an-eco-practice-from-korea.html">An Eco-Practice from Korea</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/clock-time-and-lived-time-henri-bergson-pete-ay-gunter.html"><img height="180" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/flowing-river_orig.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/clock-time-and-lived-time-henri-bergson-pete-ay-gunter.html">Clock Time and Lived Time:</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/clock-time-and-lived-time-henri-bergson-pete-ay-gunter.html">Henri Bergson, Pete A.Y. Gunter</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/mudddleheadedness-and-simplemindedness-ndash-whitehead-and-russell.html"><img height="198" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/alfred-north-whitehead-y-bertrand-russell-orig_orig.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/mudddleheadedness-and-simplemindedness-ndash-whitehead-and-russell.html">Mudddleheadedness and Simplemindedness</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/mudddleheadedness-and-simplemindedness-ndash-whitehead-and-russell.html">by Whitehead and Russell</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/process-and-ceremony-raising-a-totem-pole.html"><img height="160" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/flag-of-the-cloud-of-the-haida-nation_orig.png" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/process-and-ceremony-raising-a-totem-pole.html">Process and Ceremony: Raising a Totem Pole</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/potlucks-not-battlefields-eboo-patel-and-interfaith-america.html"><img height="189" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/potluck_orig.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/potlucks-not-battlefields-eboo-patel-and-interfaith-america.html">Potlucks not Battlefields: Eboo Patel and Interfaith America</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/whitehead-without-god-donald-sherburne.html"><img height="234" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/donaldsherburne_orig.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/whitehead-without-god-donald-sherburne.html">Whitehead without God: Donald Sherburne</a></div></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><img height="93" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/horizontal-line-png-photos-orig-4-orig_orig.png" width="640" /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Process Thought: God</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;">created and narrated by Hope Montgomery</div><div style="text-align: center;">Musician in Residence, Open Horizons</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OuDCBz2fdX4" width="320" youtube-src-id="OuDCBz2fdX4"></iframe></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="93" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/horizontal-line-png-photos-orig-4-orig_orig.png" width="640" /></div></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Snapshots</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">please copy and share any as desired</div><div style="text-align: center;">no need for permission or citation</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="320" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/holistic-thinking-1-3_6.jpg" width="320" /> <img height="320" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/wholistic-thinking-4_6.jpg" width="320" /></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="320" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/wholistic-thinking-2-1_6.jpg" width="320" /> <img height="320" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/wholistic-thinking-5-1_6.jpg" width="320" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="640" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/a-process-worldview-1_10.png" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="640" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/a-process-worldview-2_12.png" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/"><b><span style="font-size: large;">CLICK HERE FOR SUMMARY OF PROCESS THINKING</span></b></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="93" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/horizontal-line-png-photos-orig-4-orig_orig.png" style="text-align: left;" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="426" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/tyler-nix-v3dhmb1moxm-unsplash_orig.jpg" style="text-align: left;" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">The Process Movement</span></b></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Many people from around the world visit the site. They include viewers from Venezuela, Korea, Kenya, Canada, Germany, Philippines, Mexico, Botswana, Sweden, Turkey, England, Brazil, and the United States. And a few from mainland China, too, where the process movement is growing rapidly.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Some visitors are affiliated with one or another of the world's religions and some are spiritual independents. All are welcome.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The contributors to <i>Open Horizons</i> include artists, photographers, musicians, poets, clerks, accountants, farmers, theologians, and philosophers. They share many of the ideas and aims offered above, as understood in their own ways, and are committed to the practices, especially that of living with respect and care for life.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>Open Horizons</i> is part of the larger process community. If you would like to be part of the process community, help with its work, and contribute your own ideas, here are some ways:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="text-align: left;">Join the </span><a href="https://processnexus.net/" style="text-align: left;">Claremont Process Nexus</a><span style="text-align: left;">.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Join the <a href="https://cobb.institute/">Cobb Institute: A Community of Process and Practice</a>.</span></span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Join <a href="https://processandfaith.org/">Process and Faith: A Multi-Religious Network</a>.</span></span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Support the <a href="https://ctr4process.org/">The Center for Process Studies</a>.</span></span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Support the <a href="https://ecociv.org/">Institute for Ecological Civilization</a>.</span></span></li></ul></div></span><br /><img height="93" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/horizontal-line-png-photos-orig-4-orig_orig.png" width="640" /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">New to the Process World?</span></b></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">here are some pages that will help you get started</span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span></span><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/relationships-as-the-spiritual-web-of-our-lives.html">Relationships as the Spiritual Web of our Lives</a><span> (Frederic Brussat)</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/twenty-key-ideas-in-process-thinking.html">Twenty Key Ideas in Process Thinking</a><span> (Jay McDaniel)</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/a-whole-universe-of-stories.html">A Whole Universe of Stories</a><span> (Patricia Adams Farmer)</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/beauty-as-a-spiritual-home.html">Beauty as a Spiritual Home </a><span>(Patricia Adams Farmer)</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-numinosity-of-rocks.html">The Numinosity of Rocks</a><span> (Patricia Adams Farmer)</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/sheri-d-kling-whitehead-jung-and-psycho-spiritual-wholeness.html">Whitehead, Jung, and Psychospiritual Wholeness</a><span> (Sheri Kling)</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/whitehead-videos-reading-process-and-reality.html">Whitehead Video Series</a><span> (video series for people serious about reading Process and Reality)</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/constellation-of-process-theology.html">The Constellation of Process Theology</a><span> (Bradley Artson)</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span></span><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/god-almighty-no-way2.html">God Almighty? No Way!</a><span> (Bradley Artson)</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/can-a-muslim-be-a-panentheist-ask-a-muslim-philosopher.html">Can a Muslim be a Panentheist?</a><span> (Farhan Shah)</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/whiteheads-theory-of-value1.html">Whitehead's Theory of Value</a><span> (John Cobb)</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/process-spirituality-a-very-short-introduction.html">Emotional Intelligence and Embodied Wisdom:</a> <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-center-for-process-spirituality-in-arkansas.html">The Spiritual Side of Process Thinking</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-new-process-theology-international-multireligious-practical-theopoetic.html">The New Process Theology</a><span>:</span><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-new-process-theology-international-multireligious-practical-theopoetic.html"> International, Multireleligious, Practical, Theopoetic</a><span> (Jay McDaniel)</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/building-ecological-civilizations-the-practical-side.html">Building Ecological Civilizations: The Practical Side of Process Thinking</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/chinas-ecological-civilization-our-common-great-opportunity.html">China's Ecological Civilization: Our Common Great Opportunity</a><span> (Zhihe Wang)</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span></span><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/a-biologist-looks-at-process-thought.html">A Biologist Looks at Process Thought</a><span> (Charles Birch)</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/comparing-whitehead-and-chinese-thought.html">Comparing Whitehead and Chinese Thought</a><span> (Jay McDaniel)</span></span></li></ul><img height="93" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/horizontal-line-png-photos-orig-4-orig_orig.png" width="640" /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">more snapshots</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Created by Susannah Stubbs</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Artist in Residence, Open Horizons</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">please copy and share any as desired</div><div style="text-align: center;">no need for permission or citation</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="640" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/what-is-a-compassionate-community_4.jpg" style="text-align: left;" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="640" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/zest-for-life-1-2_4.jpg" style="text-align: left;" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="640" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/orange-improvisation_15.png" style="text-align: left;" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="640" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/world-loyalty-image_17.jpg" style="text-align: left;" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="640" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/2-interconnectedness-1_10.png" style="text-align: left;" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="640" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/concern-for-the-vulnerable-1-1_4.jpg" style="text-align: left;" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="640" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/prehension_11.jpg" style="text-align: left;" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="640" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/evil-hurts_4.jpg" style="font-size: large; text-align: left;" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="640" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/5-ethics-2_10.png" style="text-align: left;" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="640" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/process_11.png" style="text-align: left;" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="640" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/world-is-our-body-1_10.jpg" style="text-align: left;" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="640" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/6-novelty-1_10.png" style="text-align: left;" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="420" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/copy-of-the-value-of-your-days-does-not-depend-on-your-productivit-3_10.jpg" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="640" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/4-nature-as-alive_19.png" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="640" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/god-is-the-great-companion-the-fellow-sufferer-who-understands-alfred-north-whitehead-process-and-reality-2_10.png" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="443" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/justice-peace-2_5.png" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="640" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/de-jonghe-relational-worldview_orig.jpg" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="640" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/published/134376060-10159623734560021-4289292605795944887-o-1_2.jpg" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="93" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/horizontal-line-png-photos-orig-4-orig_orig.png" style="text-align: left;" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Windows into Open Horizons</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">navigating the website</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><u style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: medium;">subjects</span></u></div><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/art-and-music.html">ART, MUSIC, AND LITERATURE</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/reflecting-on-big-questions.html">REFLECTING ON BIG QUESTIONS</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/spirituality-and-practice.html">SPIRITUALITY AND PRACTICE</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/whitehead-and-process-thinking.html">WHITEHEAD'S PHILOSOPHY</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/social-justice.html">SOCIAL JUSTICE AND ECONOMICS</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/">GOD AND PANENTHEISM</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/mysticism-eight-forms.html">MYSTICISM: EIGHT FORMS</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/miscellany-for-the-curious-mind.html">MISCELLANY FOR THE CURIOUS MIND</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/buddhism.html">PROCESS AND BUDDHISM</a><br /> <br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/hopes-for-a-beautiful-planet.html">ECOLOGICAL CIVILIZATION</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/interfaith-explorations.html">INTERFAITH EXPLORATIONS</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/science.html">SCIENCE: BIOLOGY AND PHYSICS</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/east-west-explorations.html">EAST-WEST EXPLORATIONS</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/animals.html">ANIMALS AND SPIRITUALITY</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/sheri-d-kling-whitehead-jung-and-psycho-spiritual-wholeness.html">TRANSPERSONAL PSYCHOLOGY</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/open-horizons-china.html">PROCESS IN CHINA</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/mental-health.html">MENTAL HEALTH</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/peoples-stories.html">PEOPLE'S STORIES</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/food-and-food-culture.html">FOOD AND FOOD CULTURE</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/frederic-and-mary-ann-brussat.html">FILM REVIEWS: FREDERIC AND MARY ANN BRUSSAT</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/on-being-kings-and-queens-for-an-ecological-civilization-exploring-a-chinese-character.html"><span style="font-family: arial;">JOHN BECKER</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br />GENE REEVES<br /> <br />TRISTAN NORMAN<br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/cooking-as-a-spiritual-practice.html">JOANNA CAMPBELL</a><br /><br /> <br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span><u>writers </u></span></b><br /></span><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/patricia-adams-farmer.html">PATRICIA ADAMS FARMER: ESSAYS</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/farhan-shah.html">FARHAN SHAH: ESSAYS ON ISLAM</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/john-b-cobb-jr.html">JOHN B. COBB, JR.: ESSAYS</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/jea-sophia-oh.html">JEA SOPHIA OH: ESSAYS ON KOREA</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/paul-ingram.html">PAUL INGRAM: ESSAYS</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/vivian-dong.html">VIVIAN DONG: ESSAYS</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-radical-vision-of-ecological-civilization-wm-andrew-schwartz.html">ANDREW SCHWARTZ</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/hot-and-dry-noodles-in-china-where-whiteheads-philosophy-meets-chinese-food-culture.html">BANGXIU XIE</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/8203-8203extravagant-colors-as-healing-spaces-the-art-of-marilyn-biles.html">MARILYN BILES: ART</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/sophia-said-i-am-not-afraid.html">SOPHIA SAID</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/michaelene-miller-process-frisbee-and-prayer.html">MICHAELENE MILLER</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/metal-music-a-hunger-for-transgressive-spiritual-spaces.html">SAM COKER</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/my-life-in-rap-so-far-toki-wright-remington-harris-phillip-fletcher.html">PHILIP FLETCHER</a><br /> <br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/rabbi-bradley-shavit-artson.html">BRADLEY SHAVIT ARTSON: ESSAYS</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/teri-daily.html">TERI DAILY: ESSAYS ON CHRISTIANITY</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/progressive-islam-an-emerging-yet-traditional-alternative.html">ISLAM: ADIS DUDERIJA</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/zhihe-wang-and-meijun-fan.html">ZHIHE WANG AND MEIJUN FAN: ESSAYS ON CHINA</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/nita-gilger.html">NITA GILGER: ESSAYS</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/bob-mesle.html">BOB MESLE: ESSAYS</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/bruce-epperly.html">BRUCE EPPERLY: ESSAYS</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/original-sin-revisited-marjorie-suchocki.html">MARJORIE SUCHOCKI</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/pat-brentano-the-artist-as-visual-guide-for-an-ecological-civilization.html">PAT BRENTANO: ART</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/sheri-d-kling-whitehead-jung-and-psycho-spiritual-wholeness.html">SHERI KLING</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/relationships-as-the-spiritual-web-of-our-lives.html">FREDERIC BRUSSAT</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/remembering-les-muray.html">LES MURAY</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><br /></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img height="426" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/dsc-0417_23.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: left;">Photo: Susannah Stubbs</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><img height="93" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/horizontal-line-png-photos-orig-4-orig_orig.png" width="640" /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Interfaith Cooperation</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">growing in religious literacy and</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">engaging in interfaith cooperation</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">as an open and relational practice</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://pluralism.org/religions/afro-caribbean/afro-caribbean-traditions/">AFRO-CARIBBEAN</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://pluralism.org/religions/bahai/the-bahai-tradition/">BAHÁ’Í</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://pluralism.org/religions/buddhism/">BUDDHISM</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://pluralism.org/religions/christianity/">CHRISTIANITY</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://pluralism.org/religions/confucianism/the-confucian-tradition/">CONFUCIANISM</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://pluralism.org/religions/daoism/the-daoist-tradition/">DAOISM</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://pluralism.org/religions/hinduism/">HINDUISM</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://pluralism.org/religions/humanism/humanist-tradition/">HUMANISM</a>/SECULARISM</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://pluralism.org/religions/islam/">ISLAM</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://pluralism.org/religions/jainism/">JAINISM</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://pluralism.org/religions/judaism/">JUDAISM</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://pluralism.org/religions/native-american-traditions/">NATIVE TRADITIONS</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://pluralism.org/religions/paganism/the-pagan-tradition/">PAGANISM</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://pluralism.org/religions/shinto/the-shinto-tradition/">SHINTŌ</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://pluralism.org/religion/sikhism">SIKHISM</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://pluralism.org/religions/unitarian-universalism/the-unitarian-universalist-tradition/">UNITARIAN UNIVERSALISM</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://pluralism.org/religions/zoroastrianism/the-zoroastrian-tradition/">ZOROASTRIANISM</a></span></li></ul></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> <br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We encourage growing in religious literacy as a beginning, but not an end, to what is most important: interfaith cooperation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We in the "process" world believe that friendships with people of other faiths, combined with joint projects aimed at helping bring about just, sustainable, and joyful communities, are what is most important.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Still, a degree of religious literacy is very important and a worthy aim. Very few people in the world are religiously literate in a complete sense; the very process of growing in such literacy is a lifelong endeavor and, for some, a spiritual practice. Let this page help you take first steps.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Click on the links to the left and you will be taken to the best resource you can find for understanding the world's religions today: On Common Ground from The Pluralism Project at Harvard University. These are the multiple "faiths" which can be an important part of a relational culture and community. Process philosophy offers a way of appreciating the best in each tradition and articulating the traditions from the inside, by those who practice them.</span></div><br /><img height="93" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/horizontal-line-png-photos-orig-4-orig_orig.png" width="640" /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">an interfaith spiritual alphabet</span></b></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">For us "spirituality" is embodied cognition and emotional intelligence in everyday life. In the wheel of spirituality below, you will find thirty seven qualities of heart and mind that are part of spirituality. We borrow the list from one of our partner organizations: <i>Spirituality and Practice</i>. In the essays on the left, Patricia Adams Farmer and Jay McDaniel offer interpretations of some of the letters.</span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/a-is-for-attention-patricia-adams-farmer.html">"A" is for Attention</a><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/b-is-for-being-present-patricia-adams-farmer.html">"B" is for Being Present</a><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/b-is-for-beauty-patricia-adams-farmer.html">"B" is for Beauty<br /></a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/c-is-for-compassion.html">"C" is for Compassion</a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/g-is-for-grace.html"></a><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/c-is-for-connections-patricia-adams-farmer.html">"C" is for Connections<br /></a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/d-is-for-devotion.html">"D" is for Devotion</a><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/e-is-for-enthusiasm.html">"E" is for Enthusiasm</a><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/f-is-for-faith-patricia-adams-farmer.html">"F" is for Faith<br /></a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/g-is-for-grace.html"></a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/f-is-for-forgiveness.html">"F" is for Forgiveness</a><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/g-is-for-grace.html">"G" is for Grace</a><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/g-is-for-gratitude.html">"G" is for Gratitude</a><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/h-is-for-hope-patricia-adams-farmer.html">"H" is for Hope</a><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/h-is-for-hospitality-patricia-adams-farmer.html">"H" is for Hospitality</a><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/i-is-for-imagination-patricia-adams-farmer.html">"I" is for Imagination</a><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/j-is-for-joy-patricia-adams-farmer.html">"J" is for Joy</a><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/j-is-for-justice-jay-mcdaniel.html">"J" is for Justice</a><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/m-is-for-meaning-patricia-adams-farmer.html">"M" is for Meaning</a><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/p-is-for-play-patricia-adams-farmer.html">"P" is for Play</a><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/s-is-for-silence-patricia-adams-farmer.html">"S" is for Silence</a><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/t-is-for-transformation-patricia-adams-farmer.html">"T" is for Transformation</a><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/u-is-for-unity-patricia-adams-farmer.html">"U" is for Unity<br /></a><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/v-is-for-vision-patricia-adams-farmer.html">"V" is for Vision</a><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/w-is-for-wonder.html">"W" is for Wonder</a><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-practice-of-not-knowing-single-buddhist-dad.html">"X" is for Mystery</a><br /><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/zest-for-life-falling-in-love-with-the-idea-of-living.html">"Z" is for Zeal (Zest for Life) </a></span> <br /><br /><img height="640" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/published/0qbwusr-orig-22-1_267.png" width="640" /><br /><img height="93" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/horizontal-line-png-photos-orig-4-orig_orig.png" width="640" /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Guidelines for Interfaith Cooperation</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.canva.com/design/DAE9PM_6LrI/view" target="_blank">click here for whiteboard diagrams</a></span></div></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="93" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/horizontal-line-png-photos-orig-4-orig_orig.png" style="font-family: arial;" width="640" /></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: center;"><b>interfaith advice column</b></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/what-is-the-role-of-a-muslim-philosopher-in-a-pluralistic-age.html">What is the role of a Muslim Philosopher in a Pluralistic Age?</a> (Ask a Muslim philosopher)</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/using-the-spiritual-alphabet-in-congregational-life.html">Can communities be spiritual, too?</a> (Ask a Christian priest) </span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/">Can a Muslim be a Panentheist? Question to a Muslim Philosopher</a> ((Ask a Muslim philosopher)</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/ask-a-rabbi-is-it-ok-to-be-spiritual-but-not-religious.html">Is it alright to be spiritual but not religious?</a> (Ask a Rabbi)</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/">Is it alright to think of God as a force rather than a person?</a> (Ask a Rabbi)</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/ask-a-muslim-philosopher-is-it-ok-to-think-new-thoughts.html">Is it alright to think new thoughts?</a> (Ask a Muslim Philosopher)</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/is-violence-part-of-my-true-self-ask-a-zen-teacher.html">Is violence part of my True Self? Ask a Zen Teacher</a> (Ask a Zen teacher)</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/is-it-alright-to-be-a-pretty-orthodox-christian-with-leanings-toward-process-theology-ask-a-christian-priest.html">Is it alright to be a pretty orthodox Christian with process leanings?</a> (Ask a Christian priest)</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/is-it-alright-to-be-gay-and-christian-a-word-of-support-from-an-episcopal-priest.html">Is it alright to be gay and Christian? </a> (Ask a Christian priest)</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-practice-of-not-knowing-single-buddhist-dad.html">Is it alright not to know who you are?</a> (Ask a Single Buddhist Dad)</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/how-might-i-raise-my-daughter-as-muslim-ask-a-muslim-mother.html">How might I raise my daughter as Muslim? Ask a Muslim Mother</a> (Ask a Muslim mother)</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/how-can-i-explain-non-attachment-to-my-non-buddhist-husband-ask-a-zen-teacher.html">How can I explain Non-Attachment to my Non-Buddhist Husband</a> (Ask a Zen Teacher)</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/advice-to-a-young-writer-patricia-adams-farmer.html">How can I be a spiritual writer?</a> (As a Process novelist)</span></li></ul><div><br /></div></span></div></div>R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-26785192044400654252024-02-17T22:54:00.007-05:002024-02-18T01:30:53.163-05:00Dr. John B. Cobb, Jr. - Ten Ideas for Saving the Planet<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="360" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/federico-respini-syffw0lnr7s-unsplash-1_orig.jpg" style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; text-align: justify;" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Ten Ideas for Saving the Planet</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">by Dr. John B. Cobb, Jr.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: justify;"><span><a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/ten-ideas-for-saving-the-planet.html" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: center;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: medium;">Op.Cit. <i>Open Horizons </i>by Jay McDaniel</span></a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">1. Reality is composed of interrelated events.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">2. There are gradations of intrinsic value.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">3. God aims at maximizing value.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">4. Humans are uniquely (but by no means exclusively) valuable and uniquely responsible.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">5. Education is for wisdom.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">6. The economy should be directed toward flourishing of the biosphere.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">7. Agriculture should regenerate the soil.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">8. Comfortable habitat should make minimal demands on resources.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">9. Most manufacturing should be local.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">10. Every community should be part of a community of communities.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We live on a small planet orbiting a medium-sized star in a middle-sized galaxy. Long after we have destroyed so much life on our planet, Earth will continue in its orbit. We need not and cannot save the planet. We can simply be awed by the fact that, for a moment in cosmic history, we are small but included in a larger multi-galactic journey.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">But in our time cosmic awe is not enough. It has never been enough. There is also biophilia, a more intimate appreciation of life on earth, including human life. Not only in its generality but in its particularities. It is the beauty and diversity of life on our planet that needs saving; and it is we who need saving, too. We need to be saved from our actions that do so much harm to life on earth and to ourselves. Can we find the wisdom? Can we hear the call to live with respect for one another and for the rest of life? Or is it too late?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Forty years ago I didn't think it was too late. I was developing a Christian theology influenced by the philosophy of Whitehead, and I was challenged by my children and others to address environmental issues. I realized that theology must be eco-theology if it is to be helpful to how we live in the world. The world, after all, is not simply a human world. It is a web of life.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Accordingly I wrote a book called Is It Too Late?, in which I developed the idea that, despite trends to the contrary, we might avoid destroying the life-support systems on which we and other living beings depend.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">It was a hopeful book and in some ways I am a hopeful person. As a Christian I believe that God is present throughout the universe and in our planet through fresh possibilities, even when it seems too late for hope. I believe that inspiration within and beneath the creativity of the universe is divine. My hope is also inspired by the poignancy and beauty of the world itself: the poignancy and beauty of the natural world and of people, too, who are within and part of the natural world. We humans have the unique responsibility to protect one another and the rest of the natural world. We are beckoned by God to be caretakers.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">But the powers of God are not absolute. God cannot reverse the past or manipulate the present like a puppeteer. God's power is that of persuasion not coercion, of love not manipulation. In many ways it is too late. Too much has been lost. Too much is being lost. The poor are the first to suffer.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We must be honest. We live in a terrible time. We know that our actions are destroying the ability of the Earth to support us, but we seem incapable of changing direction. We plunge blindly ahead, either ignoring the reality of what is happening or hoping that some technological miracle will save us. It will not. The modern world has overshot the limits of what the Earth can bear, and our civilization will collapse. The crucial questions now are (1) how much will be left, and (2) can we build something more sustainable in the ruins?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">One reason we behave so badly is that the modern world has a misleading understanding of the nature of reality. What is mis-leading leads astray, and humanity collectively has been led far, far astray. Without a better understanding, the answers to the questions above will be (1) “very little” and (2) “probably not.” Those of us who have had good fortune to encounter a better way of understanding the world have a profound responsibility to share it.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">For my part, I find the philosophy of Whitehead a better way. His philosophy of organism or process philosophy can help integrate the best of ecological thinking and the best of humanistic thinking, and it does to in a way that brings together scientific, religious, ethical and artistic insights. Like a small but growing number of people in our world, I am a Whiteheadian. This does not mean that I agree with everything Whitehead says, but it does mean that, like others, I think in a Whiteheadian mode.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In general our efforts to share the Whiteheadian approach have not been heard because most people have been satisfied with what they had or else convinced that there is no alternative. But today more people have come to see the insanity of our behavior and wonder whether there may be another way. My task is to sketch the better understanding and its more promising implications in ten points. I hope the ideas might be helpful.</span></div> <div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">1. Reality is composed of interrelated events.</span></b></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The modern world settled on a view of nature modeled on a clock. The great medieval clocks not only gave the time but also, some of them, on the hour, provided a show composed of moving figures that appeared lifelike. This suggested that living things could ultimately be explained along with inanimate objects as complex mechanisms. The task of science was to discover this mechanism. The whole world consists, in this vision, of objects in motion. Science based on this model learned a great deal about the world, a very great deal.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The main point that gave it pause was that we humans, including the scientists themselves, did not fit readily into the world of objects operating according to mechanical laws. The founder of modern philosophy, Rene Descartes, was clear that human thinking was something very different from this world of objects. Alongside matter, he posited mind as a fundamentally different kind of entity. By limiting mind to human beings, he left the rest of the world to mechanistic science.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">For practical purposes most moderns are dualists. When scientists experiment, make new discoveries, and formulate new principles, they do not really suppose that they are in fact doing so as part of the mechanical world that they study. But to consider themselves radically different from the rest of the world, including their own bodies created theoretical problems that deeply troubled subsequent philosophers.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The success of mechanistic science led to enormous confidence on the part of many that it could encompass even human experience in its domain. Evolutionary theory showed that human beings developed by gradual stages out of pre-human beings that were much like the other animals. This made it difficult to continue to affirm a radical difference between the human mind and everything else. The currently dominant version of modern thought theoretically affirms that all reality can be explained mechanistically.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mechanistic thought is generally atomistic. The atoms are understood to be tiny bits of matter that cannot be analyzed into smaller bits. These atoms are thought to move and to cluster together, and all the complex entities studied by science are thought to be explained by these clusterings and movements. In such a world, qualities and values, feelings and beliefs, hopes and purposes play no causal or explanatory role. They are, at most, epiphenomenal. That is, they occur, but only as adjuncts to what is truly real.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In addition to the problem of fitting actual human experience into this world of objects in motion, this worldview experienced another shock. It turned out that what had been called atoms were not atomic. That is, they could be broken up into smaller entities. These subatomic entities did not behave in ways that science understood little lumps of matter should behave. Nor were they as independent of one another as little lumps of matter should be. They even seemed to relate to each other when spatially separated in ways that were generally forbidden by the principles of mechanistic science. The general response of science has been to retain its basic understanding and regard these problems, like those with human experience, as anomalies that will eventually be explained.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">However, another response is possible. When evolutionary theory showed that human experience and thought are part of the natural world, some thinkers declared that nature is richer and more complex than the dominant model allowed. If human beings have feelings and hopes and purposes, then it seems likely (1) that their animal ancestors also had something of this sort and (2) that other animals today also share them. Perhaps to be part of nature does not mean to be only an object for human experience. Nature seems to possess experiential characteristics in itself. Quite remarkably and surprisingly, what scientists have found about the subatomic world fits better with a nature that has experiential characteristics than with a purely material one.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Perhaps science as we know it is forced to ignore this feature of nature. But if so, it should be very clear that much of what is most important about the world it studies is excluded from its grasp. Scientists should be careful not to treat their findings as exhaustive of the natural world. Alternately, perhaps science might free itself from subservience to the model derived from medieval clocks. Perhaps a different model would be able to include all the data.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Those who follow Whitehead adopt the latter alternative. To begin with, he proposes that we shift away from supposing that reality consists most fundamentally of things that endure through long periods of time. This is the idea of material substances. We actually have no idea what these can be, and philosophers have pointed out that they are posited as a convenience but with no actual evidence. Another approach is to imagine that the world is made up of events. There are great big events like wars or elections. These can be analyzed into many, many smaller events, ultimately into moments of animal experience, on the one side, and quantum events, on the other. These are examples of the indivisible events out of which the big ones are composed.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A moment of human experience is an event, and it is this event that we are in best position to analyze. Of course, it has many features that we would assume are absent in subatomic events, such as abstract thought and consciousness. But Whitehead discerns other features that may be shared with all events. It comes into being as the synthesis of elements of preceding events. It becomes a contributor to the events that lie beyond it. It participates in the act of its own becoming, so that if we explain why the event happens just as it does, the event must be included as one of its own causes.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This means the event is a subject in its own becoming as well as an object for future events. It is a subject both in that it is acted on and in that it acts both in its own becoming and in future events. As a subject, it has subjective characteristics. Whitehead proposes that it is primarily appetitive and emotional. It aims to achieve an emotional state that is satisfying. Whereas in the mechanistic worldview each entity is external to every other entity, Whitehead’s events are largely characterized as including features of past entities, and each event participates in constituting future events. Internal relations are primary.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Whitehead does not question that there is a distinction between the physical and the mental. But he holds that there are no events that are purely physical and none that are purely mental. Every event is in part physical. This means that it inherits much from its past. Every event is in part mental. This means that it includes possibilities among which it chooses.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">For many of us who have studied both the dominant conceptuality underlying most modern science and Whitehead’s philosophy, it becomes impossible to doubt that Whitehead’s thought is more inclusive of the evidence. It has been adopted by a scattering of scientists in various fields. But most scientists want to pursue their research in the patterns to which they have been socialized. As long as they can develop new data in the established ways, they have no interest in considering a different approach. Our argument is that continuing in the present pattern underlies the many practices and policies that are leading toward a disaster of unimaginable proportions. There is very good reason for considering an alternative.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">2. There are gradations of intrinsic value.</span></b></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">When we ask about how valuable something is, we often mean how useful or beneficial it is to human beings. This is an important question. Economists believe that they can provide the answer by the price that people pay for it in the market. They recognize, of course, that although we pay nothing for the air that we breathe, this is more important to us than the diamonds whose price is very high. To deal with this they have introduced more complex theories that take account of relative scarcity. But however we decide the value, we are talking about “instrumental” value, that is, how much something is worth to us.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">But assigning instrumental value to something is meaningful only if that for which it is a value has another kind of value. If it improves the quality of a human life, adding enjoyment, for example, we take this as worthwhile in itself. Human enjoyment is not valued primarily in terms of how it contributes to something beyond itself. It is valuable in and of itself. It has “intrinsic” value. Of course, a person’s enjoyment may also have instrumental value. It may contribute to that of another.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Almost by definition value is what we aim to increase. In the extreme instance, one may seek the increase only of the immediately becoming experience. In creatures like us, however, where there is a high degree of continuity from one experience to the next, there is concern for the intrinsic quality of the experience of succeeding events as well. Among many animals there is concern for infants and perhaps for other members of a group. Among human beings the breadth of concern for the increase of intrinsic value can be almost unlimited.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Enjoyment is a subjective state. A scientist may discover physical correlates of this state and indeed claim that subjective feelings are the byproduct of physical occurrences. But simply as physical occurrences, they have no intrinsic value. The idea of intrinsic value is bound up with the subjective world to which the dominant scientific worldview allows no real role in what happens. And where there is no intrinsic value, there is no instrumental value either. In principle, when one fully adopts the scientific worldview, one arrangement of physical objects is not better or worse than any other. Practically speaking, most scientists are dualists on this point. While for scientific purposes they may dismiss values altogether, for personal life, they care about their own comfort and about the wellbeing of others as well.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Whitehead’s thought contrasts dramatically with this value-free universe. For Whitehead every event is a subject as it happens, and every mode of subjective being has value in and for itself. Every event has, one might say is, an intrinsic value. Of course, this intrinsic value also has instrumental value for future occasions.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Indian thought has been most attentive to the intrinsic value of things other than human beings. The line of proper concern is usually drawn at the limits of sentience or the limits of life. The Jains go the furthest in seeking not to destroy creatures with intrinsic value. In the West, Schweitzer is famous for this teaching of reverence for all life. There is a sharp contrast between the common Western indifference to the destruction of living things other than human beings and having concern for every living thing.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Whitehead does not limit intrinsic value to living things. However, human actions have relatively little effect on the well-being of subatomic events. For practical purposes, drawing the line of concern at sentience of life makes sense. Whitehead is much closer to the Indians and Schweitzer than to Descartes and his Western followers. But he does not draw definite boundaries anywhere.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Whitehead taught that all “life is robbery.” That is, life depends on breaking down what is eaten. Some intrinsic value is destroyed in the process. Of course, less intrinsic value is destroyed if we humans avoid red meat, or all meat, or also all fish, or all seafood. We can rob more or less, but we will still “rob,” unless we simply allow ourselves to die instead, as some Jain saints have done.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Whitehead’s conclusion is not that we should draw the line of our robbery at any particular place but rather that “the robber requires justification.” Presumably, the destruction of some entities that have intrinsic value is justified by the contribution of that destruction to the well being of others. The assumption is that although every event has some intrinsic value, some have more than others. Indeed, the variation can be quite extreme. It is easy to justify killing ticks for the sake of a dog’s well being and bacteria for the sake of human well being. Few have any problem with killing vegetables for human consumption. All of this depends on the idea that there is a “gradation” of intrinsic values and that human beings are in position to make reasonable judgments of this sort.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">There is a danger that the distinction between intrinsic and instrumental value lead to a depreciation of the latter. This would be very unfortunate. It is often the case that creatures that are low on the scale of intrinsic value are far more important to an ecosystem than those creatures that are individually of greatest intrinsic value. For example, plankton are far more important to the oceans than whales. Obviously we would sacrifice a considerable amount of plankton to save a whale. But if we had to choose comprehensively between the whales and the plankton, we would have to sacrifice the whales. This decision is easy because the whales could not, in any case, survive the end of the plankton, but I hope the point is clear.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Of course, many decisions are very difficult. What animals under what circumstances is it moral to kill for food? How far should we go to protect animal habitat from expanding agriculture? What experiments are justified on what animals in order to protect human beings from possibly harmful drugs? When should exotic species be destroyed to protect an indigenous ecosystem?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The last question points clearly to a critical question that is not highlighted simply by talk of intrinsic value. Ecological systems have intrinsic value only in and through the individual inhabitants that make them up, but these inhabitants are benefited chiefly be preserving the integrity of the system. In some cases human interference can take a region that supports very little life and turn it into one that supports a great deal. But this may destroy a rare ecosystem and add one that is similar to many others. What is the value of diversity of ecosystems? How much sacrifice should be required of human beings to safeguard a rare species of beetles?</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>3. God aims at maximizing value.</b></span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The questions go on and on. Whiteheadians do not have ready-made answers. Our contribution is to insist that these issues be discussed and to offer some clarifications about the relevant considerations. For us, the intrinsic value of an event, such as a momentary human experience is increased by the diversity of what it synthesizes. This gives added justification for the preservation of rare species. But it is hard to imagine that humans will ever be greatly benefited by learning of thousands of obscure species of insects or bacteria. We do not think, however, that our modest capacity to appreciate diversity limits its value.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We follow Whitehead in the view that in addition to the contribution of such diversity to us (and the often cited possibility of medical benefits, etc.), there is a deep and justified intuition that the immeasurable diversity of living things has value in itself or, better, for the whole. This intuition is fully justified only if the whole has, or is, its own unifying experience. Whitehead proposes that it is. We who follow Whitehead believe that to simplify the biosphere is to impoverish God. This does not make the preservation of diversity into an absolute requirement. We may cause God more suffering by denying economic opportunities to the poor than by surrendering to their use land that is needed for the survival of some unknown species of beetle. The point is only that decisions should not be made without considering many types of contribution to the value of the whole. Ultimately it is the value of and for the whole that we should strive to realize.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We believe that the universe is ordered to the increase of inclusive value. That means that such increase is the aim of God. God realizes this aim by divine immanence in every creaturely event. This immanence gives to every creature the aim to realize such value as is possible at the time and place. I noted above that this aim may be very narrowly focused on the event itself or may have a far more expansive horizon of concern. In Whitehead’s view, the breadth of concern is the measure of morality.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In the modern vision, purpose plays no role in what happens. In Whitehead’s view, purpose is fundamental to the coming into being of each event. In a world composed of bits of matter in motions that conform to universal laws, it is easy to see that there is no place for purpose. In a world composed of events that develop as synthesizers of elements of the past, the purpose to realize what value is possible at that time and place is fundamental. If God is allowed any role in the modern vision it is as creator of matter and lawgiver. For Whiteheadians every event derives its aim to become from the cosmic, universal aim at value. The universe thus participates in God and God participates in the universe.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">God may have primordially decided on the most general features that promote the realization of value. This belief fits with what is miscalled the “anthropic” principle. For Whitehead we do not require millions of universes in order to explain why this one has that improbable set of constants that render it suited for life. The aim at value at the base of all reality suffices as explanation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">It may be worth noting that the affirmation of teleology in Whitehead is not a renewal of the teleology against which modern science reacted so strongly. For a Whiteheadian, modern science rightly rejected the use of final causes in medieval science and in the explanation of evolution in more recent times. We do not propose a recursion to those forms of teleology. But the allergy to teleology has led to absurdities of a different sort.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">For example, modern neo-Darwinian evolutionists suppose that to be scientific they must deny that animal purposes play any role in evolution. The evidence indicates that animals adapt to changing environmental situations and that their new methods of finding food or defending themselves have an effect on which genetic changes turn out to have a positive effect. This almost certain fact is completely omitted from standard explanations of evolutionary change. It would open the door to a role for purpose, and many biologists suppose that purpose must be excluded at all costs, even the cost of rejecting the evidence.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This kind of mechanistic dogmatism is no better than the medieval science it supplants. Without a deep will to live, and to live well, and even to live better there would be no evolution. But the suspicion of the atheistic scientists is well-founded. If animal purpose plays a role in evolution, then subjective aspects of reality are, after all, important factors in explaining what actually happens in the world. And these factors, especially purposive ones, cannot be explained mechanistically. The door is opened to a role for God. And Whiteheadians have taken that step. The universe, or nature, or the Tao, or the Great Spirit, or the Creator, or, in Whitehead’s terminology and mine, “God,” is the source of the aim to live, to live well, and to live better that pervades the living world. This is the expression in the biosphere of the still more general aim at the realization of some value, which is the aim to be that pervades the whole of reality.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">God’s aim in all things is the realization of value for the sake of the creatures and as a contribution to the divine life. That is the Whiteheadian vision. It conflicts with nothing that we know scientifically and offers a simpler explanation of the information science provides. It opens us to recognize facts that contemporary science conceals or obscures. It grounds intuitions that can often be detected among atheists as well as believers. It has no tendency to distract attention from what happens in this world, instead accentuating its importance. It deeply encourages ecological thinking. It grounds an urgently needed ethics, and it supports the finest form of religious spirit.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>4. Humans are uniquely valuable and uniquely responsible.</b></span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I hope that what has been said above makes clear that for a follower of Whitehead there is no question but that human beings are a part of the natural world intimately interconnected with other creatures. Against the view that only human beings have intrinsic value I have followed Whitehead in affirming that all events have intrinsic value. Human beings are not the measure of all things. Our arrogance is enormous, and its consequences appalling.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">But having said that, Whiteheadians do not follow those who assert that human beings are simply one species among others with no special claim to value or importance. We are, of course, one species among others. But there are important respects in which our species has differentiated itself from all the other species individually, and also from all of them collectively. Our claims to uniqueness, indeed, a quite special uniqueness, are justified.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Human beings are unique in our capacity to care for others – other humans, other species – and for the whole of which we are a part. To the best of our knowledge, while other living beings are loved by God, they cannot love God in the consciousness way that we can do so. And while they have remarkable capacities in their own right, we have powers and capacities that can be used in God’s service for the increase of value in the whole. But we are also unique in our capacity to ignore and deny God’s call and, instead of responding to it, use our capacities for far more limited purposes, purposes whose fulfillment works against the aims of God.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We believe that there is more value realized in human experience than in that of any other creature on this planet. Much as we have learned to admire the qualities of dolphins and whales, we know that much of what is most valuable in our experience is based on complexities of language that they almost certainly lack. This in no way means that we should be indifferent to their fate. But it does mean that our primary concern for our own is not simply a matter of arbitrary anthropocentrism or “speciesism.” We have some relatively objective understanding of what makes for greater intrinsic value, and we are justified in judging that our species has unique capacities for its realization. We should seek to preserve all species for their own sake and for God’s. But for God’s sake as well as our own, we should give the highest priority to preserving our own. We do not need to apologize for affirming our own unique importance in the scheme of things.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This importance, however, is not only the unique potential for realizing value. It is also the unique responsibility we bear for destroying so much of the world we entered when our species evolved into existence. We are not the only species to have damaged the environment, but we have done so on a scale that is vastly larger than any other. Also we have consciously and systematically ignored information that was available to us. When other species acted destructively, there was no moral culpability. With us there is. We have collectively committed against the biosphere and against God a crime of incomparable magnitude. We are still engaged in doing so. This separates us drastically from all other species.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">When we encounter another destructive species, for example, a germ that kills people, we can often contain its destructiveness and even wipe out the species. But when we humans act far more destructively, there is no other species that can contain our evil. Only we can do so. Our refusal even seriously to consider such containment continues unabated. We who actualize the greatest value in our individual experience are also the one immediate threat to the survival of the biosphere including ourselves.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Given this situation, it is not wise to call on human beings to reduce our pretensions and to take our place simply as one species among others in the interconnected whole. The damage we have done to the world is too serious for the world to heal itself. It is too late for that. We will do better to call on ourselves, not to abandon the extraordinary powers we have so misused, but to repent. To repent is to turn in a different direction and begin to use our powers for the sake of the whole biosphere of which we are an extraordinary part.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Where we human beings have not interfered, life has flourished and value has increased, but there is little left of “nature” in that sense. We are that part of nature that has upset the balances nature apart from us had achieved. We have blocked nature’s own evolutionary advance, substituting new species of our own creation. Instead of using our powers to work with God in the co-creation of values, we have taken the bit in our teeth and replaced God’s sustainable creation with our own unsustainable one. But we have also learned much about nature’s ways, and we could use our great gifts to work with God for the salvation of the world.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The emphasis on human responsibility for the near-mortal injury we have collectively inflicted on the Earth can itself be harmful. Collectively we human beings are guilty of terrible evil. But if that realization results chiefly in intense individual feelings of guilt and remorse, the result is the reduction, not the increase, of value. The need is for collective repentance, that is, changing direction. This will not occur without recognition of objective guilt and some feelings of remorse, but these are not to be cultivated. There is a danger that a highly sensitive individual may accentuate remorse in order to feel virtuous. One supposes that if one is sufficiently remorseful, this compensates in some way for the evil in which one has participated. It does not. Guilt feelings and remorse are a healthy response to the recognition of participation in collective guilt if they support repentance – not otherwise.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">However, too much individual remorse about what humanity has done to its world is not the major problem today. The dominant worldview instead encourages individualism. Each individual is taught to feel responsibility only for acts he or she has performed. Further, if those acts are in accordance with what that person has been told to consider right, even if their consequences are extremely destructive, the individual is considered innocent. The blame falls elsewhere. The idea of participating in corporate responsibility does not fit into this dominant worldview.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Whiteheadians see things differently. One is not an individual apart from a community. What one is in every moment is a synthesis of past events. As just that synthesis, partly determined in the very process of its own becoming, one transcends the world out of which one comes. But one is still for the most part constituted by that world. And that world is highly structured. We are constituted primarily by our individual past and by the others who are closest to us. This past comes to us already self-interpreted. This interpretation largely determines our self-understanding.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">For example, I understand myself as a Whiteheadian. This became possible to me through participation in a community of Whiteheadians at the Divinity School at the University of Chicago. If I had gone elsewhere to study, it is unlikely that this self-identification would have occurred or, if it had, would have played the intensive role it has in fact played in my self-understanding.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This does not mean that my own decisions played no role. Quite the contrary. But the role they played was to confirm my identification with a particular community and then to participate in shaping and expanding that community. I take pride in what that community has done. This contributes to my self-understanding. But if pride in that community enhances my self-esteem, then recognition of its mistakes and limitations must also be a part of my self-understanding. This is true even if I have not actively participated in those mistakes or caused those limitations. For good and for bad I participate in a corporate reality with both its achievements and its failures.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I am an American. In this case, I was born into a community. It gave me certain status in the world, certain privileges. I took pride in my nation as I learned about it at home and in school. This added to my self-esteem. It would have been impossible for me to abstract my “self” from my American identity. Even if, in later life, I had renounced my citizenship, I would have remained an American who had renounced his citizenship. If I take pride in the accomplishments of my nation, I cannot separate myself from participation in its crimes, even if I have not myself supported them. To recognize my participation need not make me feel personally guilty. But if I fail to work for collective repentance, I do have some personal responsibility that I do not have when I fail to work for the repentance of another nation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In short, for Whiteheadians, our individual identity is inseparable from our corporate identity. Perhaps the strongest form of that corporate identity is as human beings. If humanity as a whole has engaged in horrific evil, then as a human being who has always taken advantage of that status and justified many actions by it, I share in responsibility. In fact I continue to participate quite directly in the destructive activity of humanity. It might be difficult to survive without doing so. Indeed, the consequences of extracting myself might be worse than those of limited participation. There is no personal sin involved, if, in the ideal case, I do the best that is possible for me under the circumstances. But all the more, I share in responsibility to change the circumstances that force me into destructive action. Personal innocence is not the primary goal.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>5. Education is for wisdom.</b></span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The modern worldview has shaped education and transmits itself through the education it has shaped. Because that worldview is misleading and has let modern society astray, contemporary forms of education do more harm than good. That does not mean that they do no good. They do a great deal of good. But overall they contribute much more to human destruction of the Earth’s capacity to support life, and thus to human self-destruction, than to saving us from this fate.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The problem is not with the earliest years of education. In kindergarten, teachers focus on the children and their healthy development. But all too rapidly attention is redirected toward subject matter and skills needed to support and advance the economy. Given the ordering of society to the economy, and the nature of the economy to which it is ordered, there is no question but that fitting into the economy is essential for the well being of workers. And in these circumstances it seems rational to prepare children for this. The problem is that this kind of education only prepares children for participation in an economy that is necessarily coming to an end, an end that will bring with it enormous suffering. Those equipped only to fit into a destructive economy will cling to that economy as long as possible, however apparent its destructiveness becomes.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Higher education is much more problematic. The norm for this level of education has come to be the research university. It is understood that successful research isolates some one range of data and develops methods to study in that field. The result is called an academic “discipline.” The ideal is to organize all knowledge into disciplines each of which adds to the information available to human beings. To accomplish this, the disciplines must be value-free. One topic is as appropriate for research as any other.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">To some extent research will reflect personal interests of researchers. However, as the low hanging fruit is picked, research tends to become more expensive. As a result, most of it is governed by the availability of funding. Since money is available chiefly for medical, corporate, and military purposes, most research is in these fields. Since the research university is value-free, evaluating research projects in terms of who is benefited and how is not its business.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The vast majority of research is strictly determined by the current status of thought in the discipline in which it occurs. Established methods are employed. What cannot be studied by these methods does not concern the researcher. In most disciplines there are debates about methods and theories, and this assures researchers of the intellectual substance of their work. But there is little study of the history of the discipline and little reflection about the basic assumptions in the context of which the debates take place.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The research university has vastly increased the amount of information that is available to humanity. But it has given little or no guidance as to how this information should be used. It offers little or no criticism of the assumptions of the modern world that have led to the extreme overshoot that now dooms it to collapse. It engages in little or no research about the changes in society and the economy needed to attain sustainability.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">If we ask where in the university one can gain help in understanding what is going on in the world today, the answer is everywhere. But of course the information gathered in many independent lines of research has no coherence and provides little guidance. In any case the university does not judge that saving civilization from collapse is any more important than solving some problem for the military. That global warming is speeding up is an interesting fact, but it is no more important than information about football scores. Another interesting fact is that more people are interested in the latter than the former.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">There are some professors who ignore disciplinary boundaries and think coherently about the global crisis, but they are not rewarded by the university for doing so. A recent book by Stanley Fish, a highly acclaimed writer on higher education, supports the value free research of the university over against concern for solving global problems. The title is “Save the World on Your Own Time.” (Oxford University Press, 2008) Concern for the world does not fit the modern university model.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The research university is typically composed of departments for numerous academic disciplines supplemented by professional schools. Whereas in the earlier years of education, pupils are prepared for the workforce, the university prepares people not only to be researchers and professors but also to be managers in the world of business, doctors, teachers, lawyers, engineers, and so forth. In each case specialized work in some disciplines provides important information, but the practical concern of the profession affects the professional school as it does not affect the disciplines.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The University of Phoenix has pioneered a new kind of higher education that bypasses the academic disciplines. It offers training for skilled jobs. It introduces information gained from research only as that is directly related to the work for which one is training. There is, clearly, a large market for this kind of education. Universities whose only value is to be value free are likely to respond more and more to this market.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In contrast to all of this, the Whiteheadian vision calls for an education oriented to wisdom. Of course, every society needs to prepare its youth to participate in the society including its economy. And of course, we need institutions where research can be conducted on many fronts and some members of the next generation can learn to do this research well. But we also need, with truly desperate urgency, institutions that seek wisdom and encourage youth to learn how to gain it.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The quest for wisdom is continuous with the concern for personal development in the early years. At least for Whiteheadians, wisdom is an important characteristic of the mature person. In past centuries higher education was more directed to personal development including wisdom. The liberal arts were thought to be beneficial in these respects. Even today there are liberal arts colleges that encourage a kind of thinking that does not fit into the academic disciplines. Sadly, they have difficulty finding teachers who have not been socialized into disciplinary research as the ideal.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A Whiteheadian will struggle to maintain a serious role for the liberal arts in higher education. Nevertheless, a return to classical understanding of the special role of the liberal arts will not fulfill the calling of higher education today. The liberal arts were developed at a time when there was no apparent threat to the biosphere on a global basis. They are anthropocentric, whereas we live in a time when the integration of human life and the rest of nature is of primary importance. They tend to encourage individualism, albeit one that accepts social responsibility. They tend to be elitist, separating those who have leisure and want to make good use of leisure from the ordinary people who only want to be entertained.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Wisdom is expressed in the judgment of importance. The refusal of the research university to make judgments of this kind is an abnegation of responsibility for the fate of the Earth. A Whiteheadian judges that not only should the university make judgments as an institution, but it should also shape its curriculum as directed by critical reflection about what is important. Further, encouraging students to participate in this critical reflection and to relate it to their own decisions about research projects and careers should shape the life of the university as a whole.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This in no way means the abandonment of special foci. The world needs physicists and engineers, teachers of children and economists. But physicists and engineers should decide on their research and projects out of concern for the flourishing of the biosphere with particular attention to the human species. Teachers of children will need to reflect about how to introduce them to the realities of their time without overburdening them with anxieties before they are ready to cope with them. Economists should stop tinkering with their ideas about how to make the economy grow and ask what kind of an economy the world can afford and how to move quickly in that direction. In every field, basic assumptions should be constantly articulated and reconsidered.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I have discussed what it would mean to make wisdom the most fundamental goal of education only at the level of higher education. But this form of higher education should not be an abrupt break with earlier education. Reflection about the condition of the biosphere and the prospect for humanity in this context is important for younger adolescents as well. They, too, are capable of a measure of wisdom, if society encourages them in that direction.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">6. The economy should be directed to the flourishing of the biosphere.</span></b></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The most important revolution in history is the industrial one. Prior to it, there had been many important changes in the way of life of masses of people, but the capacity of people to produce goods and services in an agricultural economy had not varied greatly over time. In almost all societies the masses of people lived on the land at a subsistence level, while a few gained wealth by siphoning off what was more than needed for the subsistence of the farmers. This surplus supported life in towns and even cities, where a middle class of artisans, merchants, and professionals developed alongside an urban proletariat. A few lived in great luxury. In general, the limited availability of food for the poor played a primary role in preventing rapid population increase.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">What was discovered in the eighteenth century was that the same number of workers could produce a great deal more. The early focus was on the production of clothing and furniture and household goods and tools and machines. It turned out that by organizing workers in assembly lines and supporting them with energy from coal, production per hour of work could be vastly increased. There could be abundance of goods that had formerly been scarce and their price could be greatly reduced. What had formerly been luxuries for the rich could now be made available to the masses.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">From the beginning there was a price to pay. The satisfaction artisans felt in their work was denied to assembly-line workers. Factories brought with them pollution of a type not previously known. The aim at profit for the investors in a factory led to exploitation of labor that was in some ways more vicious than the exploitation of peasants in the countryside. Industrial cities were typically filled with slums. Unemployment became a problem rarely experienced in agricultural societies. The landed nobility saw that its power was passing into the hands of industrial capitalists. Noblesse oblige gave way to a single-minded quest for profit. Not everyone was pleased by the changes effected by industrialization, but there was little prospect of turning back the clock.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Over time the industrial model was applied more and more widely. Eventually agriculture was also industrialized, and features of the industrial method were applied to merchandizing as well. Increasing productivity, defined as production per hour of labor became the norm everywhere.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The industrial economy required larger markets. There were economies of scale; so that one huge factory could often under price several smaller ones. But to sell its product it needed more customers. This affected international relations as industrial powers sought markets all over the world.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Factories often needed natural resources not plentiful locally. Hence nations whose policies were driven by economic concerns were also interested in securing supplies of such resources. There was another great advance of empire building. There was also a drive, especially after World War II to make of the whole globe a single market, so that goods could be produced wherever conditions were most favorable and sold wherever they were in demand.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Modern economic theory beginning with Adam Smith grew up alongside industrialization. The economists explained the benefits of industrialization and sided with industrialists against those who wanted to curtail their freedom. They saw not only factory production but the whole of the economy as ideally geared to “growth” measured by total production of goods and services per capita. They were strong advocates of the move toward a global market.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mainstream economists have based their study and theories on industrial society. Today the financial sector has come to dominate the productive one. It clearly dominates government as well. Its control of the money supply is a major source of its power. Economists have far less understanding of this phenomenon than of the industrial economy it supersedes. Markets controlled by banks are not free.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We might expect that economic theorists would be concerned with the ability of the environment to supply all the raw materials needed for a growing industry. However, they have largely dismissed this problem. They note that as a particular resource becomes scarce its price rises. This leads users to be more frugal and efficient with this resource and also to seek more plentiful, and therefore less expensive, substitutes. Such scarcity also leads inventors to find new ways of meeting the need that do not require the scarce item. Economists assure us that economic signals lead to developments that by-pass the problem of scarcity. They do not view resource scarcity as placing any limit on growth. Although there has been less discussion of pollution until very recently, economists try to subsume this under the same type of response. Those few who argue against unlimited growth of the human economy are viewed as outsiders to the community.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The idea of “overshoot and collapse” comes from zoology and, as explained above, has no role in mainstream economic thinking. Today, the acute problem of global warming calls for the application of this concept to human affairs. But thus far it has been excluded from economic theory. Economists remain cheer leaders for economic growth everywhere and under almost any circumstances. They have been deeply misled by the modern worldview in its most harmful form.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Fortunately, largely outside of academic departments and of the economics guild, others are developing an ecological economics that emphasizes the issue of scale. They note that the human economy is a subset of the natural economy and must remain a limited portion. As long as the natural economy is limited, the human economy must also be limited. Herman Daly has long been the leader in this development.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ecological economists redefine the goal of the economy. One important contribution to this task is the book, “The Economics of Happiness” by Mark Anielski. (New Society Publishers, 2007) We have found that the growth so prized by economists does not, in any regular way, make for the happiness of real people. To pursue growth when it does not contribute to the well being of people is quite mistaken. The task of economists is to find the ways of organizing the economy that contribute most to human well-being. The Kingdom of Bhutan now measures its wellbeing in terms of Gross National Happiness.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A major shift that helps redefine the goal of economics is that from the individualism that underlies all mainstream economic theory to an appreciation for community. We now know that, beyond a very limited level, personal happiness is more a function of human relations than of the quantity of goods and services consumed. Unfortunately, modern thought has led economists astray. They have ignored human relations other than those of contract and exchange. Often the way of benefiting people is to improve the quality of the communities in which they live, but the application of modern economic thought has systematically destroyed communities.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Focusing on community does not mean rejecting economic growth. Many communities are improved by increasing the supply of fresh water, food, improved shelter, education, and medical care. However, forcing people to leave their communities in order to find employment rarely adds to human well being.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Even “economics for happiness” does not go far enough in our time. As Anielski and the rulers of Bhutan fully understand, human happiness cannot be separated from the flourishing of the whole ecosystem. We need an economic theory directed to the regeneration of the global biosphere.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The move toward an ecological economy will require breaking the control of financial institutions over both industry and government. The key to this is recovering for community, at whatever level, the control over the money supply. Nationalizing the “Federal” Reserve system would transform the situation for the United States. State banks, like that in North Dakota, would greatly improve the financial condition of states. Money creation is possible at still smaller levels.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The present global economy is collapsing. Rather than trying to stave off this collapse, we can use the occasion to build local economies that serve their communities well. This will be a profound reversal of long-term trends. It may include state and municipal banks and local currencies that free the community from subservience to the international banks. Local economies can encourage frugality and sustainability instead of growth. They need not look to growth to solve the problems of the poor. Instead, the local community will accept responsibility for providing work for all who want it and for meeting the essential needs also of those who cannot work. We may exchange the “high” standard of living measured by the surfeit of goods for a secure place in a healthy human community in a healthy ecological context.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">7. Agri-<u>c</u>ulture should regenerate the soil.</span></b></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Apart from human experience the normal situation is one in which the seasonal cycles gradually build up the soil. It becomes more fertile and thereby accelerates its own growth. When human beings lived by hunting and gathering, this increase of soil continued. The change came with the rise of agricultural societies. These found that they could produce a great deal more of the desired plant nearby if they cultivated the soil and planted only that one crop in a particular plot. Farming developed in many contexts and many styles. Some were far more sustainable than others, but all reversed the trend from building up topsoil to using it up, however slowly.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Some ancient civilizations ended when the land they farmed, for one reason or another, lost its capacity to support them. This should have been a warning to others of the applicability to agriculture of the “overshoot and collapse” model. But in general new lands were found to cultivate, and some of the old ones seemed to be inexhaustibly rich. In any case there seemed to be no alternative. Agriculture had produced the food that allowed population to grow. To sustain that population, the damaging cultivation of crops must continue. If that meant moving people to new land, so be it. As long as the global population was small in relation to the amount of cultivable land, the problem seemed minor.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">For thousands of years the basic agricultural situation did not greatly change. But in the nineteenth, and especially the twentieth, centuries industrial methods were applied to agriculture. Family farms gave way to agribusiness. Agricultural science studied the chemical needs of plants and the ways that weeds and noxious insects could be killed. Fertilizers and poisons came into more extensive use. The condition of the soil became less important, since the needed nutrients could be supplied artificially. Monocultures became more extensive.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Genetic changes of plants were designed to adapt them to the new chemical regime. The wide variety of species of wheat or corn was replaced by the one species able to deal with these chemicals. Huge machines replaced both human and animal labor. Large areas of the countryside were depopulated.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The main gain from all of this was “productivity” as measured by produce divided by hours of human labor. Economic theorists celebrated this gain as releasing farm-workers to do other jobs. Ecologists fretted that soils were losing their natural fertility and eroding more rapidly, while agriculture was becoming more dependent on irrigation and petroleum products. They also worried about the loss of genetic diversity and about the effects of artificial varieties on natural ones, on the environment in general, and on the health of those who consumed them.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">From a Whiteheadian perspective, ecologists are right to worry. Farming has kept the human involvement with nature very intimate for thousands of years. Despite human manipulation, agriculture was primarily a process of working with nature. The application to agriculture of modern economic theories developed in relation to industry makes the whole process highly precarious. It also makes it dependent on resources that are becoming scarcer and scarcer: fresh water and oil.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The risk is illustrated in the case of Cuba. In proper modern fashion, Cuba as a protégé of the Soviet Union was assigned a specialized task: produce sugar for the Soviet Union and its satellites. In exchange it would be provided with its other needs, including oil and food. Vast areas of Cuban agricultural lands were given over to industrial production of sugar.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Then came the American blockade. Cuba could not export its sugar and could not import oil and food. The adjustment was difficult. However, there was no massive hunger. The peasants who still had their holdings were able quickly to shift from oil-dependent production of sugar to organic production of food. Fortunately, research and experiments with organic farming were already far advanced, and when the need arose, the peasants learned quickly.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">It is noteworthy, however, that the industrialized sugar producers were not helpful in the transition. Those farms were organized for sugar production. Their equipment was for that purpose, and the workers knew nothing about other crops or other forms of farming. In any case there were too few of them to engage in traditional farming. Fortunately for Cuba, peasant farming had not yet been wiped out by the industrial form.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">As Whiteheadians look to the future, we see what is needed as evolving from traditional family and peasant farming, hoping to recover the land now used for agribusiness in a more traditional way. We certainly affirm the organic form of production to which the Cubans were forced by the lack of oil. But we recognize that even organic farming is exploitative of the soil, and as the soil diminishes, the future looks dim. The task is to stop the exploitation and find ways to follow the natural processes that build soil instead.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">There have been many positive developments alongside the negative ones involved in agribusiness. No-till agriculture shows that the plowing that exposes the land to the wind can be avoided. Certain combinations of plants can greatly decrease the loss to insects. Irrigation can be accomplished with much less water by systems that use it only where directly needed.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We who are rich have become accustomed to having almost any food at any time of year. This is a luxury afforded to us by the global economy. As we prepare for its collapse, we will think of eating locally-grown food instead. That will reduce variety, but it can also have advantages. Fresh food organically grown has its own excellence.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A movement in this direction is already well advanced. There are thousands of farmers markets all over the country, encouraging this change in eating habits as well as the farmers who are growing the food. There is also a widespread movement of urban agriculture. It may be most fully developed in Detroit where there are many vacant lots and houses and many people unemployed. In the residential area of Los Angeles County in which I live there are efforts to make unused land available to unemployed Immigrants from Mexico who know how to use it. Thus far these movements of local food production are marginal to the food industry as a whole. But their growth will make a great difference with respect to who and how many can survive the collapse of the global system.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Where land is limited and the need for food is great, extremely intensive food production will be needed. Examples of this already exist. A family of six in Pasadena feeds itself on food from its own quarter-acre lot. It also sells some specialty items to nearby restaurants to earn cash.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Another development may be even more important in the long run. Although intensive labor methods can do much to end the erosion of the soil, we can also learn quite new methods of farming. Wes Jackson at the Land Institute in Salina, Kansas, has noted that the vast American prairie developed its rich topsoil during millennia in which it was covered by a polyculture of perennials. When European farmers came, they replaced this with a monoculture of annuals. The loss of soil began.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We have generally assumed that the grains that are so essential to our food supply must necessarily be annuals. Jackson notes that there are perennial forms of corn and wheat, but that their yield is far less than that of the annuals we have cultivated. However, he does not believe that perennials are inherently less productive of the seeds that humanity needs. He has set out on a fifty year experiment in developing highly productive perennial grains, and he has made great progress. This is the kind of research to which our universities should be devoted instead of the study of how to make tomatoes that are better able to withstand shipment over long distances.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Another change in eating habits will enable more people to survive the collapse. Most of us are addicted to eating meat. We eat far more than most people through human history. And we eat far more than we need for health or is even healthy for us. In many instances ten times as many calories of grain are fed to the animals than are present in the flesh that we eat. Dramatic reduction of meat eating will enable more grains to be available for more people.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">When we approach the question of meat-eating with this question alone in mind, the goal will be to end the eating of grain-fed animals, but not complete vegetarianism. There is land that is suited to pasture but not to farming, and producing meat may be its best and most sustainable use. Also, the most fully integrated use of a small farm often includes animals. They can eat what would otherwise be wasted and produce natural fertilizer for use on plants. The consumption of surplus animals is an efficient contribution to our food supply.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A Whiteheadian vision leads many, however, to become vegetarian on other grounds. The animals we kill have their own intrinsic value. Killing them may not be as destructive of value as killing other human beings, but it is the same kind of evil. Such killing, a Whiteheadian may well believe, should be reduced as much as possible. Avoidance of eating meat can be our contribution.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">There is yet another Whiteheadian argument. From the Whiteheadian perspective inflicting suffering is inherently evil. Whatever may be theoretically possible, the reality is that today much, probably most, of the meat that is served to us has been raised in ways that are cruel to the animals. Their suffering is often life-long rather than only a matter of the moment of death. Our consumption of meat supports an industry that is brutally indifferent to animal suffering.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">8. Comfortable habitat should make minimal demands for resources.</span></b></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In the days of cheap land, cheap transportation, and cheap utilities we built millions of large, poorly-insulated homes on large lots in suburbia. We used a lot of lumber in home constructing, sacrificing our forests in the process. Our individualism led to nuclear families replacing extended ones and to separating ourselves even from our neighbors. We typically found our communities with like-minded people elsewhere than in our neighborhoods. Our homes were for ourselves and our children, and we expected others to respect our privacy as we respected theirs.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We are now entering a world in which land will be needed to produce food locally, and transportation and utilities will be expensive. We will need to increase tree cover rather than further decimate our forests. How will we make the transition?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Obviously, much of our task will be improving what we have. We can greatly reduce our use of utilities by insulation. We can generate some of our own energy with solar panels. We can also work to develop cooperative relations with neighbors to save on the number of separate car trips that are needed and perhaps buy some kinds of equipment for the neighborhood. And we can use some of our land to produce food.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This is important and for some time it may be the best contribution we can make to staving off collapse. However, in this section I want to focus on the kind of construction that should, over time, replace what we now have. Fortunately, there has already been a lot of experimentation with buildings that provide comfortable habitat without requiring the further decimation of forests or extensive use of utilities for heating or cooling.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">One example is called superadobe. Traditional adobe was far less demanding on the environment than the kinds of homes we moderns have been building. But it required lumber, and had other limitations. A superadobe building derives more than 90 percent of the building material from the land on which it is built. It uses no lumber. Thus its construction depends only a little on transportation and not at all on increasingly distant forests. Like adobe in general, its thick walls provide excellent insulation. It is built to last. Obviously it has little vulnerability to fire. It uses small steel rods to secure its walls in case of earthquakes. It is the sort of building that can now be constructed as a transition to a very different future.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Replacing contemporary suburban buildings with ones like this will be an excellent move, but it solves only part of the problem of habitat. The inhabitants will still be distant from most places of employment and from many of the services they need. We can hope that bicycles can connect them to some of these, but the need for transportation remains.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Paolo Soleri has been considering this problem for a long time. He has envisioned a profoundly different city from those we have been building. Its construction would require far more resources than the super-adobe building, but it would put an end to most of the current needs for transportation. He calls the cities he proposes “architectural ecologies” or “arcologies.”</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">He sees the arcologies as the natural development out of what is already happening in the downtown areas of some cities. One may today be in a hotel from which by foot, escalator, and elevator, without crossing any street, one can visit department stores, restaurants, professional offices, commercial establishments, and theaters. Sometimes even an indoor park is included. One can imagine enlarging this complex to include a school and a hospital. One can imagine that in addition to a hotel, or partly in its place, there would be apartments for permanent occupancy.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This is possible in a small area, of course, because of the height of the buildings. A single building of eighty stories covering ten acres will have as much usable space as one story buildings covering eight hundred acres. Indeed it will have a great deal more, because it will use for indoor purposes all the space devoted to streets, sidewalks, parking lots, and filling stations as well as the space between and around buildings. It could contain all the facilities an urban family needs for the greater part of their lives. Within this building there would be no need for motor transportation, indeed, no possibility for it. Everything would be accessible by foot, or, for those who need help, by wheelchair or other equipment.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">For some people, this may sound nightmarish. They imagine it as claustrophobic. But it need not be so. Living quarters might all be on the outside walls so that people would have views of what is without. Furthermore, rather than imagining such a building as surrounded by city streets and other buildings, let us imagine it as standing alone with only the great outdoors outside it. From anywhere in the building a short walk could take one outside for gardening or outdoor recreation of many kinds. In other words, one would have far better access to rural areas than do the great majority of city dwellers today. If one just had to drive a car, one would be available for rent. There would also be public transportation to other cities.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Soleri has proposed that an arcology be built on the top of a hill with greenhouses covering the slopes below. Air entering the greenhouses would be heated as it passes through them and would provide energy for heating and other uses in the arcology. Industry would be located in the basement levels with surplus heat used for the rest of the building. The arcology itself would be well insulated and built to take maximum advantage of sun and shade according to the season. Direct and indirect solar energy would supply all the needs of the arcology.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Once built, therefore, an arcology would have no need for fossil fuel. Everyone in the arcology would have access to everything in it without motor transportation. The problem, in comparison with the superadobe house, would be construction. This would be less costly in money and materials than building a city in the present form, but it would still require a y be built on the top of a hill with greenhouses covering the slopes below. Air entering the greenhouses would be heated as it passes through them and would provide energy for heating and other uses in the arcology. Industry would be located in the basement levels with surplus heat used for the rest of the building. The arcology itself would be well insulated and built to take maximum advantage of sun and shade according to the season. Direct and indirect solar energy would supply all the needs of the arcology.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Once built, therefore, an arcology would have no need for fossil fuel. Everyone in the arcology would have access to everything in it without motor transportation. The problem, in comparison with the superadobe house, would be construction. This would be less costly in money and materials than building a city in the present form, but it would still require a wealthy society and elaborate transportation system. Arcologies would have to be built soon, while resources for such things still exist. They could then survive the collapse of the global economy far better than other cities.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">9. Most manufacturing should be local.</span></b></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">It is fairly obvious that when humanity finally decides to end its suicidal burning of fossil fuels, producing goods in one place and shipping them around the world will end. This is one part of the collapse of the current civilization that is readily predictable. Of course, one possibility is that our addiction to fossil energy will persist so strongly that we will turn to fracking and to the tar sands of Camada to keep the global civilization going at whatever cost to human life and the biosphere. If so, we will probably destroy the capacity of the planet to support any human life at all. If we turn to nuclear energy on an ever larger scale, the threat to survival will change its nature but not be removed. This paper is presupposing that the human race will stop short of suicide.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">If we do, the question of how we can live in a sustainable way confronts us. Which of the good things we now receive from our global civilization will we be able to continue to enjoy. We have considered thus far only food and shelter. But there is a vast world of manufactured products that we would like to retain. Can we do so?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The answer is that no one knows just what will be possible. We can say, however, that a shift from manufacturing for global distribution to more local production is a given. The ideal would be a rather gradual transition. As transportation becomes more expensive, heavy and bulky items will be increasingly produced nearer their destination. If common sense leads to greater restrictions on burning fossil fuels, this tendency will be accelerated and even smaller and lighter goods will be produced more locally. A transition of this type would be far less disruptive of our lives and societies than was the globalization of production that has caused so many of our problems. It will, of course, be part of the localization of the economy discussed earlier.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">However, transportation of goods is not the only problem. Industrial production has been based on fossil fuels. A great deal of thought is now directed to other sources of energy. The most promising are wind and direct solar forms. Small scale local production can be based on wind and solar energy far better than the huge centralized productive facilities now dominating the scene.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The most difficult problem is that many of the natural resources needed for manufacturing are not locally available in most places. To whatever extent their shipment is ended, the goods made from them cannot be produced. This will call for a great deal of ingenuity. As long as this is available, many needs can be met with locally available materials.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Consider, for example, clothing. Cotton and wool are major raw materials for much of this. But there are many parts of the world where neither is available. Fortunately, we have long since learned that clothing can be made from fibers of many sorts. Stores would not carry the vast variety of clothing we now take for granted. But the real need for clothing could be met almost everywhere in the world.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">One obvious problem with local production is that it is impractical for many of the things we take for granted. The automobile is an example. A city, even of a million people, could hardly produce automobiles efficiently, if its market was limited to that city. Certainly the city could not support several competing companies.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The ideal response is that cities should be so constructed as to make automobiles unnecessary, and we may indeed hope that they will move in this direction. We can imagine that private cars can be eliminated without disaster, difficult as that will be. But public transportation requires vehicles the local production of which in many places would be even more impractical. It is difficult to imagine a painless transition in transportation from the collapsing global society to a sustainable local one.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Two directions of change in regard to urban transportation may take place. One is the abandonment of public transportation as well as private cars. This would force city dwellers to organize life in relatively self-sufficient neighborhoods within which bicycles would be the major means of transportation. The other is for megacities to develop the capacity to produce what they need for public transportation. Powering this system of transportation, as well as the factories that manufacture the vehicles, without fossil fuels is a separate problem.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Another broad change can be imagined and encouraged. We have become accustomed to cheap mass produced goods. Most of us Americans have far more goods than we need. Our problem is to store them or clear out our closets to make room for new ones. This flood of goods replaced a situation in which most of the things people really needed were produced by hand. Today handiwork is more of a hobby than a primary occupation, but a shift back in this direction would be a welcome one. If handiwork were prized and its products could be profitably sold, unemployment would cease to be a major problem. We would use fewer resources and own fewer goods, but what we would have would bring us greater satisfaction and its production would be a creative rather than a routine act.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Finally, we may hope that the vast world of electronic communication can survive the collapse of the global economy. In the new order, the travel we have so enjoyed would become a rare luxury. But this would not need to disconnect us with the rest of the world. We could be citizens of the world in touch electronically with likeminded people elsewhere. When successful adaptations to the new global situation are developed in one place they can quickly be shared with people around the world quickly. People in obscure villages could listen to the lectures of the world’s most advanced thinkers. The best knowledge in medicine could be made universally accessible. We need not consider localization of production the enemy of wide horizons of thought and action. wealthy society and elaborate transportation system. Arcologies would have to be built soon, while resources for such things still exist. They could then survive the collapse of the global economy far better than other cities.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">9. Most manufacturing should be local.</span></b></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">It is fairly obvious that when humanity finally decides to end its suicidal burning of fossil fuels, producing goods in one place and shipping them around the world will end. This is one part of the collapse of the current civilization that is readily predictable. Of course, one possibility is that our addiction to fossil energy will persist so strongly that we will turn to fracking and to the tar sands of Camada to keep the global civilization going at whatever cost to human life and the biosphere. If so, we will probably destroy the capacity of the planet to support any human life at all. If we turn to nuclear energy on an ever larger scale, the threat to survival will change its nature but not be removed. This paper is presupposing that the human race will stop short of suicide.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">If we do, the question of how we can live in a sustainable way confronts us. Which of the good things we now receive from our global civilization will we be able to continue to enjoy. We have considered thus far only food and shelter. But there is a vast world of manufactured products that we would like to retain. Can we do so?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The answer is that no one knows just what will be possible. We can say, however, that a shift from manufacturing for global distribution to more local production is a given. The ideal would be a rather gradual transition. As transportation becomes more expensive, heavy and bulky items will be increasingly produced nearer their destination. If common sense leads to greater restrictions on burning fossil fuels, this tendency will be accelerated and even smaller and lighter goods will be produced more locally. A transition of this type would be far less disruptive of our lives and societies than was the globalization of production that has caused so many of our problems. It will, of course, be part of the localization of the economy discussed earlier.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">However, transportation of goods is not the only problem. Industrial production has been based on fossil fuels. A great deal of thought is now directed to other sources of energy. The most promising are wind and direct solar forms. Small scale local production can be based on wind and solar energy far better than the huge centralized productive facilities now dominating the scene.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The most difficult problem is that many of the natural resources needed for manufacturing are not locally available in most places. To whatever extent their shipment is ended, the goods made from them cannot be produced. This will call for a great deal of ingenuity. As long as this is available, many needs can be met with locally available materials.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Consider, for example, clothing. Cotton and wool are major raw materials for much of this. But there are many parts of the world where neither is available. Fortunately, we have long since learned that clothing can be made from fibers of many sorts. Stores would not carry the vast variety of clothing we now take for granted. But the real need for clothing could be met almost everywhere in the world.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">One obvious problem with local production is that it is impractical for many of the things we take for granted. The automobile is an example. A city, even of a million people, could hardly produce automobiles efficiently, if its market was limited to that city. Certainly the city could not support several competing companies.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The ideal response is that cities should be so constructed as to make automobiles unnecessary, and we may indeed hope that they will move in this direction. We can imagine that private cars can be eliminated without disaster, difficult as that will be. But public transportation requires vehicles the local production of which in many places would be even more impractical. It is difficult to imagine a painless transition in transportation from the collapsing global society to a sustainable local one.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Two directions of change in regard to urban transportation may take place. One is the abandonment of public transportation as well as private cars. This would force city dwellers to organize life in relatively self-sufficient neighborhoods within which bicycles would be the major means of transportation. The other is for megacities to develop the capacity to produce what they need for public transportation. Powering this system of transportation, as well as the factories that manufacture the vehicles, without fossil fuels is a separate problem.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Another broad change can be imagined and encouraged. We have become accustomed to cheap mass produced goods. Most of us Americans have far more goods than we need. Our problem is to store them or clear out our closets to make room for new ones. This flood of goods replaced a situation in which most of the things people really needed were produced by hand. Today handiwork is more of a hobby than a primary occupation, but a shift back in this direction would be a welcome one. If handiwork were prized and its products could be profitably sold, unemployment would cease to be a major problem. We would use fewer resources and own fewer goods, but what we would have would bring us greater satisfaction and its production would be a creative rather than a routine act.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Finally, we may hope that the vast world of electronic communication can survive the collapse of the global economy. In the new order, the travel we have so enjoyed would become a rare luxury. But this would not need to disconnect us with the rest of the world. We could be citizens of the world in touch electronically with likeminded people elsewhere. When successful adaptations to the new global situation are developed in one place they can quickly be shared with people around the world quickly. People in obscure villages could listen to the lectures of the world’s most advanced thinkers. The best knowledge in medicine could be made universally accessible. We need not consider localization of production the enemy of wide horizons of thought and action.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">10. Every community should be a part of a community of communities.</span></b></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The collapse of the global economy and all the institutions connected with it will force people to make do with local resources. If they approach this task with the same mindset that has created the unsustainable global economy and the overshoot of the earth’s resources, the future for humanity is very bleak indeed. This paper is written to encourage an alternative. Humanity will have the opportunity to construct local communities.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A community is not automatically generated by people living in close proximity. Most suburban neighborhoods today are not communities. A community gives identity to its inhabitants. That is, I identify myself as a “Pilgrim” because my participation in the life of my retirement institution, Pilgrim Place, is part of who I now am. It is a community in which I participate. Pilgrim Place is a community because participation in it means sharing in concern for the well being of other Pilgrims and taking some responsibility for the whole. We work all year to raise money for those whose funds are exhausted. We are committed to preventing anyone from having to leave because of financial problems.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">When nation states arose, they intended to be communities. Their citizens identified themselves in large part by their nationality. They expected the nation as a whole to take some responsibility for the welfare of all its citizens and were willing to make some contribution to enabling the nation to do so.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The organization of Europe in terms of nation states was part of the rise of modernity. It weakened local communities and communities based on religious identity for the sake of strengthening the national community. Nevertheless, much of the economy remained local, and local community remained strong. The industrial revolution greatly weakened local economies and increased mobility within the nation. Local communities lost much of their importance and often ceased to function as communities. This whole process was strengthened by the individualism that was encouraged by Enlightenment thinking.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This individualism has now been turned against the national community as well. The economic elite no longer identify themselves particularly as American. If they belong to any community, it is a transnational one of wealth and power.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">It is no longer self-evident to many Americans that they should be prepared to contribute to meeting the needs of all Americans. That idea, rooted in the very meaning of community, is dismissed as “socialist” by an increasing, and increasingly influential, segment of the population. They believe the national government should give them freedom and support their interests. It should protect them from interference by other people. But it should not expect any contribution from them for other purposes.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The now developing global crisis can lead to fresh reflection that will make people aware of the importance of community. If it does so, this will express itself most clearly at the local level. Confronted by acute shared problems, we may hope that people will agree that they need to work together for their solution and to build a new life. The preceding sections have sketched, in the most hopeful way, what will be possible.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The major problem with communities is that they are in danger of defining themselves over against other communities. Individuals who identify themselves strongly with one community may perceive others as actual or potential threats. The we/they understanding of the world easily arises, with “they” understood negatively. A world composed of local communities all of which face scarcities of important types is threatened by conflict that can easily become violent. That sort of world is unsustainable.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Hence the goal must be not only to have strong, healthy local communities, but to have also communities of communities. We can see something like this in the world of sports. Consider the high school teams of small towns. The citizens of those towns feel a strong sense of identification with their teams and root for them vociferously. But the teams that compose a particular league also gain some of their identity from their participation in that league and want it to be strong and healthy. Also when wider concerns are in view, those who root for their teams show their concern for the other towns that support the other teams. The rivalry among the teams is contained in a context of sportsmanship, and the teams learn the importance of respecting their rivals.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Healthy local communities will have as part of their basic self-understanding a respect and appreciation for other communities and their citizens. If one community suffers a natural disaster, its neighbors will come to its aid. It is healthy to have competition and rivalry, but this is not healthy unless it is contained within a wider context of respect and cooperation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Local communities will have their relatively self-sufficient economies, but there will be economic issues that require cooperation with their neighbors. Those that only compete will not survive, and they will destroy others along with themselves. Healthy communities will participate in communities of communities. Although each will have considerable autonomy, any effort to be completely independent will misfire. Communities of communities will also need the authority to make decisions. And the same is true of communities of communities of communities. Even in a world in which the focus is on the local, there will be need for some governance at the global level as well.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A political structure of this sort will be sustainable only if we overcome individualistic ways of thinking. In the modern world this individualism has expressed itself not only in the erosion of community at the local and national levels but in the idea that at one level or another there must be “sovereignty.” That need springs from “substance” thinking. Process thinking is community thinking. Individuals become healthy persons only in community with others. The people are not sovereign, and neither is the community. The community shapes the people and gives them freedom. The people shape the community and give it a measure of authority. Local communities are not sovereign. They can be healthy and strong only through their relation with other communities in a community of communities. That inclusive community is not sovereign. It exists to serve the communities that make it up, but these communities need for it to have its own measure of authority over them.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Substance thinking leads to the idea that if one institution increases in power, other institutions must lose power. Process thinking argues instead that no one can have any significant power except through cooperation. Increasing the power of the agencies of cooperation increases the power of those who cooperate through them. The most important form of power is that which empowers others. A world in which that is deeply understood can be a sustainable world.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span>R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-56807653324772214762024-02-17T08:01:00.006-05:002024-02-18T01:04:11.560-05:00Jay McDaniel - The Biography of Dr. John B. Cobb, Jr<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="640" src="https://www.openhorizons.org/uploads/5/9/1/5/5915900/published/contemporary-cobb-600x900.jpg?1707349412" style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;" width="426" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><b>The Biography of Dr. John B. Cobb, Jr</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">by </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Jay McDaniel</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">February 8, 2024</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">John Cobb, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">My Frugal, Visionary Mentor</span></span></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">John Cobb, my mentor, is nearing his 100th birthday. He is a visionary par excellence. More than any philosopher or theologian I know, John has done two things simultaneously. He has made clear to us impending catastrophes we face as a species (global climate change, violence and the threat of nuclear war, political dysfunction, economic collapse, and widespread loneliness) lest we change our ways of thinking and living in the world. And he has simultaneously sparked a collective movement of hope around the world: the hope of a new kind of civilization, an Ecological Civilization, which can serve the well-being of life.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">There are many institutions around the world indebted to him. They include the Center for Process Studies, The Cobb Institute for Community and Practice, the Institute for Ecological Civilization, the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China, the Living Earth movement, Pando Populus, and still more. And there are thousands of students, I among them, likewise indebted. He is not just my mentor; he is our mentor.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">If you passed him on the street, you might not notice him. Small in stature, there's nothing flashy about him: no designer clothes, no fancy watches, no air of importance. He would likely be wearing pants and a sweater that he's owned for the last fifty years.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">On his birthday, he will be celebrated for numerous accomplishments: publishing over a hundred books, pioneering process theology, possessing an amazingly interdisciplinary mind, working in China and other nations, and demonstrating a visionary commitment to ecological civilization. Click here to learn about his academic achievements.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">He will also be celebrated for his kindness to people from all walks of life, his unpretentiousness, his indifference to questions of status, and his caring heart. John draws no distinctions between "important" and "unimportant" people; all are important. It's not just John's achievements that inspire people; it's who he is and how he treats them.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In this spirit, I want to celebrate one more aspect of his life: his simple lifestyle. This includes his minimalist wardrobe mentioned above and his living space. When you visit John in his apartment, he doesn't turn on lights because he doesn't want to waste energy; sunlight suffices. John lives simply and frugally, without the trappings of conspicuous consumption. He is a mentor to me and others in this, too.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This frugality is not solely his own design; he inherited it from his parents and his Methodist (Wesleyan) tradition with its commitment to simple living. In principle, he could have learned it from the Benedictines as well, or the Quakers, or the Franciscans, or the Amish. Or, if he lived elsewhere, from Gandhi and from many Buddhist communities. Methodists do not have a monopoly on simple living. But John learned it from his parents, their friends, and the Wesleyans. He chose to follow the way of his elders.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">There is authenticity to this choice. In a world where appearances often take precedence, John's lifestyle underscores his humility and care for the world. He lives without ostentation, embodying a down-to-earth demeanor that fosters connection and relatability. People like to be around him because he is so polite and humble. This is one reason he is so popular in China. It's not just his ideas; it's his demeanor.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">His lifestyle also carries a counter-cultural and indeed, a Christian message. John seeks to follow Jesus in his daily life. He believes that the God whom Jesus revealed is a God of love, not ostentation. He believes that God's call to each of us and to all of us is to live simply, in community with one another and other creatures, so that others might simply live. You can get an idea of his sense of vocation in the essay below.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">But first, a word about process theology. John does not parade process theology as if it were the answer to all questions. He is more committed to the well-being of life than to process theology. But John's commitment to simple living is itself an embodiment of process theology and its idea that mutuality and relationality are at the heart of what is really important in life. John's lifestyle is a reminder that true richness does not lie in the abundance of possessions but in the richness of experiences, relationships, and service to others.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This is the kind of richness, this is the kind of wealth, that we see when the will of God is done on earth as it is in heaven. When we know this love, there is no need for conspicuous consumption or ostentatious display. The love, like the sunlight in his apartment, is enough.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;">- Jay McDaniel</div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: center;">* * * * * * *</span></div></span><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><b style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">What is My Vocation?</span></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">by John Cobb</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;">The idea of “vocation” has had an important history in the West. The word suggests that we are “called” to do something. It was long used by Christians to emphasize the idea that lifelong service to the church was something that one should not choose for oneself on a practical basis but rather should undertake only out of a definite sense that God called one to be a priest, a monk, or a nun. The fact that these all took vows of celibacy accented their special role.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In the fifteenth century the Protestant Reformers argued that every Christian has a “calling” or “vocation,” and that none of these required celibacy. Serving the institutional church was just one vocation among many. Christians were equally called to be lawyers or doctors, cobblers or merchants. Whatever one’s calling, one should pursue it conscientiously as one’s service of God and neighbor.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This teaching could lead to a high sense of service through one’s daily work. In a feudal society it worked quite well. Every role required both knowledge and skill, and each had its contribution to make to the whole. Emphasizing this could give to all a fuller sense of participation. However, with the shift to industrial capitalism, one’s work was understood as a necessity in order to live. The word “vocation” came to mean for many people little more than a job.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Responding to the Call of the Moment</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nevertheless, the idea that we are “called” can still evoke a deeper meaning. Whitehead radicalized it. He taught that every momentary event is called to be the best that can be achieved in that moment at that place. His terminology was that there is an “initial aim” for every “actual occasion.” Like the traditional “calling” this aim is derived from God. The implications for personal experience are much like those of the original idea of “vocation,” but now generalized through existentialism. I am called, right now, in this and every moment, to be and do the best I can. There is a calling for each moment.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Fostering Healthy Relations with Other People</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Often this call focuses on relations with another person. That person may be my spouse, my child, my friend, or a stranger. That personal presence participates in my momentary experience. I am who I am in this moment partly because of the presence of that other person. That presence enriches my experience, and the more open I am to it, and to what it offers, the more I am enriched. To some extent I feel the feelings of the other.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Sometimes it is enough simply to be there with the other. But often one is called to something more. The other may be lonely or anxious or insecure. I am called to respond. Perhaps I need only signal that I am open to listening. That is a step of which most of us are capable even if we often do not take it. We prefer to speak ourselves rather than hear others into speech. Accordingly, others sense that their feelings and needs are not of interest to us. Instead, we want to draw them into our projects. True listening and responding are rare.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This kind of openness to the other does not exclude our speaking. Indeed, sometimes it is only when we share our hesitations and weakness that the other is assured that we can hear without judgment or ridicule. Adjusting our need to be heard and affirmed by others by the recognition of their need to be heard and affirmed is the beginning of ethics.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We are often called by or through the other’s need to do more than listen. Some of the other’s needs are for food and shelter and safety. To some extent, we can and should respond directly, especially when the other is a friend or family member. And there are practical needs of the stranger that also call for immediate practical response.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Fostering Healthy Relations with the Natural World</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">But the world that surrounds us and grounds our experience moment by moment is not limited to other people. Western ethics has been far too focused on interpersonal relations. Our pets play an important role, as do plants and birds, and insects, and grass, and trees, and soil, and rocks. These “others” offer themselves to us and claim a place in our experience. They too have their needs, massively so today.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The needs of the human stranger and the natural world often lead to another level of ethical action. We can respond only to a very small number of these multifarious needs. Our personal awareness of them is miniscule in comparison with the reality. Recognizing this leads us to a concern for the health of the larger society and the natural environment. We want a human community in which all take responsibility for the wellbeing of all, including the natural world.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">As we reflect about ourselves we recognize that who we are and what we are is largely a function of the societies of which we are a part. I am an American, a Californian, a member of a retirement community, a churchman, a theologian, and so forth. My participation in these human societies and the landscapes with which they are connected enables others to identify me and shapes my self-identification as well. My wellbeing is largely a function of the wellbeing of these societies and their natural contexts, and I know that this is true for other members. To whatever extent the societies in which we inescapably live become authentic communities of mutual care we all benefit. While I can directly respond to very few of the needs of my fellow members, through building community and healing the natural environment I can help many indirectly.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Helping build just and sustainable communities</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">To whatever extent I listen to others, I am already engaged in building community. This is the level at which all can fully participate. But most are called to other, less personal, ways of shaping and strengthening community. This may involve attending meetings, working on committees and accepting particular responsibilities. In some cases it may require me to be active in the politics of the society. Sometimes I may be asked to represent the community to outsiders. In all these cases I am called to seek the well being of the community rather than my private advantage over other members. Occasionally this involves real personal sacrifice. More often my subordination of private interest to that of the community ends up as deeply rewarding to me.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Reflecting upon and advocating compassionate public policies</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">But responding to the call to serve the community through active participation in its life leads me to understand that this ethical activity raises questions at still another level. Sometimes I see that the community is acting in ways that are self-destructive. In our world this appears especially in the massive damage human communities are inflicting on the natural world. We can envisage acting more wisely. This is the level of policy. A community needs participation in its life whatever its policies may be, but that it keep adapting its policies to new situations and improving them is also of great importance to all its participants. Justice and sustainability are crucial goals of good policy. We are called to support good policies, and that means to involve ourselves in the politics of the communities in which we live. For some, this is their major vocation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Often one sees that in its zeal to do well, one’s community seeks to advance at the expense of others. My ethical subordination of my private interests to those of the community turns out to be an unethical contribution to harming other communities. This can happen at all levels. In the past, deep convictions have often led religious communities to harm each other.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Critiquing collective Idolatries (e.g. Christianism and American Exceptionalism)</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In our world, this ethical complexity appears most often and most painfully in relation to nations. As an American, my vocation includes active citizenship and participation in national life. I am called to strengthen and improve that national life and to protect it from encroachments by others. But I discover that some of what I do, ethically, for the sake of my nation, in the larger scheme of things, harms other peoples. I am called to envision and support national policies that work for the larger good and not simply for the power of my nation over others. I have identified some other collective idolatries that seem to me very dangerous in <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-postmodern-john-cobb-deconstructive-and-constructive.html" target="_blank">Deconstructing Modernity.</a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Analyzing and Challenging Basic Assumptions about the World</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">When I realize that devotion to my religious community or my nation is harmful to humanity as a whole, I cannot simply solve the problem by trying to be more moral. The general meaning of morality reflects an understanding of religious or national communities that in fact leads them into conflict. Self-sacrificial service of one’s nation may lead to killing those who are self-sacrificially serving their nations.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We are called to ask questions at a different level. What about the assumptions that shape this ordinary understanding of morality as service of the common good of my community. Asking this question may be thought of as another dimension of ethics. We may call it the ethics of thought.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">When we realize that doing what seems right and good often ends up harming others, we also realize that something is wrong with our ideas. Often these ideas are widespread in our communities. Daring to question the beliefs that are simply accepted by most people is a special vocation. Many are called to be open to such questioning. For some this challenge to common assumptions is a major vocation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Once we grasp the importance of criticizing the assumptions that underlie our actions and even our reflections on morality, we can extend this to other areas. There are assumptions that underlie our choices of public policy, our educational practice, our legal system, our social and natural sciences. When we study the history of these areas of thought, it becomes clear that assumptions now recognized as unsatisfactory have played a large role. There is no reason to suppose that those assumptions that now operate are free from problems. The ethics of thought is as important to human beings as the ethics of personal relations, the ethics of community, and the ethics of policy.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Accepting the responsibility to be unpopular or disruptive (for the sake of the common good)</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ethical behavior always has its dangers. When we genuinely listen to a stranger, we may find ourselves drawn into ways of thinking and even of acting that are uncomfortable and disruptive. When we seek the well being of communities, we may antagonize those who personally profit through distortions of community life. When we seek to direct our governments away from self-aggrandizing policies, we are likely to be called unpatriotic. When we question the assumptions that are widespread in our cultures, we upset many who have based their lives and their thought upon them.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">But hope for the world lies in ethics, and today this is especially true of the ethics of thought, the vocation to analyze assumptions. Established assumptions about human beings and economic policies, and finance, and international affairs have led humanity to the brink of catastrophe. If we do not challenge and uproot these assumptions, there is little chance of changing behavior sufficiently to save the world.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">*</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">Note: John Cobb has offered his own ideas on the assumptions that need to be challenged. We are called to challenge anthropocentrism, individuality, sense-bound empiricism, small group loyalty, and conventional morality. See <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/" target="_blank">Foundations for a New Civilization</a>. He has shared alternative and constructive ideas for living lightly and gently on the planet. See <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/ten-ideas-for-saving-the-planet.html" target="_blank">Ten Ideas for Saving the Planet. </a>In addition, and importantly, he offers an analysis of assumptions which, in his view, must be challenged (or de-constructed) in our time. See <a href="https://www.openhorizons.org/the-postmodern-john-cobb-deconstructive-and-constructive.html" target="_blank">Deconstructing Modernity.</a></span> </blockquote></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">* * * * * * *</div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">God as Abba</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="font-size: x-large;">by John Cobb</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;">Excerpts from <i>God as Abba</i>, used with John Cobb's permission</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Two Problems with "God" as Too Often Conceived</span></b></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">For me, God is of central importance to life and thought. As a boy I found that my conviction fitted comfortably with widely shared belief. I did not agree with everything I heard people say about God, but the problem with “God-language” was not much different fromother instances of disagreement and confusion.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Today the situation has changed. God remains of central importance for me. But I no longer find that belief to fit comfortably into my cultural context. On the contrary, many people are both skeptical that the word God has any reference and very uncertain what that reference would be like if it existed at all. In addition, the word now has a strongly negative connotation for many thoughtful and sensitive people, and I often find myself upset by how it is used. If the problem were simply linguistic, we could solve it easily. Just use another term: Creator, Goddess, Great Spirit, Almighty, Yahweh. Using other names sometimes helps, but the problem is deeper. What has happened?</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">One problem is intellectual. From the outset of modernity, belief in the biblical God has been problematic. The biblical God is operative in both nature and history, whereas modernity, from its beginning, denied that God was a factor in what happened in the natural world. That is, it asserts that if you are trying to explain any natural event, you are not allowed to attribute any role to God.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">At first, there was one exception. The world seemed so wonderfully ordered that it could not be thought of as coming into existence on its own or by chance. Most people assumed that it was created by an intelligent and powerful being, and did not hesitate to call that being “God.” Scientists found that the world was governed by laws, so that the Creator was also the Lawgiver. Some religious people thought that every now and again the God who created the laws intervened and caused something to happen that did not obey them. Thus there were supernaturalists, but the default position was “deism,” that is, the belief that God’s only relation to nature was the one act of creation and the imposing of natural laws.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">At the same time, everyone assumed that human beings were not part of the nature from which God was excluded. Opinions differed on how God was related to human beings. The devout could picture the relation as quite intimate, but the dominant culture encouraged the idea that God had created human beings and had also given them rules to live by. Unlike plants and animals, people might choose not to obey these rules. After death those who violated them were punished, whereas those who obeyed them were rewarded.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Deistic thinking still continues, but it has far less support than in the earlier period. It was deeply shaken by Charles Darwin’s demonstration that the world we now know developed in a natural evolutionary way from a much simpler beginning. God was no longer needed to explain the remarkably complex and beautiful world we have around us; it could be explained by natural causes. Equally important was that human beings are fully part of this evolving nature. If God is excluded from playing any role in natural events, then God is excluded from playing any role in human events. The default position now is atheism.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">*</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Credibility has not been the only problem we theists faced. For many people “God” has become an offensive idea because so many terrible things have been done by his followers. I grew up believing that God was always good and loving. I knew that human beings, even those who worshiped God, had done some very bad things, but I supposed that this was an aberration and that we Christians had repented and were seeking peace and justice everywhere.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">However, along with many others, I came to see history differently. In the name of God, Christians had persecuted Jews for most of Christian history. This persecution had reached new heights in what we considered a Christian country, Germany. True, the Nazis were not Christians, but they could show the continuity of their anti-Jewish teachings and actions with statements of Christian leaders, and the opposition to Nazi anti-Judaism on the part of Christians was weak.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I learned that in the century-long theft of the New World from its inhabitants, many Christian missionaries had played embarrassing roles. I learned that, indeed, even the more recent missions to Africa and Asia had often supported colonial exploitation of the people. Even the better missions were often tainted with the sense of Western superiority, and with condescension toward those to whom they were witnessing. More generally,</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">More generally, I learned that over the centuries the churches were usually allied with the rich and powerful. I learned that the enslavement of nonwhite races had been supported as God’s will. I discovered that earlier members of my own family had written pious Christian books in defense of slavery. Even many of those leaders to whom we looked with admiration, such as Abraham Lincoln, had been racists. The Bible that seemed evidently to oppose such racism had been widely and successfully used to justify it. (John Cobb)</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: center;">* * * * * * *</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Rediscovering God through Jesus</span></b></div></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">by John Cobb</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-size: medium;">The purpose of this book is to propose that it is time for thoughtful Christians to free themselves from acquiescence to the late modern worldview. My conviction is that the biblical worldview in general, and the worldview of Jesus and Paul in particular, is superior. Of course, there are many respects in which their worldview is out of date. But bringing it up to date is much easier and more fruitful than trying to make the modern worldview adequate to our needs. We certainly have a great deal of knowledge about astronomy today that is far more accurate than the beliefs that prevailed in New Testament times. But adjusting to that information is no threat to the basic insights of Jesus or Paul.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We know now that the world is composed of quantum events, a view that is vastly different from ideas in the minds of any New Testament writer. But their worldview was basically one that gave primacy to events. That events characterize the world at microscopic levels is not an uncongenial idea, whereas the modern world is not able to assimilate it. And above all, the idea that events are both subjective and objective would pose no problem to the ancients, whereas the moderns have to deny it, conceal it, or treat it as an anomaly.I have focused on what is central for Jesus, the reality and purposes of Abba. I have wanted to show that belief in Abba makes a lot of sense today.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Of course, I have not proved the existence of Abba; indeed, it is not really possible to prove the existence of anything. I cannot prove that I exist, but we know much that we cannot prove. We cannot prove that there were any events before the present moment. How could we do so?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">But I for one do not doubt that many things have happened, and I doubt that you are seriously doubtful. Although we cannot prove anything, we can disprove a good many things. We can disprove the indivisibility of what we still call atoms, named when we thought they were indivisible. Science has disproved the astronomy generally accepted in New Testament times. It has disproved the idea that the world is just six thousand years old.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I believe we can disprove some beliefs about God as well. For example, the systematic implications of the belief that God is all-powerful and the belief that God is all-beneficent contradict each other, and their combination is incompatible with the historical facts. It is very sad when those who consider themselves followers of Jesus spend their time defending ideas that are indefensible and are not found in the Bible. The idea that the Bible is inerrant is another belief that is easily disproved. So is the idea that Jesus and Paul were supporters of what are today called “family values.”</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The basic argument of this book is that, although many ideas associated with God and Christian faith have been disproved, Jesus’ teaching about Abba has not. On the contrary, it is coherent with our experience and responds well to the needs of the world in our day. It can be tested against personal experience. I commend it enthusiastically.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">For my part, I strive to be a faithful disciple of Jesus. There are those who follow Jesus without sharing his belief in Abba. I admire them, but I am convinced that the effort to follow Jesus while ignoring his Abba has a tragic character. It usually results from being socialized into a culture and a way of thinking that is not deserving of commitment. I am convinced that a much deeper and more joyful faithfulness is possible if we seek to relate to Abba as Jesus did. I commend a faithfulness to Jesus that shares Jesus’ confidence in the love and empowering power of Abba.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">"Abba cares much more about the future of the world than about who believes in him and who does not."</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">But loving an omnipotent God, or a morally judgmental God, or an exclusivist God, or a God who demands sacrifice in order to forgive, can be harmful. Abba is none of those things. I believe that loving Abba is the best hope for the world’s future, and loving Abba means working with Abba....Abba cares much more about the future of the world than about who believes in him and who does not. We who love Abba will eagerly cooperate with those who do not, if they are working to save the world. But today we may rejoice that the leading voice in the movement to save the world comes from one who loves Abba: Pope Francis. It is my hope that my tiny effort to renew and strengthen the worship of Jesus’ Abba will also build support for the great work of Pope Francis. (John Cobb)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">"Abba is always present in the world working for good."</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In sum, with regard to all that I have said thus far, I believe that we experience in some usually faint and fragmentary way Abba’s presence with us, working in all things for good. Abba’s work is most effective if we attend to it, open ourselves to it, align ourselves with it. This is part of the meaning of faith. Our resulting thoughts and actions sometimes have effects beyond our intentions. We can experience ourselves to be participating in Abba’s salvific work in the world. And we can sense the companionship of Abba as well as of others who work with Abba. We can know something of the divine commonwealth, the presence of which Jesus announced. (John Cobb)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">"Abba is present even in the cells in our bodies."</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I am repeatedly surprised by how rapidly wounds heal when the body is given the chance. Doctors often comment that their medicines do not heal us. They counter hostile forces in the body. When these are removed, nature works its healing power. When thought and emotions are healthy and supportive, the healing work of nature is speeded and strengthened. For me, there is no “nature” from which Abba is absent. That does not identify God and nature. There is much in nature other than Abba. But I think that it is Abba’s presence in nature that makes for healing. I believe that Abba is in every cell in the body calling it to do its part for its own well-being and for the well-being of the whole.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span>R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-7564145084622345492024-02-17T00:11:00.004-05:002024-02-17T00:14:03.087-05:00Thomas Jay Oord: Reviewing "The Deconstruction of Christianity"<div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><h1 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #081828; font-family: Lustria; font-size: 40px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 20px 0px 10px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://thomasjayoord.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/51R7tFkmnoL._SY445_SX342_.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2a6596; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; outline: none; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="wp-image-6680" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" height="640" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" src="https://thomasjayoord.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/51R7tFkmnoL._SY445_SX342_-200x300.jpg" srcset="https://thomasjayoord.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/51R7tFkmnoL._SY445_SX342_-200x300.jpg 200w, https://thomasjayoord.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/51R7tFkmnoL._SY445_SX342_.jpg 296w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom;" width="427" /></a></h1><h1 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #081828; font-family: Lustria; font-size: 40px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 20px 0px 10px; text-align: center;">Reviewing “The Deconstruction of</h1><h1 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #081828; font-family: Lustria; font-size: 40px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 20px 0px 10px; text-align: center;">Christianity”</h1><div class="date" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7c7c7c; font-family: Lustria; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 27px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://thomasjayoord.com/index.php/blog/archives/reviewing-the-deconstruction-of-christianity?fbclid=IwAR2nHqKCtI4LHMRNPlnCbFTVoK7QuBCE_UFhawU0DwFvWuQOiOQq5J6RVII" target="_blank">article link</a></div><div class="date" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7c7c7c; margin-bottom: 27px; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">by Thomas Jay Oord | February 16th, 2024</span></b></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In their book <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Deconstruction of Christianity</em>, Alisa Childers and Tim Barnett help readers “stand your ground and respond with clarity and confidence” in the face of deconstruction.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In what follows, I review the book. Overall, I find it unhelpful. But there are a few aspects I like.</span></p><h3 class="wp-block-heading" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; text-align: justify;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Apostasy</span></strong></h3><div class="wp-block-image" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The book starts on a sour note: the first word is “apostasy.” Readers like me will immediately wonder if this book aims to help those asking hard questions or defend the Christian faith against the “heretics.” In many ways, it opts for the second. The opening pages are not welcoming.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Childers and Barnett didn’t write this book for questioning people who are deconstructing. It’s for the friends and family of deconstructors. It’s “primarily written for Christians who are experiencing deconstruction from the outside.” The authors’ goal is to “walk you through what deconstruction is and how it works, and give you practical advice on how to relate with friends and loved ones going through it.” (6)</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The authors acknowledge some people see deconstruction as compatible with Christianity. Childers and Barnett disagree. “Deconstruction is as old as humanity itself,” they say. “It began with Satan—the father of faith deconstruction—and continues today.” (47 ) In fact, “people have been abandoning the standard of God’s Word and engaging in a process of rethinking—and often abandoning—their faith since the beginning.” (61)</span></p><h3 class="wp-block-heading" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; text-align: justify;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">It’s Ultimately About Authority</span></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This book has many problems, and I’ll list some later. As I see it, the fundamental problems are two:</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">1. The authors want a fully trustworthy authority (the Bible).</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">2. The authors think Christians must choose between the Bible as that authority and the authority of the individual person.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">“The heart of the deconstruction explosion is a rejection of biblical authority,” say Childers and Barnett bluntly. (26) The Bible provides truths that the method of deconstruction and deconstructors abandon.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Appealing to the Bible as the only trustworthy authority won’t convince those who deconstruct, of course. Most (rightly) doubt that the Bible is fully reliable, saying it is neither inerrant nor infallible. Childers and Barnett dismiss this doubt, in part, by saying deconstructors have shallow faith, are rebellious, fight on the wrong side of a spiritual battle, follow culture instead of Christ, are captive to Satan, get seduced by vain philosophy, are broken and sinful, and so on (see chapter 10 and elsewhere).</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">At least in this book, the authors don’t address realities that undermine belief in the absolute authority of the Bible. They don’t address people like me and others who 1) know the many errors and discrepancies in scripture, 2) know the original languages and differences between the oldest known biblical manuscripts, and 3) know that biblical passages receive a wide variety of plausible interpretations.</span></p><h3 class="wp-block-heading" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; text-align: justify;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Objective vs. Subjective Truth?</span></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Childers and Barnett believe Christians face an either/or choice when it comes to truth. They can 1) place their trust in the Bible, which is an external authority. Or 2) trust themselves and their own subjectivity.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The Bible “communicates objective truth that isn’t meant to be interpreted subjectively,” the authors claim (34). In the deconstruction movement, “biblical interpretation becomes subjective.” (35) “Deconstruction isn’t just about questioning beliefs,” they say, “it’s about rejecting Scripture as the source of objective truth and authority.” (121) Deconstructors reject God’s Word.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This objective vs. subjective scheme, however, makes little sense. Long before “deconstruction” was a word in the academy or popular culture, people realized no one has a fully objective, unbiased, and uninfluenced perspective. Histories, cultures, perspectives, preferences, biology, and feelings influence those who read the Bible. Because personal subjectivity inevitably influences our interpretations, good and wise people interpret scripture in ways.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Sometimes those in the deconstruction community encourage people to “make up their own minds,” instead of following a church, pastor, or influencer. But this doesn’t mean people are entirely free of influence from others. We’re always affected by forces, factors, ideas, and actors external to ourselves. Objective causes influence our subjectivity; interpretations have external influences.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">People like Jacques Derrida are right when they say that words—including biblical words — have no timeless and absolute meaning. But you don’t have to be a philosopher to know this: just look at how many biblical translations and interpretations are present today and throughout history. A more accurate view says objective factors outside ourselves always affect our subjectivity. And one of those factors may or may not be the Bible.</span></p><h3 class="wp-block-heading" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; text-align: justify;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Authoritative Mindset</span></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Two overarching issues came repeatedly to mind as I read <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Deconstruction of Christianity</em>. The first has to do with what in cognitive science is called the “Authoritative” mindset. Childers and Barnett write from it, and their frequent appeals to biblical authority illustrate this.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Cognitive sciences describe three primary mindsets among people at least in the West: Authoritative, Nurturant, and Permissive. Evangelicals like Childers and Barnett typically operate from the Authoritative mindset. They need authorities more than most people. So Authoritatives put their confidence in a book (Bible), group (church or denomination), leader (pastor), government (USA), or person (Donald Trump). They also prize obedience, order, certainty, hierarchies, coercion, and more.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">As I read <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Deconstruction of Christianity</em>, I found oodles of evidence that Childers and Barnett operate from an Authoritative mindset. Deconstruction annoys them because it does not. In <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">God After Deconstruction </em>(coming out in April 2024), Tripp Fuller and I argue that the Nurturant mindset better reflects the message of Jesus. Sociological studies show that those with a Nurturant mindset are healthier in various ways than those with Authoritative mindsets. They also live well without the strong need for external authorities.</span></p><h3 class="wp-block-heading" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; text-align: justify;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Complexity Stage</span></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The second theme continually coming to my mind as I read Childers and Barnett is what many call the “stages of faith.” Brian McLaren offers a rubric with four stages and names them “simplicity,” “complexity,” “perplexity,” and “harmony.”</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Childers and Barnett fit nicely in the complexity stage. Like simplicity people, they seek clear categories of black and white, us and them, in and out, right and wrong. The authors make strong distinctions between Christ vs. the world, church vs. culture, and scriptural truth vs. societal opinions. But unlike simplicity people, Childers and Barnett offer sophisticated versions of these distinctions, realizing there must be some nuance.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Those who deconstruct fit in either the perplexity or harmony stages of faith. The connection between deconstruction and perplexity will be obvious. But even in the harmony stage, the methods of deconstruction are not abandoned. Harmony people recognize the falsity of strict binaries, in part, because they cannot capture well the God present to and revealing in <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">all </em>creation.</span></p><h3 class="wp-block-heading" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; text-align: justify;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Should Christians Question?</span></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Childers and Barnett repeatedly tell their readers that questioning is normal and has always been part of the Christian faith. Christians should ask questions about the Bible, God, and life. Test the Bible, they say, and the church.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">But the questioning Childers and Barnett advocate can’t get <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">too </em>radical. We should not question the ultimate authority: “God’s Word” (or what is better called “Christian scripture”). Questioning harms if it undermines this ultimate standard for truth. Some who ask questions are <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">really </em>just looking for ways to exit the faith.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Although deconstruction is bad, reformation is good. According to the authors, “reformation is the process of correcting mistaken beliefs to make them align with Scripture.” (125) Notice the priority of the Bible again. The message: question… but don’t abandon scripture.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">To return to McLaren’s faith formation language, Childers and Barnett seem to encourage questioning if it moves the Christian from a simplistic faith to a complex one. But questioning that might move the person toward perplexity and harmony goes too far. Such questioning might, and usually does, undermine trust in the Bible as fully trustworthy. And it might lead people to doubt doctrines the authors consider essential, even the existence of God.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">To illustrate his willingness to entertain tough questions, Tim Barnett briefly brings up the problem of evil. The authors earlier (rightly) noted that questions about evil are the primary reasons people deconstruct. When asked why God doesn’t stop evil, Barnett says, “I don’t know.” He doesn’t have an answer to why God sometimes permits evil, but other times intervenes. He knows this isn’t satisfying, but he’s trying to be honest.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">I wonder why the Bible—Barnett’s authoritative source and “God’s Word”—doesn’t provide an answer to the problem of evil that satisfies him. To the #1 question asked by people who deconstruct, why doesn’t the alleged ultimate authority offer a satisfying answer? Barnett thinks the Bible’s clear about issues like penal substitutionary atonement, although that issue keeps far fewer people up at night.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Despite the encouragement to ask <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">some </em>questions, <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Deconstruction of Christianity </em>claims that those who deconstruct are deceived, rebellious, disingenuous, etc. See the list above. This encouragement rings hollow.</span></p><h3 class="wp-block-heading" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; text-align: justify;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Reasons to Deconstruct</span></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In the first half of the book, Childers and Barnett address reasons people deconstruct. They don’t offer answers to these issues. And they give mixed messages.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">At one point, the authors claim that “most people don’t make a conscious choice to enter into deconstruction.” This fits the experience of most people I know. The authors say that deconstruction is “often triggered by a crisis that initiates the process. It’s typically not something people choose. In many cases, it happens <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">to </em>them.” (78) Elsewhere, however, the authors blame deconstruction on “rebellion against God” (193).</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Among the reasons people deconstruct, the authors list suffering, doubt, politics, purity culture, the Bible, toxic theology, and abuse. They don’t offer rejoinders for these reasons. And they say that people of shallow faith struggle with them. The message seems to be those who truly trust the Bible can handle issues that might tempt other people to deconstruct.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Childers and Barnett insist that abuse and injustice are not reflections of Christian doctrines. “There certainly are valid examples of abuse in the church, such as sexual assault and abuses of power,” they say. “But many deconstructionists go further, saying that some historic orthodox teachings of Christianity—such as penal substitutionary atonement, the doctrine of hell, and complementarianism—are abusive by nature.” (96)</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Although the authors preach the importance of good theology, they will not admit that some of what they consider “historic orthodox teachings” leads people to deconstruct.</span></p><h3 class="wp-block-heading" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; text-align: justify;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Toxic Theology?</span></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In a chapter titled “Toxic,” Childers and Barnett further address the claim that traditional Christian practices and doctrines sometimes harm. These claims about harm draw primarily from research in sociology and history, they say, rather than Scripture.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Beth Allison Barr’s book <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Making of Biblical Womanhood </em>garners the authors’ attention. Barr argues that Christian views have often harmed women and restricted them from some roles. Childers and Barnett also cite Kristin Kobes DuMez’s work on Christian nationalism as an example of history and sociology trumping theology.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The authors say arguments like Barr’s and Kobes DuMez’s begin by identifying a problem in society. Then they show how the church endorsed or allowed this problem. Finally, they argue that theology (especially white evangelical theology) should be rejected or reimagined.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Because Barr and Kobes DuMez address women’s issues, I was eager to see how Childers and Barnett would respond. I assumed the authors would give an argument for complementarity. Instead, they say, “The extent to which women can take part in church leadership roles has been hotly debated among faithful Christians for millennia. The point… is not to settle the correct biblical teaching on the topic.” Instead, they argue that history and sociology cannot “discover true doctrines and rule out harmful, false ones.” (150)</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">To settle disputes about the role of women and how they’ve been harmed, say the authors, we need “an objective standard to appeal to. This requires the Bible.” They add that “while neither of the authors of this book would fault someone for coming to an honest position on biblical grounds regarding the egalitarian vs. complementarian debate, we would fault someone for rejecting complementarianism simply because they didn’t like where those Bible passages lead.” (150)</span></p><h3 class="wp-block-heading" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; text-align: justify;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Not the Bible Alone</span></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In their discussion of Barr and DuMez, Childers and Barnett are blind to the problem they’ve created.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">If “honest” people can come to differing views about gender roles while studying the “objective standard” of the Bible, that standard isn’t the clear authority needed to decide this issue. Childers and Barnett seem to admit that the Bible is open to more than one legitimate interpretation of what it says about women. This means other standards are needed.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Barr, Kobes DuMez, and others cite sociological, historical, psychological, and even medical data as offering apparent <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">fruits </em>of various Christian practices and doctrines. They’re pondering the consequences of particular beliefs and practices and making strong cases that some produce bad fruit. And because the Bible can be interpreted in various ways, we need other sources for deciding which beliefs and practices are healthy or true and which are not.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The role of women is just one among many issues in which the Bible cannot be the <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">sole</em> resource for Christian doctrines and practices. The need for multiple sources applies also to questions of sexuality.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In fact, I laughed out loud when I read the “Homophobia” section of the book. Childers and Barnett say that Scripture describes sexual immorality as any act of sex other than “between one man and one woman in the context of marriage.” This is laughable! Don’t they know about Solomon’s wives? Or are only some passages of the Bible authoritative on this issue? I laughed again when they wrote, “It’s not just a few so-called ‘clobber’ passages that teach this. It’s the narrative of Scripture cover to cover.” (37) What Bible are they reading?</span></p><h3 class="wp-block-heading" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; text-align: justify;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">What I Liked</span></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">There wasn’t much I liked in this book. But here are some in bullet form:</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">* I liked the authors’ empathy for family and friends of those who deconstruct. Of course, I think the lion’s share of empathy should go to deconstructors. The authors express relatively little of that compared to criticisms. But Childers and Barnett rightly note the anguish that parents and friends of those who deconstruct sometimes endure. It’s painful to teach a child your cherished beliefs, only to have that child call them harmful. To illustrate this point, Childers and Barnett write, “When deconstruction leads to a rejection of faith, that can feel like a death both to the one deconstructing and to their loved ones.” (66) They’re right.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">* The authors quoted books and social media from some of the leading voices in deconstruction. Sometimes critics ignore what their opponents actually say. While Childers and Barnett made some missteps, I thought they were pretty good overall. I even found a few sources for the book Tripp and I are writing!</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">* The authors believe ideas matter. Like me, they think theology makes a difference, because our views of reality make a difference. While I disagree radically with many of their theological claims, I appreciate their dedication to exploring ideas, their truth and impact. Theology is more than sociology.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">* I think critical race theory and its reflection on power should be one tool in social analysis. I affirm it. But I agree with the authors that sometimes those who use critical race theory put all their cards on issues of power without addressing issues of truth. Most times, the two overlap. But I think both must be addressed.</span></p><h3 class="wp-block-heading" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; text-align: justify;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Conclusion</span></strong></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">My notes on this book extend far beyond what I have written here. Although I disagree fundamentally with the authors and disagree on most points of the book, I’m glad I read it.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; margin: 0px 0px 37px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This book also helped with writing the book Tripp Fuller and I are doing called, God After Deconstruction. If these issues interest you, I hope you consider buying a copy when it comes in April 2024. And here’s a graphic for the upcoming Denver conference on the subject.</span></p><figure class="wp-block-image size-large" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://www.eventbrite.com/e/756317023577?aff=oddtdtcreator" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2a6596; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="wp-image-6666" decoding="async" height="640" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" src="https://thomasjayoord.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/GAD_StAndrewUMC_Square-1-1024x1024.jpg" srcset="https://thomasjayoord.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/GAD_StAndrewUMC_Square-1-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https://thomasjayoord.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/GAD_StAndrewUMC_Square-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https://thomasjayoord.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/GAD_StAndrewUMC_Square-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https://thomasjayoord.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/GAD_StAndrewUMC_Square-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https://thomasjayoord.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/GAD_StAndrewUMC_Square-1.jpg 1500w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom;" width="640" /></a></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #434343; font-size: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 37px;"><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif;" /></p>R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5505987796745947211.post-81206521388655000072024-02-16T16:46:00.018-05:002024-02-17T00:02:06.629-05:00REISSUED: Pete Enns - Podcasts & Videos for Normal People<div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNJ39dtNG_WcHsqLXb3BwLPZd9_xspVlHFZXP2x2N52gzqLNjrFvyxaw8moJKrSx3fz_vBYc9GU_nd8OM7fAZ9wJ8OU18_2dj7oJ4hK_qWZtpeNqO4nTTxAx1yHDHag2BKPrMPOXbxLCltDW7waRIr1rByiLcpOedPzf9v1C95NCmRjg21qw-FlezpDOTc/s689/pete%20enns%20tbfnp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="362" data-original-width="689" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNJ39dtNG_WcHsqLXb3BwLPZd9_xspVlHFZXP2x2N52gzqLNjrFvyxaw8moJKrSx3fz_vBYc9GU_nd8OM7fAZ9wJ8OU18_2dj7oJ4hK_qWZtpeNqO4nTTxAx1yHDHag2BKPrMPOXbxLCltDW7waRIr1rByiLcpOedPzf9v1C95NCmRjg21qw-FlezpDOTc/w640-h336/pete%20enns%20tbfnp.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><i style="color: #990000; font-size: xx-large;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;">Relevancy22 Approved</span></b></i></div></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">I'm listing all of Pete Enn's works which can be found on his website and his YouTube video channel. As there is a lot I'm hoping this posting will help in sorting through it to find what you want or may be interested in.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">As with my writings here at <i>Relevancy22</i>, Pete has been working through a jumble of theologies sorting out what to keep, what to throw out, or simply update by way of church teachings.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">After 2000 years of church history we need to do this every now and again just as you would with your own housekeeping chores preventing mold, bacteria, infections, rats, bugs, and so on. Denominational and Sectarian theologies can become a mess after a while. Not all of it is healthy, helpful, or necessary. It becomes outdated, misunderstood, inappropriately applied nto wrong or harming circumstances, and so on.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span>For myself, I have been working off a Covenantal Reformed bible foundation towards what I now call Process (Christian) Theology (as vs. Process Religion, which is also cool, but not Christ-centered). To do that, I had to work through unhelpful earlier Reformed philosophies based on Greek Hellenism, Scientific Reductionism-and-Mechanism</span><span>, Aristotelian forms of Catholic Scholasticism, and various forms of Western/Euro-American Analytical Thought (centered in isolating binary thought, disconnectedness, etc.)</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span>Keeping what I could from the above list I have been actively supplementing these perspectives</span><span> first by using forms of Continental Philosophy (metanarrativism, phenomenology, existentialism, Jungian archetypes, etc) and lately have been recentering all onto Whitehead's Process Philosophy to form a Christian-based Process Theology.... As an aside, having not been educated in Middle-Eastern, Asian, Oceanic, or Native Tribal Religions and Philosophies I cannot speak to those perspectives but wish to stay open to any process-based elements within them.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Hence, over the recent years I have worked through my Christian past recreate a Process-based Christian <i>Theology of Love</i>. Similarly, Mr. Enns has been doing the same against his own personal background. I've also noticed that Pete is recently becoming (2021??) more familiar with <u>Process-based</u> Christian Theology, like myself, using Whitehead as a basis. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span>But decades earlier Pete and I started with the basics of traditional Christianity as interpreted to us by our denominations or bible churches. That is, because of where we were at, we now can know in what directions we must go when testifying of God's love through Jesus Christ and his atoning work. So that after many years of prayer, study, </span><span>research, ministry, and dialogue we each are being moved by the Spirit of God to speak up in our separate ways that the church might course-correct towards healthier forms of witness and testimony, living and ministrations.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span><span>I should also state that it is nearly impossible to make a personal change after so many years of heavy persuasion in our creedal lanes of faith. The task required a lot of </span></span><span>epistemic humility coupled with large, large doses of curiosity importantly led by the Holy Spirit, the Giver of such gifts including the gift of spiritual discernment. If not for this latter gift of discernment, I'm afraid both Pete and myself would have gone "astray" many times along the "forking paths" promising answers and solutions as would seem good to the human soul. Thankfully, the Spirit gave to us a healthy dose of discontent measure by spiritual burden and aggravation by what we have been seeing over the years.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And because of Pete's departure from his university "day-job," he has been forced into deconstructing his faith - along with the equally difficult job of reconstructing his faith. I had to do the same as well... which for me became a very dark wilderness for a very long time until the Lord lifted me out of my "imprisonment" with a deep burden to work out my faith as publically as I could with little to no help to measure my thoughts and directions by.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">I imagine Pete has gone through the same. For without a period of suffering and brokenness, new birth and new life really cannot begin. During my time "in soul prison" or "soul wilderness" I prayed not to leave my dark pit until God was ready to delivery me. I feared that if I left my pain and sorrow too soon I would be no good for the Lord's use.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And mind you, this pit was the removal of all I had known or believed. It left me questioning everything. But the most curious thing was that my faith stayed firm as did the Spirit's presence though in a strange way God had left me and placed brass doors between himself and me. I cannot explain this paradox. But it became my new beginning point from which I either stayed or eventually left.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And so, I stayed until, like the Apostle Paul, I was seasoned by the Spirit that I might begin a new, resurrected ministry unlike anything previous I had undertaken. Ditto, I imagine, with Mr. Enns when cast out from the ivory towers into the work-a-day world of lost faith conviction and scraped testimony. Thomas Jay Oord is another name I know of who has had similar experiences as well. To be a teacher is to first become a learner, then a discerner, and finally one with a great burden. Which is why the bible says not to desire its office... it is a difficult office which either binds or frees one's listeners.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In summary, I've listed all I could find from Pete Enn's websites from first to last; from old playlists to new playlists. And from last to first; from old videos to new videos. On a previous post I have also have listed Pete and Jarad's current books in print. Sincerely, I pray their work and ministry be amazingly helpful both now and in the years ahead for all who come with heavy hearts and troubled souls.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><i>Blessings,</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><i>R.E. Slater</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>May 1, 2023</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi1RoF0T3p9fC0uNNvmMl5stx9uhDxUi8z_EnYsikcj6_eAsDerd6kImOpUxVUDnhVmHIgjxJ0FHQjqTKHgDyg9KeYrq7UiIOthPSl7LY6abBQkLDMh3enwwFc1dJlfF07EKRdum3BqpLRqpJLwGK3PDGZfaPGn2AIfORaqz_bEbRCGh5CUPkSqsdQH1A" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="541" data-original-width="599" height="577" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi1RoF0T3p9fC0uNNvmMl5stx9uhDxUi8z_EnYsikcj6_eAsDerd6kImOpUxVUDnhVmHIgjxJ0FHQjqTKHgDyg9KeYrq7UiIOthPSl7LY6abBQkLDMh3enwwFc1dJlfF07EKRdum3BqpLRqpJLwGK3PDGZfaPGn2AIfORaqz_bEbRCGh5CUPkSqsdQH1A=w640-h577" width="640" /></a></div><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjgBevjXktJzy6zfCoLodhlyFxwB3VSHtNlDnvy2IBaPtitUq661e0diQjTCbbQaDKSJeOQOuPxxVDnEMir4kd8rz5skubO-HbSYxBpJCMWQxCRN8mqdE5B8u3eVVX_EemUPXetsqFqNRii5WmGYp-wUcmNWmkdrkdxmaITv6Zyg1OfowJqc-EU9eBNuQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="1600" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjgBevjXktJzy6zfCoLodhlyFxwB3VSHtNlDnvy2IBaPtitUq661e0diQjTCbbQaDKSJeOQOuPxxVDnEMir4kd8rz5skubO-HbSYxBpJCMWQxCRN8mqdE5B8u3eVVX_EemUPXetsqFqNRii5WmGYp-wUcmNWmkdrkdxmaITv6Zyg1OfowJqc-EU9eBNuQ=w640-h160" width="640" /></a></div><br /></b></span><span style="color: #990000; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold;">THE BIBLE FOR NORMAL PEOPLE</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Website - <a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/about-b4np/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/about-b4np/</span></a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial;">~ Playlists are current through February 2024 ~</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;"><u>YouTube</u></span></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Playlists/Podcasts</span></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@TheBibleforNormalPeople/playlists" target="_blank"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">https://www.youtube.com/@TheBibleforNormalPeople/playlists</span></a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Season 1</b></span> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXq_nGjou6qtUDGMDBo-ChPVdKzN0ZcX3" target="_blank"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXq_nGjou6qtUDGMDBo-ChPVdKzN0ZcX3</span></a></span><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Season 2</b></span> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXq_nGjou6qsJXH03rAEfLJfnibO_WNnP" target="_blank"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXq_nGjou6qsJXH03rAEfLJfnibO_WNnP</span></a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Season 3</b></span><span> - unfound</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Season 4</b> </span><span>- unfound</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Season 5</b> </span>- unfound</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Season 6</b></span> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR" target="_blank"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR</span></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;"><u>SEASON 1</u></span></b></div></span><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">2017.0-23</span></span></div><b><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">IN ORDER</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></b></span><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2efsmYk6Aw&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=139&pp=iAQB"></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2efsmYk6Aw&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=139&pp=iAQB"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;">06:52 Episode 0: Introduction, with Pete Enns and Jared Byas</span></a></div></div><div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v70gF0W5LB0&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=136&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">49:26</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v70gF0W5LB0&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=136&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 1: Rob Bell - What Is The Bible?</a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="color: #2b00fe; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRjCCgtl2TA&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=133&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">60:08</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRjCCgtl2TA&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=133&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 2: Richard Rohr - A Contemplative Look at The Bible</a></div><div style="color: #2b00fe; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSrKKOi4NiA&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=134&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></a></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSrKKOi4NiA&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=134&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">51:08</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSrKKOi4NiA&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=134&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 3: Rachel Held Evans - Unraveling and Re-Raveling the Bibl</a></div></span><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="color: #2b00fe; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8aczQNb50Y&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=131&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">42:36</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8aczQNb50Y&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=131&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 4: Walter Brueggemann - Resurrecting the Bible</a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="color: #2b00fe; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o02SJI8Qh2E&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=135&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">63:20</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o02SJI8Qh2E&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=135&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 5: Mike McHargue - That Topic that Isn't Going Anywhere</a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="color: #2b00fe; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vP-1reuLMLc&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=137&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">49:13</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vP-1reuLMLc&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=137&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 6: AJ Levine - Jesus, Judaism, and Christianity</a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="color: #2b00fe; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8yun-t1sz0&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=127&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">45:58</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8yun-t1sz0&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=127&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 7: Pete Enns & Jared Byas: Teaching the Bible to Your Children</a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="color: #2b00fe; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYdRnhavAnk&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=125&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">58:55</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYdRnhavAnk&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=125&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 8: Kent Sparks - Where Did the Israelites Come From?</a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="color: #2b00fe; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqBuB8_np1Q&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=140&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">56:59</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqBuB8_np1Q&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=140&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 9: Daniel Kirk - Understanding The Human Jesus</a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="color: #2b00fe; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qg3k2hmZPr8&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=128&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">41:44</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qg3k2hmZPr8&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=128&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 10: Pete Enns - The Israelites Believed in Many Gods.</a></div><div style="color: #2b00fe; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VrnPq38QFVo&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=130&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></a></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VrnPq38QFVo&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=130&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">62:48</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VrnPq38QFVo&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=130&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 11: Benjamin D. Sommer - Jewish Views on the Bible</a></div></span><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="color: #2b00fe; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=147udIh2hxg&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=122&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">46:14</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=147udIh2hxg&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=122&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 12: Pete Enns and Jared Byas - Faith and Doubt</a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="color: #2b00fe; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RNKHzTYWlRo&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=129&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">45:18</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RNKHzTYWlRo&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=129&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 13: Marc Brettler - On Being a Jewish Biblical Scholar</a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="color: #2b00fe; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3i8FXUrKqgI&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=123&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">52:12</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3i8FXUrKqgI&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=123&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;"> Episode 14: Matthew Vines - The Bible and The Gay Christian</a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="color: #2b00fe; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwybS86bn0M&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=132&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">50:55</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwybS86bn0M&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=132&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 15: Brian Zahnd - Violence in the Bible</a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="color: #2b00fe; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwJz8Tv0wlM&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=126&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">53:08</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwJz8Tv0wlM&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=126&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 16: Ellen Davis - What is the Practical Value of the OT?</a></div><div style="color: #2b00fe; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_mHDIK0XyE&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=138&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></a></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_mHDIK0XyE&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=138&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">47:08</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_mHDIK0XyE&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=138&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 17: Denis Lamoureux - The Bible, Evolution, & Christian Faith</a></div></span><div style="color: #2b00fe; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2efsmYk6Aw&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=139&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></a></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_g1gPyv-RI&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=112&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">34:53</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_g1gPyv-RI&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=112&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 18: Jared Byas - Taking the Bible Seriously But Not Literally</a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2efsmYk6Aw&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=139&pp=iAQB"><br /></a></div></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sCnNEO7n374&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=117&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">49:18</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sCnNEO7n374&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=117&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 19: Megan DeFranza - The Bible and Intersex Believers</a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2efsmYk6Aw&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=139&pp=iAQB"><br /></a></div></span><div style="color: #2b00fe; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgQMRbkyehc&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=120&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;"></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgQMRbkyehc&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=120&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">58:24</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgQMRbkyehc&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=120&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 20: Diana Butler Bass- The Bible as Experience & Relationship</a></div></span></div><div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZqxAQK--qo&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=115&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">58:50</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZqxAQK--qo&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=115&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 21: Jon D. Levenson - Resurrection in the Hebrew Bible</a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5NZ1G9fTJU&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=109&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">51:08</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5NZ1G9fTJU&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=109&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 22: 5 Things Jesus Wants You to Know about the Adam Story</a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2efsmYk6Aw&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=139&pp=iAQB"><br /></a></div></span><div style="color: #2b00fe; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NeSCvZXF-Mw&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=106&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;"></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NeSCvZXF-Mw&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=106&pp=iAQB" style="color: #2b00fe;">49:35</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NeSCvZXF-Mw&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=106&pp=iAQB"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 23: Beverly Gaventa - What is The Book of Romans Trying To Do?</span></a></div></span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;"><u>SEASON 2</u></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">2018.24 -72</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">0N ORDER</div></b></div></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><b><br /></b></div></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XSilzplYW_g"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">07:05 Disproving the Prooftext | Season 2 | Epis11:36 Dode 7 | 1 Cor 11:3</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCnVGzp4hGg"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">10:24</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCnVGzp4hGg"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Disproving the Prooftext | Season 2 | Episode 6 | Isaiah 53</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bivlhEGC1Yo"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">08:30</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bivlhEGC1Yo"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Disproving the Prooftext | Season 2 | Episode 5 | Jer 29:11</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FS4m6cJmrxc"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">10:39</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FS4m6cJmrxc"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Disproving the Prooftext | Season 2 | Episode 4 | Romans 8:29-30</span></a></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kXfobYHY4Vw"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kXfobYHY4Vw"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">11:36 Disproving the Prooftext | Season 2 | Ep. 3 | 2 Chronicles 7:14</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqT1j3hQsCk"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqT1j3hQsCk"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">09:12 Disproving the Prooftext | Season 2 | Ep. 2 | Romans 13</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vI7b_UMt9uI"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vI7b_UMt9uI"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">09:55 Disproving the Prooftext | Season 2 | Ep. 1 | 1 Corinthians 7:4</span></a></span></div></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;">---</span></div><div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qGkR2U8RBRs&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=116&pp=iAQB"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">46:51</span></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qGkR2U8RBRs&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=116&pp=iAQB"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 24: Nyasha Junior - Womanist Biblical Interpretation</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-6EQRn5FbCI&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=99&pp=iAQB"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">35:45</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-6EQRn5FbCI&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=99&pp=iAQB"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 25: Jared Byas - Jonah</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0S3y5hOHMns&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=101&pp=iAQB"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">45:48 Episode 26: Drew Hart - The Bible, Race, and White Supremacy</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jtq6nIptO-E&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=103&pp=iAQB"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KW9ZG_qdQrA&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=105&pp=iAQB"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">51:40 Episode 27: Pete Enns & Jared Byas: Authority, Revelation & Inspiration</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K05RZNqlumg&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=104&pp=iAQB"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K05RZNqlumg&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=104&pp=iAQB"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">48:50 Episode 28: Greg Boyd - Jesus & Divine Violence</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDAEQh41jno&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=110&pp=iAQB"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">52:32</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDAEQh41jno&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=110&pp=iAQB"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 29: Anthony Le Donne - The Gospels as Memories of Jesus</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nvQZgxt7g-o&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=114&pp=iAQB"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">55:33</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nvQZgxt7g-o&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=114&pp=iAQB"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 30: Pete Enns - Taking a Shot at Divine Violence</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wWJtUEghmDA&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=119&pp=iAQB"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">62:36 Episode 31: The Bible For Normal People: LIVE From Penn State University</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5CIk04K9Ei8&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=102&pp=iAQB"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5CIk04K9Ei8&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=102&pp=iAQB"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">46:13 Episode 32: Carolyn Custis James - Moving Beyond Patriarchy</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sCnNEO7n374&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=117&pp=iAQB"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lsfVIQF6_B4&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=113&pp=iAQB"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">42:18 Episode 33: Pete and Jared - What Is The Bible & What Do We Do With It</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/changing-mind-bible-survivors-guide-jen-hatmaker/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 34: Jen Hatmaker – Changing Your Mind About the Bible: A Survivor’s Guide</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/bible-weapon-brian-mclaren/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 35: Brian McLaren – The Bible As A Weapon</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/how-proverbs-works/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 36: Pete Enns – 7 Things You Need to Know about How the Book of Proverbs Works</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/archaeologists-matters-cynthia-shafer-elliott/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 37: Cynthia Shafer-Elliott – What Archaeologists Do & Why It Matters</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/bible-sacred-object/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 38: Peter Rollins – The Bible as a Sacred Object</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/understanding-deuteronomy-story-israels-kings/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 39: Understanding Deuteronomy & the Story of Israel’s Kings</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/a-contemplative-look-at-the-bible-with-richard-rohr/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 40: Richard Rohr – A Contemplative Look at The Bible</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/reimagining-the-god-of-the-bible-with-william-paul-young/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 41: William Paul Young – Reimagining the God of the Bible</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/how-the-bible-is-curated-with-barbara-brown-taylor/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 42: Barbara Brown Taylor – How the Bible is Curated</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/is-the-bible-true/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 43: Jared Byas – Is the Bible True?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/where-did-the-new-testament-come-from-with-craig-allert/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 44: Craig Allert – Where Did the New Testament Come From?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/romans-for-normal-people-with-pete-enns/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 45: Pete Enns – Romans for Normal People</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Episode 46: Wil Gafney – Womanist Midrash</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Episode 47: Audrey Assad – Deconverting From Certainty</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/who-wrote-the-pentateuch-with-jeffrey-stackert/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 48: Jeffrey Stackert – Who Wrote the Pentateuch?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-49-pete-jared-critical-thinking/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 49: Pete & Jared – Critical Thinking</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-50-rob-bell-what-is-the-bible/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 50: Rob Bell – What is the Bible?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/jesus-justice-and-the-mission-field-with-jamie-wright/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 51: Jamie Wright – Jesus, Justice & the Mission Field</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/ecclesiastes-with-pete-enns/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 52: Pete Enns – Ecclesiastes</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/holy-spirit-holy-bible/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 53: Sarah Bessey – Connecting The Holy Spirit & The Holy Bible</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/ask-pete-episode-55/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 54: Jared & Pete – Q & A</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/rachel-held-evans/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 55: Rachel Held Evans – Unraveling and Re-raveling the Bible</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/evangelicals-old-testament/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 56: Pete Enns – Evangelicals and the Problem of the Old Testament</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/live-from-wild-goose-with-pete-jared-rika-paul/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 57: LIVE from Wild Goose</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/when-and-why-the-bible-was-written/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 58: Bill Schniedewind – When and Why the Bible Was Written</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/how-to-talk-to-people-you-disagree-with/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 59: Jared Byas – How to Talk to People You Disagree With</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/who-is-yahweh-where-did-yahweh-come-from/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 60: Mark Smith – Who Is Yahweh & Where Did Yahweh Come From?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/creeds-confessions-statements-of-belief/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 61: Pete & Jared – Creeds, Confessions & Statements of Belief</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/podcast/#"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Load More</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/a-gentle-reminder-that-the-old-testament-is-part-of-our-bible-and-you-cant-avoid-it/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 62: Brent Strawn – A Gentle Reminder that the Old Testament is Part of Our Bible and You Can’t Avoid It</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/what-does-the-bible-have-to-say-about-politics/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 63: Pete Enns – What Does the Bible Have to Say about Politics—American or Otherwise?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/a-conversation-with-kevin-makins/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 64: Kevin Makins – Reading the Bible Toward Unity Not Uniformity</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/where-did-the-israelites-come-from/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 65: Kent Sparks – Where Did the Israelites Come From? (REISSUE)</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/the-book-of-jeremiah/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 66: Jared Byas – The Book of Jeremiah</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/re-imagining-sacred-speech/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 67: Jonathan Merritt – Re-imagining Sacred Speech</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/hey-jesus/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 68: Trey Pearson – Hey Jesus</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/five-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-gospel-of-mark/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 69: Daniel Kirk – Five Things You Need to Know About the Gospel of Mark</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/the-tgc-doesnt-really-get-progressive-christianity-and-atheism/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 70: Pete Enns – TGC Doesn’t Really Get Progressive Christianity and Atheism</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/the-bible-and-orthodox-faith/"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 71: Brad Jersak – The Bible And Orthodox Faith</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="#"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Episode 72: What Is the Bible & What Do We Do with It: Season 2 Recap</span></a></span></div></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;"><u>SEASON 3</u></span></b></div></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><div style="text-align: center;"><div dir="auto"><span style="font-size: x-large;">2019.73-112</span></div><div dir="auto"><br /></div></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">IN ORDER OF NEWEST TO OLDEST</div></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/how-how-the-bible-actually-works-works-with-pete-and-jared/">Episode 112: Pete and Jared – How “How the Bible Actually Works” Works</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/interview-with-tom-oord-the-uncontrolling-love-of-god/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/interview-with-tom-oord-the-uncontrolling-love-of-god/">Episode 111: Tom Oord – Uncontrolling Love of God</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/pete-ruins-exodus-part-6/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/pete-ruins-exodus-part-6/">Episode 110: Pete Enns – Pete Ruins Exodus (Part 6)</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/interview-with-megan-defranza-the-bible-and-intersex-believers/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/interview-with-megan-defranza-the-bible-and-intersex-believers/">Episode 109: Megan DeFranza – The Bible and Intersex Believers (REISSUE)</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/interview-with-pete-wehner-faith-politics-polarization/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/interview-with-pete-wehner-faith-politics-polarization/">Episode 108: Pete Wehner – Faith, Politics, & Polarization</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/interview-with-cindy-wang-brandt-raising-children-in-the-faith/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/interview-with-cindy-wang-brandt-raising-children-in-the-faith/">Episode 107: Cindy Wang Brandt – Raising Children in the Faith</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/5-principles-for-biblical-interpretation-with-jared-byas/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/5-principles-for-biblical-interpretation-with-jared-byas/">Episode 106: Jared Byas – 5 Principles for Biblical Interpretation</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/interview-with-dr-wil-gafney-womanist-midrash-perspective-on-the-biblical-text/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/interview-with-dr-wil-gafney-womanist-midrash-perspective-on-the-biblical-text/">Episode 105: Wil Gafney – Womanist Midrash (Reissue)</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/interview-with-jeff-chu-grief-as-a-biblical-practice/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/interview-with-jeff-chu-grief-as-a-biblical-practice/">Episode 104: Jeff Chu – Grief As A Biblical Practice</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/pete-ruins-exodus-part-5/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/pete-ruins-exodus-part-5/">Episode 103: Pete Enns – Pete Ruins Exodus (Part 5)</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/interview-with-jonathan-martin-pentecostalism-as-mysticism/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/interview-with-jonathan-martin-pentecostalism-as-mysticism/">Episode 102: Jonathan Martin – Pentecostalism as Mysticism</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/interview-with-andrew-perriman-does-the-new-testament-predict-the-future/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/interview-with-andrew-perriman-does-the-new-testament-predict-the-future/">Episode 101: Andrew Perriman – Does the New Testament Predict the Future?</a></span></span><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/interview-with-andrew-perriman-does-the-new-testament-predict-the-future/">Episode 101: Andrew Perriman – Does the New Testament Predict the Future?</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-100-genesis-for-normal-people/">Episode 100: Pete & Jared on Genesis</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/interview-with-jennifer-knust-the-bible-as-a-living-document/">Episode 99: Jennifer Knust – The Bible As A Living Document</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/interview-with-pete-holmes-comedy-sex-and-god/">Episode 98: Pete Holmes – Pete Holmes Talks About Comedy, Sex, & God</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/pete-ruins-exodus-part-4/">Episode 97: Pete Enns – Pete Ruins Exodus: Part 4</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/christian-ethics-with-jared-byas/">Episode 96: Jared Byas – Christian Ethics</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/the-bible-womens-spirituality/">Episode 95: Cheryl Bridges Johns – The Bible & Women’s Spirituality</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/do-we-know-god-is-good-from-the-bible/">Episode 94: Pete & Jared – Do We Know God is Good From the Bible?</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/resisting-empire-in-the-book-of-romans/">Episode 93: Keesmaat & Walsh – Resisting Empire in the Book of Romans</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/jesus-judaism-christianity-reissue/">Episode 92: AJ Levine – Jesus, Judaism, & Christianity (REISSUE)</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/pete-ruins-exodus-part-3/">Episode 91: Pete Enns – Pete Ruins Exodus (Part 3)</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/the-biblical-universal-christ/">Episode 90: Richard Rohr – The (Biblical) Universal Christ</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/davids-sordid-past-this-aint-no-kids-story/">Episode 89: Pete and Jared – David’s Sordid Past: This Ain’t No Kids Story</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/reading-the-bible-creatively/">Episode 88: Rachel Held Evans – Reading The Bible Creatively</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/the-art-of-translating-the-bible/">Episode 87: Robert Alter – The Art of Translating the Bible</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/pete-ruins-exodus-part-2/">Episode 86: Pete Enns – Pete Ruins Exodus (Part 2)</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/the-bible-the-lives-of-transgender-christians/">Episode 85: Austen Hartke – The Bible & The Lives of Transgender Christians</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/paul-is-frustrating-on-fornication-wives-obeying-husbands-in-colossians/">Episode 84: Jared Byas – Paul is Frustrating: On Fornication & Wives Obeying Husbands in Colossians</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/the-gospel-of-matthew-on-integrity-hypocrisy/">Episode 83: Judy Stack – The Gospel of Matthew on Integrity & Hypocrisy</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/breaking-free-from-purity-culture/">Episode 82: Linda Kay Klein – Breaking Free From Purity Culture</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/truth-is-subjective-even-in-the-bible/">Episode 81: Pete & Jared – Truth is Subjective…Even in the Bible</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/reading-the-bible-through-the-lens-of-love/">Episode 80: Jonathan Walton – Reading the Bible Through the Lens of Love</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/preaching-the-bible-in-the-black-church/">Episode 79: Austin Channing Brown – Preaching the Bible in the Black Church</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/pete-ruins-exodus-part-1/">Episode 78: Pete Enns – Pete Ruins Exodus (Part 1)</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/anxiety-in-the-life-of-faith/">Episode 77: Elizabeth Enns Petters – Anxiety in the Life of Faith</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/so-when-did-white-christian-america-lose-its-mind/">Episode 76: Xavier Pickett – So When Did White Christian America Lose Its Mind?</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/the-bible-film/">Episode 75: Rhonda Burnette-Bletsch – The Bible & Film</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/gods-children-tell-the-story/">Episode 74: Pete & Jared – God’s Children Tell the Story</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/what-does-christian-art-even-mean/">Episode 73: Propaganda – What Does Christian Art Even Mean?</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/season-3-teaser/">Season 3 Teaser</a></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br style="color: #990000;" /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><u>SEASON 4</u></span></b></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: xx-large;">2020.113-151</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div dir="auto"><br /></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>IN ORDER OF NEWEST TO OLDEST</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial; text-align: left;"><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HB2AkvQP7AU&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=84&pp=iAQB">46:00</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HB2AkvQP7AU&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=84&pp=iAQB">Episode 151: 2020 - Let's Not and Say We Did</a></div><div><span><br /></span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acS-N1bSgx4&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=89&pp=iAQB">45:45</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acS-N1bSgx4&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=89&pp=iAQB">Episode 150: Christopher Rollston - Where Does Hebrew Come From?</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aLla_6-cI0A&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=88&pp=iAQB">48:58</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aLla_6-cI0A&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=88&pp=iAQB">Episode 149: Dan Koch - The End Times & American Christian Culture</a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpH4b8_9poM&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=79&pp=iAQB"><br /><br /></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96pyMLOsDbw&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=81&pp=iAQB">42:26</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96pyMLOsDbw&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=81&pp=iAQB">Episode 148: Pete Enns - Adam, Evangelicalism, & the Metanarrative of Evolution</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7aFnRpNQFhI&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=80&pp=iAQB"><span>62:02</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7aFnRpNQFhI&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=80&pp=iAQB">Episode 147: Benjamin D. Sommer - Does God Have a Body?</a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96pyMLOsDbw&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=81&pp=iAQB"><br /><br /></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yVG1UeFYoiY&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=97&pp=iAQB">37:06</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yVG1UeFYoiY&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=97&pp=iAQB">Episode 146: Jared Byas - Rediscovering Jonah - Part 3</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBSGexkYErA&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=96&pp=iAQB">41:46</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBSGexkYErA&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=96&pp=iAQB">Episode 145: Emilie Townes - The Wisdom of Hope</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ygV82FuduYA"><span>44:24</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ygV82FuduYA"><span>Episode 144: Austen Hartke - The Bible & the Lives of Transgender Christians</span></a> (REISSUE)</span></div><div><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BrLEYvEyTjE"><span><br /></span>48:38</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BrLEYvEyTjE">Episode 143: Martha Himmelfarb - Second Temple Judaism & Apocalyptic Literature</a></span></div></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EocCNKSWZU4&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=83&pp=iAQB"><br /></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uiwoR21cKpg&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=95&pp=iAQB">31:22</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uiwoR21cKpg&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=95&pp=iAQB">Episode 142: Jared Byas - Rediscovering Jonah - Part 2</a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAhBXFnRX40&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=85&pp=iAQB"><br /><br /></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIrktSBw6tY&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=92&pp=iAQB">51:55</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIrktSBw6tY&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=92&pp=iAQB">Episode 141: John Franke - God Is On a Mission and So Can You</a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ny1SYAlctAY&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=93&pp=iAQB"><br /><br />59:21</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ny1SYAlctAY&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=93&pp=iAQB">Episode 140: Paula Fredriksen - When Christians Were Jews</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/interview-with-with-cynthia-shafer-elliott-what-archaeologists-do-why-it-matters-reissue/">BONUS Episode: Cynthia Shafer-Elliott – What Archaeologists Do & Why it Matters (REISSUE)</a></div></span><div style="text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7gHSzmtlDs">48:44</a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7gHSzmtlDs">Episode 139: Pete Enns - You Have Questions, Pete Has Answers</a></span></div><div><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlhbZlPt0zE"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QaSsU-pSmqc"><span>56:18</span></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QaSsU-pSmqc"><span>Episode 138: Pete & Jared - How Love Changes the Meaning of the Bible</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-FVE4grZVNA"><span><br /></span>53:56</a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-FVE4grZVNA">Episode 137: James Kugel - Challenging Our Assumptions About the Bible</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wl22wJddurI"><span><br /></span>63:08</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wl22wJddurI">BONUS: Is the Old Testament Even Important?</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ws0b9gtembY"><span><br /></span>53:01</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ws0b9gtembY">Episode 136: Ariel Sabar - Telling the Truth About Jesus' Wife</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXnvTVvfVow">53:16</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXnvTVvfVow">Episode 135: Gary Anderson - How the Bible Talks About Sin</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uex031-vrGA">58:10</a> <u>Episode 134: </u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uex031-vrGA">Ilia Delio: Grounding God in Evolution</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jtq6nIptO-E">51:18</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jtq6nIptO-E">Episode 133: Pete Enns- The Book of Job</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5U-nusHNJ7w&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=124&pp=iAQB">45:38</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5U-nusHNJ7w&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=124&pp=iAQB">Episode 132: Joe Gordon- A Conversation About Inspiration</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-130-did-the-bible-get-it-wrong/"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 131: Pete & Jared – Did the Bible Get it Wrong?</span></a><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/drew-g-i-hart-the-bible-race-and-white-supremacy-reissue/"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 130: Drew Hart – The Bible, Race, & White Supremacy (REISSUE)</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/brooke-prentis-reading-the-bible-through-aboriginal-eyes/"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 129: Brooke Prentis – Reading the Bible Through Aboriginal Eyes</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/matthias-henze-the-bible-second-temple-judaism/"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 128: Matthias Henze – The Bible & Second Temple Judaism</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/miguel-de-la-torre-diverse-voices-in-biblical-scholarship/"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 127: Miguel De La Torre – Diverse Voices in Biblical Scholarship</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/kirsten-powers-the-journey-to-grace/"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 126: Kirsten Powers – The Journey To Grace</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-125-big-ideas-that-shaped-biblical-scholarship-julius-wellhausen-and-the-pentateuch/"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 125: Pete Enns – Big Ideas that Shaped Biblical Scholarship: Julius Wellhausen and the Pentateuch</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/yii-jan-lin-immigration-the-book-of-revelation/"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 124: Yii-Jan Lin – Immigration & the Book of Revelation</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/rediscovering-jonah-part-1/"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 123: Jared Byas – Rediscovering Jonah – Part 1</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/emerson-powery-the-bible-as-a-source-of-liberation/"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 122: Emerson Powery – The Bible as a Source of Liberation</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-121-the-afterlife/"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 121: Pete and Jared – Pete and Jared Talk About the Afterlife</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/jack-levison-the-spirit-wind-breath-of-god-in-the-bible/"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 120: Jack Levison – The Spirit, Wind, & Breath of God in the Bible</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/xavier-ramey-diversity-social-justice-and-the-gospel/"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 119: Xavier Ramey – Diversity, Social Justice, and the Gospel</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/meghan-henning-does-hell-exist/"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 118: Meghan Henning – Does Hell Exist?</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-117-reading-the-old-testament-christotelicly/"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 117: Pete Enns – Reading the Old Testament Christotelicly</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/sarah-ruden-getting-inside-the-head-of-paul-jesus/"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 116: Sarah Ruden – Getting Inside the Head of Paul & Jesus</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/alison-cook-your-emotions-are-not-your-spiritual-enemy/"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 115: Alison Cook – Your Emotions Are Not Your Spiritual Enemy</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-114-how-to-read-the-bible-in-2020/"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 114: Pete and Jared – How to Read the Bible in 2020</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/interview-with-james-martin-the-gift-of-imagination-in-reading-scripture/"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 113: James Martin – The Gift of Imagination in Reading Scripture</span></a></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;"><u>SEASON 5</u></span></b></div></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"><div dir="auto" style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">2021.152-191</span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-weight: 400;"><br /></div></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>I</b><span style="font-weight: 700;">N ORDER FROM NEWEST TO OLDEST</span></span></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CTBAcEL5CaI"><span>50:18</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CTBAcEL5CaI"><span>Episode 191: Pete & Jared - Creative Interpretation as Necessary</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UbKfCHkfh9E"><span><br /></span>42:04</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UbKfCHkfh9E">Episode 190: Austin Channing Brown - Preaching the Bible in the Black</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wkGcT7cuCTo"><span><br /></span><span>53:38</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wkGcT7cuCTo"><span>Episode 189: Pete Enns - Faith and the New Normal</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhvX9FS0v5Q">46:16</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhvX9FS0v5Q">Episode 188: Willie James Jennings - The Book of Acts & the Acts of the Apostles</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kauEzxQAqRI&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=48&pp=iAQB"><span>53:48</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kauEzxQAqRI&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=48&pp=iAQB">Episode 187: Kirsten Powers - How Grace Saves Us</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NADIe2KFCmo">38:44</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NADIe2KFCmo">Episode 186: Jared Byas - Making of the Modern Mindset, Part 2</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FRmo4cqFcs">38:56</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FRmo4cqFcs">Episode 185: Randy Woodley - Following Jesus as a Native Traditionalist</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpjmYLsxQVw">44:48</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpjmYLsxQVw">Episode 184: Heather Macumber - Monsters in the Bible</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bo6-3aVNr8"><span><br /></span><span>47:58</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bo6-3aVNr8"><span>Episode 183: Jennifer Bashaw - What Did the Crucifixion Do?</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6HZDiB-TlA">51:56</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6HZDiB-TlA">Episode 182: Pete & Jared - The Evolution of Adam</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2EUjqJHm9yU">41:52</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2EUjqJHm9yU">Episode 181: Kate Bowler - The Prosperity Gospel & a Theology of Suffering</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2MPSK1El_k">45:52</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2MPSK1El_k">Episode 180: Brian K. Blount - Revelation for Today</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WR4nqc20rnQ"><span><br /></span>57:44</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WR4nqc20rnQ">Episode 179: Paul Deal - Integrating Faith and Psychology</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B55_60OxP8o"><span><br /></span>1:09:06</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B55_60OxP8o">Episode 178: Pete Enns - Pete Ruins Isaiah</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGOpg9aoqI4">46:34</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGOpg9aoqI4">Episode 177: Obery M. Hendricks, Jr. - Social Justice & the Radical Goal</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdS2osc5TC0">34:10</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdS2osc5TC0">Episode 176: Jared Byas - The Making of the Modern Mindset, Pt. 1</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZrhKqh_U20"><span><br /></span>47:08</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZrhKqh_U20">Episode 175: Jodi Magness - The Jesus of Archaeology</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=998O9rHX1pw"><span><br /></span>52:08</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=998O9rHX1pw">Episode 174: Brian McLaren - The Four Stages of Faith</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pyej3TzKh4M"><span><br /></span><span>43:28</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pyej3TzKh4M"><span>Episode 173: Cheryl B. Anderson - The Ethical Impact of Biblical Interpretations</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=77O9QfpC1Pg"><span><br /></span>49:28</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=77O9QfpC1Pg">Episode 172: Pete Enns - A Whole Different Way of Reading Genesis</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZkZIUp15mf0"><span><br /></span><span>50:08</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZkZIUp15mf0"><span>Episode 171: Ted Lewis - The Origins of God</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLN563TGICk">42:10</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLN563TGICk">Episode 170: Kristin Kobes Du Mez-A Modern Church History of Toxic Masculinity</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHLfM5dbSto">47:06</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHLfM5dbSto">Episode 169: Pete & Jared - The Bible and the "Problem of History"</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X6EP-7zHQtY">47:38</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X6EP-7zHQtY">Episode 168: Xavier Pickett - When Did White Christian America Lose It</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SkdBa-jJ_kM">39:16</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SkdBa-jJ_kM">Episode 167: Joshua Harris - A Story of Public Deconstruction</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPTzZVrf15w"><span>47:28</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPTzZVrf15w"><span>Episode 166: Matthew Paul Turner - Teaching God to Our Kids</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKw4mwMa1xE">47:30</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKw4mwMa1xE">Episode 165: Stephanie Tait - Disability Theology is for Everyone</a></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NQQjIiBsDo&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=57&pp=iAQB">52:42</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NQQjIiBsDo&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=57&pp=iAQB">Episode 164: Pete Enns- Where Did Our Bible Come From?</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Czn9RVLawus&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=62&pp=iAQB">51:02</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Czn9RVLawus&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=62&pp=iAQB">Episode 163: Tripp Fuller - Thinking About Jesus Today</a></span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpH4b8_9poM&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=79&pp=iAQB">40:52</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpH4b8_9poM&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=79&pp=iAQB">Episode 162: Jared & Sarah Byas - Parenting in a Faith Transition</a></span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UoY2Z6F75NU&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=68&pp=iAQB">46:24</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UoY2Z6F75NU&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=68&pp=iAQB">Episode 161: Amanda Mbuvi - Finding Ourselves in the Stories of the Bible</a></span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHLfM5dbSto&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=63&pp=iAQB"><br /></a><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kuTazlUCVdA&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=76&pp=iAQB">47:18</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kuTazlUCVdA&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=76&pp=iAQB">Episode 160: Pete and Jared - The Risk of an "Errant" Bible</a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQpJI1gr3ww&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=77&pp=iAQB"><br /><br />47:00</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQpJI1gr3ww&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=77&pp=iAQB">Episode 159: Richard Elliott Friedman - Who Wrote the Pentateuch?</a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcRE1mf895c&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=78&pp=iAQB"><br /><br />47:31</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcRE1mf895c&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=78&pp=iAQB">Episode 158: Maria Doerfler - Reading the Bible in Times of Crisis</a></span></span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><br /></span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAhBXFnRX40&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=85&pp=iAQB">54:27</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAhBXFnRX40&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=85&pp=iAQB">Episode 157: Nadia Bolz-Weber - Being a Christian in the Messiness</a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LfeW3Dv23fs&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=86&pp=iAQB"><br /><br />48:35</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LfeW3Dv23fs&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=86&pp=iAQB">BONUS Episode: Cynthia Shafer-Elliott - What Archaeologists Do & Why it Matters</a></span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rWHV5x8PddE&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=94&pp=iAQB">43:50</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rWHV5x8PddE&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=94&pp=iAQB">Episode 156: Pete and Jared - Your Questions</a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OD2UnkUiKo8&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=87&pp=iAQB"><br /><br /><span>41:37</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OD2UnkUiKo8&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=87&pp=iAQB">Episode 155: Sarah Bessey - Why Bother Praying?</a></span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axYHSwny6lY">51:21 BONUS Episode</a>: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axYHSwny6lY">AJ Levine & Marc Brettler- How Jews & Christians Read the Bible Differently</a></span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b9teExKhZu0&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=91&pp=iAQB">53:45</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b9teExKhZu0&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=91&pp=iAQB">Episode 153: James Kugel - Shifting Perspectives on God in the Bible</a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIrktSBw6tY&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=92&pp=iAQB"><br /><br /></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EocCNKSWZU4&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=83&pp=iAQB">49:54N</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EocCNKSWZU4&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=83&pp=iAQB">Episode 152: Pete Enns - What Makes Christianity Different?</a></span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><b><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;"><u>SEASON 6</u></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-large; font-weight: 400;">2022.192-230</span></div></span></b><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>I</b><span style="font-weight: 700;">N ORDER FROM NEWEST TO OLDEST</span></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-230-pete-enns-jared-byas-pete-jared-ruin-christmas/"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 230: Pete Enns & Jared Byas – Pete & Jared Ruin Christmas</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-229-joel-marcus-parting-of-the-ways-between-judaism-christianity/"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 229: Joel Marcus – Parting of the Ways Between Judaism & Christianity</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-228-emilie-townes-the-wisdom-of-hope-reissue/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-228-emilie-townes-the-wisdom-of-hope-reissue/">Episode 228: Emilie Townes – The Wisdom of Hope (REISSUE)</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-227-pete-enns-pete-ruins-joshua/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-227-pete-enns-pete-ruins-joshua/">Episode 227: Pete Enns – Pete Ruins Joshua</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-226-meredith-riedel-what-is-byzantine-christianity-and-why-should-we-care/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-226-meredith-riedel-what-is-byzantine-christianity-and-why-should-we-care/">Episode 226: Meredith Riedel – What is Byzantine Christianity? (And Why Should We Care?)</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-225-daniel-kirk-romans-isnt-what-you-think-it-is/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-225-daniel-kirk-romans-isnt-what-you-think-it-is/">Episode 225: Daniel Kirk – Romans Isn’t What You Think It Is</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-224-gregory-mobley-satans-biblical-roots/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-224-gregory-mobley-satans-biblical-roots/">Episode 224: Gregory Mobley – Satan’s Biblical Roots</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-223-jared-byas-misconceptions-about-deconstruction-the-bible/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-223-jared-byas-misconceptions-about-deconstruction-the-bible/">Episode 223: Jared Byas – Misconceptions About Deconstruction & the Bible</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-222-pamela-eisenbaum-paul-salvation/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-222-pamela-eisenbaum-paul-salvation/">Episode 222: Pamela Eisenbaum – Paul & Salvation</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-221-pete-enns-jared-byas-how-to-read-the-bible-now-that-weve-ruined-it/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-221-pete-enns-jared-byas-how-to-read-the-bible-now-that-weve-ruined-it/">Episode 221: Pete Enns & Jared Byas – How to Read the Bible Now That We’ve Ruined It</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-220-joel-baden-the-historical-david/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-220-joel-baden-the-historical-david/">Episode 220: Joel Baden – The Historical David</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-219-jemar-tisby-acknowledging-racism-in-the-church/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-219-jemar-tisby-acknowledging-racism-in-the-church/">Episode 219: Jemar Tisby – Acknowledging Racism in the Church</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-218-pete-enns-pete-ruins-deuteronomy/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-218-pete-enns-pete-ruins-deuteronomy/">Episode 218: Pete Enns – Pete Ruins Deuteronomy</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-217-jonathan-jong-how-scientists-study-religion/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-217-jonathan-jong-how-scientists-study-religion/">Episode 217: Jonathan Jong – How Scientists Study Religion</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-216-rev-dr-angela-n-parker-the-white-supremacy-of-inerrancy/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-216-rev-dr-angela-n-parker-the-white-supremacy-of-inerrancy/">Episode 216: Rev. Dr. Angela N. Parker – The White Supremacy of Inerrancy</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-215-pete-enns-jared-byas-the-center-of-the-hebrew-bible/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-215-pete-enns-jared-byas-the-center-of-the-hebrew-bible/">Episode 215: Pete Enns & Jared Byas – The Center of the Hebrew Bible</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKj4MWPFrI8"><span>49:50</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKj4MWPFrI8"><span>Episode 214: Rabbi Danya Ruttenberg - On Repentance and Repair</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=icnpJ-YWh3g&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=21&pp=iAQB">49:40</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=icnpJ-YWh3g&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=21&pp=iAQB">Episode 213: Amanda Held Opelt - The Honesty of Grief</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1yeJmnlwTo&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=20&pp=iAQB">58:39</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1yeJmnlwTo&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=20&pp=iAQB">Episode 212: Pete Enns - Pete Ruins Numbers</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYI4yUnsviU&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=19&pp=iAQB">46:30</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYI4yUnsviU&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=19&pp=iAQB">Episode 211: David P. Gushee - Christian Ethics & the Memory of</a></div><div><br /></div><div><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MA6jpKJY3mI&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=18&pp=iAQB">48:28</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MA6jpKJY3mI&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=18&pp=iAQB">Episode 210: Sidnie White Crawford - What You Really Need to Know about the Dead Sea Scrolls</a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYI4yUnsviU&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=19&pp=iAQB"><br /><br /></a></span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1iTWovZj1O4">44:15</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1iTWovZj1O4">Episode 209: Jared Byas - Making of the Modern Mindset, Part 4</a><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYI4yUnsviU&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=19&pp=iAQB"><br /></a></span><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJQvol5NuXQ&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=17&pp=iAQB"><br />44:12</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJQvol5NuXQ&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=17&pp=iAQB">Episode 208: David Farrier - What's Going On With Megachurches?</a></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K85uYtrFx88&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=16&pp=iAQB"><br />40:40</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K85uYtrFx88&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=16&pp=iAQB">Episode 207: Pete Enns & Jared Byas - Respecting the Bible for What</a></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2Q6pXrgYcM&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=15&pp=iAQB"><br /><span>46:54</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2Q6pXrgYcM&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=15&pp=iAQB">Episode 206: Dale C. Allison - Approaching the Resurrection of Jesus</a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K85uYtrFx88&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=16&pp=iAQB"><br /></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJQvol5NuXQ&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=17&pp=iAQB"><br /></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgc_66mMNv4&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=14&pp=iAQB">41:14</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgc_66mMNv4&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=14&pp=iAQB">Episode 205: Amy Kenny - My Body Is Not a Prayer Request</a></div><div><br /></div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8w4a1C-Q4Y&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=13&pp=iAQB">1:14:27</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8w4a1C-Q4Y&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=13&pp=iAQB">Episode 204: Pete Enns - Pete Ruins Leviticus</a><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1yeJmnlwTo&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=20&pp=iAQB"><br /><br /></a></span><div><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZSx_JG-wC8&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=12&pp=iAQB">43:10</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZSx_JG-wC8&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=12&pp=iAQB">Episode 203: Andre Henry - Systemic Racism in the Church</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRLqfrUrgLY&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=11&pp=iAQB">48:12</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRLqfrUrgLY&list=PLXq_nGjou6quxmNXbHmk1QUDg2b3tPcQR&index=11&pp=iAQB">Episode 202: Jeff Chu - Grief as a Biblical Practice </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRLqfrUrgLY"><span>(REISSUE)</span></a></div></span></div><div><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fOfrvz9Oi8k"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S_eKaqoC9do"><span>53:05</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S_eKaqoC9do"><span>Episode 201: Debra Rienstra - Eco-Theology: Beyond Stewardship</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KyCxX5W5_mI">47:48</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KyCxX5W5_mI">Episode 200: Pete Enns & Jared Byas - Does the Bible Still Matter?</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4DjkwWW_xw"><span><br /></span>41:46</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4DjkwWW_xw">Episode 199: Becca Stevens - Reimagining Scripture for a Suffering World</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GeVFoY0N2kQ">45:26</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GeVFoY0N2kQ">Episode 198: Anna Sieges - The Minor Prophets and Why We Shouldn't Call them MINOR</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZWTPcGK-SU">32:00</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZWTPcGK-SU">Episode 197: Jared Byas - Making of the Modern Mindset, Part 3</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24ujNWEmzxU"><span><br /></span><span>44:34</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24ujNWEmzxU"><span>Episode 196: Chris Hoklotubbe - The Bible and Native American Spiritual</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySwL-_-cW-8">46:47</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySwL-_-cW-8">Episode 195: Gary Rendsburg - History and the Exodus</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0n0Txmfszec"><span><br /></span>49:25</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0n0Txmfszec">Episode 194: Pete Enns - Staying Christian Is Hard, Isn't It?</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ew3BfsYF8J4"><span><br /></span>57:59</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ew3BfsYF8J4">Episode 193: Lisa Sharon Harper - The Meaning of the Image of God</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5RoAspcn6v0"><span><br /></span><span>51:29</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5RoAspcn6v0"><span>Episode 192: Bishop Michael Curry - Love Makes Room for Us All</span></a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><u>SEASON 7</u></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: xx-large; text-align: left;">2023.231-263</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>I</b><span style="font-weight: 700;">N ORDER FROM NEWEST TO OLDEST</span></span></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-1-pete-enns-jared-byas-what-is-faith-for-normal-people/"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial;">Episode 1: Pete Enns & Jared Byas – What Is Faith for Normal People?</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-2-rhett-jessie-mclaughlin-finding-a-curious-faith/"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial;">Episode 2: Rhett & Jessie McLaughlin – Finding a Curious Faith</span></a></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial; text-decoration-line: underline;">Episode 3: Anil Seth – What Is Consciousness? (and Other Easy Questions)</span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-4-bekah-mcneel-parenting-through-a-faith-transition/"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial;">Episode 4: Bekah McNeel – Parenting Through a Faith Transition</span></a></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-5-k-j-ramsey-what-if-our-bodies-feelings-can-be-trusted/"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial;">Episode 5: K.J. Ramsey – What If Our Bodies & Feelings Can Be Trusted?</span></a></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-6-jonathan-jong-faith-the-fear-of-death/"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial;">Episode 6: Jonathan Jong – Faith & the Fear of Death</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-7-robin-parry-the-historical-roots-of-christian-universalism/"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial;">Episode 7: Robin Parry – The Historical Roots of Christian Universalism</span></a></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial;">---</span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-263-bart-ehrman-the-gospels-historical-reliability/">Episode 263: Bart Ehrman – The Gospels & Historical Reliability</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-262-pete-enns-jared-byas-pete-jared-arent-trying-to-ruin-christmas-this-time/">Episode 262: Pete Enns & Jared Byas – Pete & Jared Aren’t Trying to Ruin Christmas (This Time)</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-261-ekaputra-tupamahu-speaking-in-tongues/">Episode 261: Ekaputra Tupamahu – Speaking in Tongues</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-260-jacob-l-wright-why-the-bible-came-to-be/">Episode 260: Jacob L. Wright – Why the Bible Came to Be</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-259-robyn-whitaker-the-book-of-revelation/">Episode 259: Robyn Whitaker – The Book of Revelation</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-258-marc-brettler-alan-lenzi-the-problem-of-evil-part-1/">Episode 258: Marc Brettler & Alan Lenzi – The Problem of Evil (Part 1)</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-257-pete-enns-pete-ruins-1-kings/">Episode 257: Pete Enns – Pete Ruins 1 Kings</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-256-barbara-leung-lai-the-inner-life-of-biblical-characters/">Episode 256: Barbara Leung Lai – The Inner Life of Biblical Characters</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-255-john-dominic-crossan-the-other-gospels/">Episode 255: John Dominic Crossan – The Other Gospels</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-254-richard-kalmin-the-talmud/">Episode 254: Richard Kalmin – The Talmud</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-253-rev-dr-judy-fentress-williams-the-book-of-ruth/">Episode 253: Rev. Dr. Judy Fentress-Williams – The Book of Ruth</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-252-steed-davidson-the-bibles-ambivalence-toward-empire/">Episode 252: Steed Davidson – The Bible’s Ambivalence Toward Empire</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-251-pete-enns-pete-ruins-2-samuel/">Episode 251: Pete Enns – Pete Ruins 2 Samuel</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/bible-episode-250-safwat-marzouk-the-bizarre-book-of-ezekiel/">Episode 250: Safwat Marzouk – The Bizarre Book of Ezekiel</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-249-shannon-t-l-kearns-reading-scripture-as-a-transgender-christian/">Episode 249: Shannon T.L. Kearns – Reading Scripture as a Transgender Christian</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-248-cheryl-b-anderson-the-ethical-impact-of-biblical-interpretation-reissue/">Episode 248: Cheryl B. Anderson – The Ethical Impact of Biblical Interpretation (REISSUE)</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-247-jared-byas-what-it-means-to-take-the-bible-literally/">Episode 247: Jared Byas – What It Means to Take the Bible Literally</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-246-amy-kalmanofsky-dangerous-sisters-in-the-hebrew-bible/">Episode 246: Amy Kalmanofsky – Dangerous Sisters in the Hebrew Bible</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-245-elizabeth-schrader-polczer-resurrecting-mary-the-tower/">Episode 245: Elizabeth Schrader Polczer – Resurrecting Mary the Tower</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-244-manuel-cruz-what-it-means-to-be-moral/">Episode 244: Manuel Cruz – What It Means to Be Moral</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-243-pete-enns-jared-byas-finding-wisdom-in-the-balance/">Episode 243: Pete Enns & Jared Byas – Finding Wisdom in the Balance</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-242-lisa-marie-bowens-the-cosmic-battle-in-2-corinthians/">Episode 242: Lisa Marie Bowens – The Cosmic Battle in 2 Corinthians</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/bible-episode-241-pete-enns-pete-ruins-1-samuel/">Episode 21: Pete Enns – Pete Ruins 1 Samuel</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-240-dan-mcclellan-why-god-is-like-a-hotdog/">Episode 240: Dan McClellan – Why God Is Like a Hotdog</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-239-cameron-b-r-howard-how-is-the-bible-authoritative/">Episode 239: Cameron B. R. Howard – How Is the Bible Authoritative?</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-238-josh-james-psalms-isnt-what-you-think-it-is/">Episode 238: Josh James – Psalms Isn’t What You Think It Is</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-237-sam-boyd-what-the-tower-of-babel-is-really-about/">Episode 237: Sam Boyd – What the Tower of Babel Is Really About</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-236-pete-enns-jared-byas-should-the-bible-be-read-like-any-other-book/">Episode 236: Pete Enns & Jared Byas – Should the Bible Be Read Like Any Other Book?</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-235-aaron-koller-biblicizing-esther/">Episode 235: Aaron Koller – Biblicizing Esther</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-234-meredith-j-c-warren-meredith-warren-ruins-john-6/">Eisode 234: Meredith J. C. Warren – Meredith Warren Ruins John 6</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-233-pete-enns-pete-ruins-judges/">Episode 233: Pete Enns – Pete Ruins Judges</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-232-david-lambert-is-the-bible-scripture/">Episode 232: David Lambert – Is the Bible “Scripture”?</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-231-beth-allison-barr-pushing-back-against-biblical-womanhood/">Episode 231: Beth Allison Barr – Pushing Back Against Biblical Womanhood</a></span><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><u>SEASON 8</u></span></b></b></div></div><div><b><b><div dir="auto" style="font-weight: 400; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">2024.264-</span></div></b></b></div><b><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">IN ORDER FROM NEWEST TO OLDEST</div></span></b></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">x</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">x</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">~ ~ STAY TUNED... THERE WILL BE MORE TO COME! ~ ~</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>* * * * * * *</b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjgBevjXktJzy6zfCoLodhlyFxwB3VSHtNlDnvy2IBaPtitUq661e0diQjTCbbQaDKSJeOQOuPxxVDnEMir4kd8rz5skubO-HbSYxBpJCMWQxCRN8mqdE5B8u3eVVX_EemUPXetsqFqNRii5WmGYp-wUcmNWmkdrkdxmaITv6Zyg1OfowJqc-EU9eBNuQ" style="font-weight: 700; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="1600" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjgBevjXktJzy6zfCoLodhlyFxwB3VSHtNlDnvy2IBaPtitUq661e0diQjTCbbQaDKSJeOQOuPxxVDnEMir4kd8rz5skubO-HbSYxBpJCMWQxCRN8mqdE5B8u3eVVX_EemUPXetsqFqNRii5WmGYp-wUcmNWmkdrkdxmaITv6Zyg1OfowJqc-EU9eBNuQ=w640-h160" width="640" /></span></a></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">YOUTUBE VIDEOS</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@TheBibleforNormalPeople/videos" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">https://www.youtube.com/@TheBibleforNormalPeople/videos</span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></div></span><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><b><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;"><u>SHORTS</u></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;">IN ORDER OF NEWEST TO OLDEST</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>~~ Note: Vides are a few minutes long to an hour+ ~~</b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><br /></b></div></b></span><span><br /><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><u>SHORTS</u></span></b></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><b><br /></b></span></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: left;"><div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAJ4uilc_vM">7:10</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAJ4uilc_vM">Disproving the Prooftext | Episode 8 | Jeremiah 17:9</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33X_7d1uuDg">10:10</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33X_7d1uuDg">Disproving the Prooftext | Episode 7 | Matthew 25:46</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICU6wRcsIH8">09:53 </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICU6wRcsIH8">Disproving the Prooftext | Episode 6 | Romans 3:23</a></span></div><div><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgc_66mMNv4"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWA2jiWXvIA">13:10</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWA2jiWXvIA">Disproving the Prooftext | Episode 5 | Acts 4:12</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-5COIX4A-I">04:40</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-5COIX4A-I">Why Are There Four Gospels?</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLWj7O_FcQ4">04:24</a><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLWj7O_FcQ4">Calling God They</a></div><div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kFKC084Mxmk">11:15</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kFKC084Mxmk">Zack Hunt - Author Spotlight</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7w7I5z1iVbk"><span><br /></span>08:19</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7w7I5z1iVbk">Truth in Love</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hT0gQbWauFA">02:38</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hT0gQbWauFA">Pastors for Normal People: Jennifer Bashaw</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vQV1PgwA7g">05:43</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vQV1PgwA7g">How the Bible Actually Works (and how it doesn't)</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dNMuFpQ3K_k">02:38</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dNMuFpQ3K_k">What if God Doesn't Want You to Read Bible Stories to Your Children</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlhbZlPt0zE">09:19</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlhbZlPt0zE">Megan Westra - Author Spotlight</a></span></div><div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bRkh6C6TS5s"><span>11:20</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bRkh6C6TS5s"><span>Our Changing Ethics</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><div><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TlfV-rQfycQ"><span>15:24</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TlfV-rQfycQ"><span>If There’s No Adam, Why Did Jesus Have to Die</span></a></span></div><div><div><span><div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ho4FmFB3_Oc">04:42</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ho4FmFB3_Oc">Who Killed Goliath? Elhanan of course.</a></div><span><div><br /></div><div><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCJeYpd5RbM">02:25</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCJeYpd5RbM">The Bible Can Legitimately Mean Different Things to Different People</a></span></div><div><br /></div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uh0s8ARVjlI">05:08</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uh0s8ARVjlI">Did Israel’s Exodus from Egypt Really Happen?</a></span></div><div><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ltiuPbuRzM"><span><br /></span>01:16 </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ltiuPbuRzM">What is The Bible For Normal People?</a></span></div><div><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yx5rzk4QOx0"><span><br /></span>04:26</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yx5rzk4QOx0">Why Does God Drown Pretty Much Everybody in Chapter 6 of the Bible?</a></span></div><div><br /></div></span></div><div><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8D73x83dFY">05:20</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8D73x83dFY">Let’s Talk About Genesis (and Two Creation Stories)</a></span></div></div><div><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96pyMLOsDbw"><span><br /></span></a></span></div><div><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K5Nf9PUJnHE">03:10</a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K5Nf9PUJnHE">There’s No Contradiction Between Adam and Evolution</a></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LOE5t8gE3KI">10:10</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LOE5t8gE3KI">John Sanders - Author Spotlight</a></span></div><div><br /></div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ScCJdQYgE-c">06:10 </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ScCJdQYgE-c">Drew Hart - Author Spotlight<br /></a></span></div></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zU6KgHUfFg"><span><br /></span>08:34</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zU6KgHUfFg">Why Archaeology is Important to Biblical Studies</a></span></div></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-xGCODcb1HE"><span><br /></span>03:36 </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-xGCODcb1HE">Luke T. Harrington - Author Spotlight</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFwIeGSaDLw"><span><br /></span><span>12:49</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFwIeGSaDLw"><span>Raising Children Christian</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZiEan7-ZwU"><span><br /></span>10:49 </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZiEan7-ZwU">Pete on the Book of Job</a></span></div></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VXYfVjjCeVk">06:55</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VXYfVjjCeVk">In the Beginning Was Water</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qq8moCvbdKU">02:52</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qq8moCvbdKU">Paul and the Nursing Mother</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IiaLbdXV2Pk"><span><br /></span>04:15 </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IiaLbdXV2Pk">Jesus and the American Dream</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kx-Xkt-QLE0">12:27</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kx-Xkt-QLE0">Why We Have Apologetics (and the answer may shock you)</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvU1n0nf3uk">08:16</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvU1n0nf3uk">What the Contradictory Voices in the Bible Are Telling Us</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><u><b><span style="font-size: large;">MISCELLANEOUS</span></b></u></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-32-a-holiday-roast/">Episode 32: A Holiday Roast</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-31-adil-hussain-khan-islam-interreligious-dialogue/">Episode 31: Adil Hussain Khan – Islam & Interreligious Dialogue</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-30-padraig-o-tuama-a-poetic-look-at-the-bible/">Episode 30: Pádraig Ó Tuama – A Poetic Look at the Bible</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-29-grace-ji-sun-kim-a-theology-of-visibility/">Episode 29: Grace Ji-Sun Kim – A Theology of Visibility</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-259-robyn-whitaker-the-book-of-revelation/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-28-thomas-jay-oord-the-problem-of-evil-part-2/">Episode 28: Thomas Jay Oord – The Problem of Evil (Part 2)</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-27-christin-fort-attachment-theory-god/">Episode 27: Christin Fort – Attachment Theory & God</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-257-pete-enns-pete-ruins-1-kings/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-26-matthias-roberts-psychology-religious-trauma-reconstructing-faith/">Episode 26: Matthias Roberts – Psychology, Religious Trauma, & Reconstructing Faith</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-256-barbara-leung-lai-the-inner-life-of-biblical-characters/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-25-eddie-howells-christian-mysticism-is-actually-a-thing/">Episode 25: Eddie Howells – Christian Mysticism Is Actually a Thing</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-255-john-dominic-crossan-the-other-gospels/"></a><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-24-cole-arthur-riley-the-body-of-faith/">Episode 24: Cole Arthur Riley – The Body of Faith</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-23-felipe-hinojosa-latino-church-history-is-american-church-history/">Episode 23: Felipe Hinojosa – Latino Church History is American Church History</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-19-sarah-lane-ritchie-belief-the-brain/"></a><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-22-lisa-fullam-making-decisions-the-ignatian-way/">Episode 22: Lisa Fullam – Making Decisions the Ignatian Way</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-19-sarah-lane-ritchie-belief-the-brain/"></a><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/faith-episode-21-hans-halvorson-god-the-cosmos/">Episode 21: Hans Halvorson – God & The Cosmos</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-20-jared-byas-the-revelations-of-jared-byas/">Episode 20: Jared Byas – The Revelations of Jared Byas</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-19-sarah-lane-ritchie-belief-the-brain/">Episode 19: Sarah Lane Ritchie – Belief & the Brain</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-249-shannon-t-l-kearns-reading-scripture-as-a-transgender-christian/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-18-david-bentley-hart-whats-the-deal-with-the-creeds/">Episode 18: David Bentley Hart – What’s the Deal with the Creeds?</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-248-cheryl-b-anderson-the-ethical-impact-of-biblical-interpretation-reissue/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-17-ally-henny-finding-your-voice-in-the-face-of-injustice/">Episode 17: Ally Henny – Finding Your Voice in the Face of Injustice</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-247-jared-byas-what-it-means-to-take-the-bible-literally/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-16-brian-mclaren-the-four-stages-of-faith-reissue/">Episode 16: Brian McLaren – The Four Stages of Faith (REISSUE)</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-246-amy-kalmanofsky-dangerous-sisters-in-the-hebrew-bible/"></a><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-15-dale-c-allison-jr-encountering-mystery/">Episode 15: Dale C. Allison Jr. – Encountering Mystery</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-245-elizabeth-schrader-polczer-resurrecting-mary-the-tower/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-14-dante-stewart-the-power-of-black-literature/">Episode 14: Danté Stewart – The Power of Black Literature</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-249-shannon-t-l-kearns-reading-scripture-as-a-transgender-christian/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-13-kaitlin-curtice-a-fresh-vision-for-the-spiritual-life/">Episode 13: Kaitlin Curtice – A Fresh Vision for the Spiritual Life</a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-243-pete-enns-jared-byas-finding-wisdom-in-the-balance/"></a><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-12-erica-smith-dropping-out-of-purity-culture/">Episode 12: Erica Smith – Dropping Out of Purity Culture</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-11-rainn-wilson-why-we-need-a-spiritual-revolution/">Episode 11: Rainn Wilson – Why We Need a Spiritual Revolution</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-10-d-danyelle-thomas-decolonizing-our-faith/">Episode 10: D. Danyelle Thomas – Decolonizing Our Faith</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-9-jared-byas-the-genesis-of-jared-byas/">Episode 9: Jared Byas – The Genesis of Jared Byas</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episode-8-joseph-henrich-is-christianity-weird/">Episode 8: Joseph Henrich – Is Christianity Weird?</a></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3rZOKNfLhI">00:56</a><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3rZOKNfLhI">Edition #7</a><span><br /><br /></span></span><div><div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XaPQxObJfIE">00:49</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XaPQxObJfIE"> Edition #6</a></span></div></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npkF1WOlUeE">00:50</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npkF1WOlUeE">Edition #5</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bcwmkN76abE">00:41</a><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bcwmkN76abE">Edition #4</a></span></div></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1kX0yeET2o">00:56</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1kX0yeET2o">Edition #3</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jK5YDIqTE54">01:05</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jK5YDIqTE54">Edition #2</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpT2OdanRAA">00:38</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpT2OdanRAA">Edition #1</a></span></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">* * * * * * *</div></div></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #990000;">GOOGLE</span> LISTED PODCASTS</span></b></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: 700;">IN ORDER FROM NEWEST TO OLDEST</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><div jsname="quCAxd" role="list" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="0" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MWVkYzk0MDYtYzk2MC0xMWVlLThmMWUtN2I0NjkyYWRjNmMz?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 16px 0px 24px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">3 days ago</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 263: Bart Ehrman - The Gospels & Historical Reliability</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">We’re back for our eighth season of the podcast! In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, New Testament scholar Bart Ehrman joins Pete and Jared to discuss the historical reliability of the Gospels, highlighting the roles of oral tradition, authorial bias, and contradictions within the texts.
Show Notes →
**********
This episode is sponsored by Lumi. To learn more about microdosing THC, go to Microdose.com and use code NORMALPEOPLE to get free shipping and 30% off your first order.
**********
This episode is sponsored by Factor Meal Kits. Head to www.factormeals.com/normalpeople50 and use code normalpeople50 to get 50% off.
**********
This episode is sponsored by Fast Growing Trees. Right now, they have the best deals online, up to half off on select plants. Listeners get an additional 15% off when using the code NORMALPEOPLE at checkout. Head to FastGrowingTrees.com and use code NORMALPEOPLE at checkout. Offer valid for a limited time.
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5349641751.mp3?updated=1707714469;3" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARAL;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">46 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="1edc9406-c960-11ee-8f1e-7b4692adc6c3" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="1" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZGJkOTBhMTgtYTI4Yi0xMWVlLTk2OTktZmYwMzYwM2U4MDMz?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dec 24, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 32: A Holiday Roast</span></div><div class="sfrUNb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-left: 2px;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc Eid4h" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: block; fill: rgb(250, 123, 23); font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 24 24" height="16px" id="GM" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" x="0px" xml:space="preserve" y="0px"></svg><span><g><path d="M19,3H5C3.9,3,3,3.9,3,5v14c0,1.1,0.9,2,2,2h14c1.1,0,2-0.9,2-2V5C21,3.9,20.1,3,19,3z M19,19H5V5h14V19z"></path><polygon points="15,15 11,15 11,13 15,13 15,11 11,11 11,9 15,9 15,7 9,7 9,17 15,17 "></polygon></g><path d="M0,0h24v24H0V0z" fill="none"></path></span></span></span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Merry Christmas and happy holidays! Podcast producer Brittany and audio engineer/editor Stephen have joined forces to bring you a special blooper episode with behind-the-scenes clips from Season 7 of The Bible for Normal People and Season 1 of Faith for Normal People. From all of us at B4NP, we wish you a joyful, hopeful end to 2023. See you next year!
Note: This episode contains swearing, so maybe not the one to play with little ears around!
Show Notes →
**********
This episode is sponsored by Lumi. To learn more about microdosing THC, go to Microdose.com and use code NORMALPEOPLE to get free shipping and 30% off your first order.
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4458976365.mp3?updated=1704259976;4" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARAO;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">22 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQBQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="dbd90a18-a28b-11ee-9699-ff03603e8033" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="2" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MjE3Mzc2NmUtOWQ1ZC0xMWVlLTlmMGUtYTM3NWVjZDJmMTNm?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dec 17, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 262: Pete Enns & Jared Byas - Pete & Jared Aren’t Trying to Ruin Christmas (This Time)</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Join us for the final episode of The Bible for Normal People Season 7 as Pete and Jared end the year on an easy note by tackling the cultural, historical, and societal context of the birth of Jesus as found in the Bible.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8213680302.mp3?updated=1702873926;5" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARAR;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">46 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQBw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="2173766e-9d5d-11ee-9f0e-a375ecd2f13f" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="3" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NDg5YmFkMGUtOTdlMi0xMWVlLWI0NGQtODMxOWIwZWZmNjBj?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dec 10, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 31: Adil Hussain Khan - Islam & Interreligious Dialogue</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of Faith for Normal People, Pete and Jared are joined by Adil Hussain Khan to talk about the story of Abraham in the Islamic tradition, how Islam differs from Judaism and Christianity, and whether the concept of interreligious dialogue is really as effective as we think.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1600082943.mp3?updated=1702271617;6" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARAU;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">49 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQCQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="489bad0e-97e2-11ee-b44d-8319b0eff60c" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="4" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NmQwYjdlMTYtOTIwYy0xMWVlLTgwYzItZjc0ZGZiMzc5MDk1?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dec 3, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 261: Ekaputra Tupamahu - Speaking in Tongues</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Is the phenomenon of speaking in tongues purely ecstatic or purely linguistic? Join Pete and Jared in this episode of The Bible for Normal People as guest Ekaputra Tupamahu analyzes the history and interpretation of speaking in tongues in the Bible, exploring how this understanding has influenced modern Pentecostal and charismatic movements.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6121375733.mp3?updated=1701629962;7" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARAX;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">39 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQCw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="6d0b7e16-920c-11ee-80c2-f74dfb379095" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="5" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NTQ0YmYxMDAtOGNkMy0xMWVlLTg4ZjYtZDcxZDEzODZjZmI5?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 26, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 30: Pádraig Ó Tuama - A Poetic Look at the Bible</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of Faith for Normal People, hosts Pete Enns and Jared Byas speak with Irish poet and theologian Pádraig Ó Tuama, delving into the appreciation and understanding of the Bible through the lens of poetry and exploring how poetry can offer alternative perspectives on theological questions.
Show Notes →
**********
This episode is sponsored by Lumi. To learn more about microdosing THC, go to Microdose.com and use code NORMALPEOPLE to get free shipping and 30% off your first order.
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5167219707.mp3?updated=1701367284;8" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARAa;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">56 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQDQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="544bf100-8cd3-11ee-88f6-d71d1386cfb9" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="6" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YjQ1MjBlODgtODc1OS0xMWVlLWJjZDMtOGZkZGQ0NDRjZTg3?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 19, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 260: Jacob L. Wright - Why the Bible Came to Be</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Jacob L. Wright joins Pete and Jared to discuss the origins of the Hebrew Bible, moving beyond just the “how” and asking the deeper question of “why” the Bible began, revealing the quest to unite a people group in the midst of defeat.
Show Notes →
**********
This episode is sponsored by Aura Frames, creators of the digital photo frame named the #1 digital picture frame by Wirecutter, The Strategist, and Wired. Recommended by Fast Company, The Wall Street Journal, Forbes, and high-end home design publications.
From now through Black Friday and Cyber Monday visit AuraFrames.com and get 40 dollars off their best-selling Carver Mat frame with the code NORMALPEOPLE. This is their best deal of the year, so get yours now! Terms and conditions apply.
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4204041421.mp3?updated=1700609997;9" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARAd;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">37 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQDw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="b4520e88-8759-11ee-bcd3-8fddd444ce87" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="7" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZmY4NGIzOTYtODFkOC0xMWVlLWJlMDEtNDc1MTYwZmQ2YTU1?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 12, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 29: Grace Ji-Sun Kim - A Theology of Visibility</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of Faith for Normal People, Pete and Anna talk to Grace Ji-Sun Kim about how theology impacts marginalized communities, what intersectionality means, and how theology and biography are synonymous.
Show Notes →
**********
This episode is sponsored by Lumi. To learn more about microdosing THC, go to Microdose.com and use code NORMALPEOPLE to get free shipping and 30% off your first order.
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4396303469.mp3?updated=1700024028;10" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">56 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQEQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="ff84b396-81d8-11ee-be01-475160fd6a55" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="8" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YjA1MzEwOTYtN2MyZi0xMWVlLTllMzQtODMzMzI1ZTkyZTVi?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 5, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 259: Robyn Whitaker - The Book of Revelation</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Pete and Jared are joined by Robyn Whitaker to discuss the themes, movements, and symbolism found within the book of Revelation, as well as the various ways the text has been interpreted (and misinterpreted) throughout Christian history.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8763080642.mp3?updated=1699225991;11" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARAj;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">43 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQEw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="b0531096-7c2f-11ee-9e34-833325e92e5b" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="9" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MzMyNzM2NzYtNzZiZi0xMWVlLWEzNjgtZWY5OTNhY2FiZWEy?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 29, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 28: Thomas Jay Oord - The Problem of Evil (Part 2)</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In part two of our series on the problem of evil, Jared and Pete talk with Tom Oord about why people struggle to reconcile evil and suffering with a good God, theological solutions to the problem throughout history, and how process theology offers a different view of God’s power.
Show Notes →
**********
This episode is sponsored by Lumi. To learn more about microdosing THC, go to Microdose.com and use code NORMALPEOPLE to get free shipping and 30% off your first order.
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7941091360.mp3?updated=1699292969;12" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARAm;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQFQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="33273676-76bf-11ee-a368-ef993acabea2" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="10" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YTIzOWU0MzgtNzE0MS0xMWVlLTgwYWYtYTM5N2Y0ZDM3Yjhi?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 22, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 258: Marc Brettler & Alan Lenzi - The Problem of Evil (Part 1)</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Marc Brettler and Alan Lenzi join Pete and Jared to discuss the context of evil in the Bible and other ancient Mesopotamian texts, giving insight into how people thousands of years ago wrestled with divine sovereignty and human suffering. This is the first of two episodes on the problem of evil—don’t miss part two on Faith for Normal People as Pete and Jared discuss theological frameworks with Tom Oord.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1727115893.mp3?updated=1698024635;13" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARAp;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">56 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQFw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="a239e438-7141-11ee-80af-a397f4d37b8b" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="11" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZDAwZGYwMTAtNmJjMC0xMWVlLTlmNjgtOTM0ODE1NDgxMGEx?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 15, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 27: Christin Fort - Attachment Theory & God</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of Faith for Normal People, Christin Fort and Jared discuss how attachment theory plays into our perceptions of God, the impact of theology on mental health, and how understanding ourselves better psychologically could enrich our faith.
Show Notes →
**********
This episode is sponsored by HelloFresh, America’s #1 Meal Kit. Go to HelloFresh.com/50normalpeople and use code 50normalpeople for 50% off plus free shipping!
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4990688763.mp3?updated=1699292946;14" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARAs;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">53 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQGQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="d00df010-6bc0-11ee-9f68-9348154810a1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="12" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZTY2N2VlMmEtNjY1Ni0xMWVlLWE3OTctYmI5ODMxNWY0OTlm?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 8, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 257: Pete Enns - Pete Ruins 1 Kings</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, our resident destroyer Pete is on a mission to ruin the book of 1 Kings by delving into the historical context and narrative themes of this ancient text which marks the beginning of the end of Israel’s monarchy.
Show Notes →
**********
This episode is sponsored by Lumi. To learn more about microdosing THC, go to Microdose.com and use code NORMALPEOPLE to get free shipping and 30% off your first order.
**********
This episode is sponsored by Garrett Theological Seminary. If you want to take the next step in your education, you can study in person or online at Garrett. Apply before November 15th, and you could be eligible for a minimum 65% scholarship, up to 100% of tuition. Visit Garrett.edu/podcast.
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8405366551.mp3?updated=1699292918;15" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARAv;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 2 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQGw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="e667ee2a-6656-11ee-a797-bb98315f499f" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="13" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZDUwMDViYWMtNWY5MS0xMWVlLWExNzEtNWJkNjFmMTRiYjhj?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 1, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 26: Matthias Roberts - Psychology, Religious Trauma, & Reconstructing Faith</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Matthias Roberts joins Jared and Angela Parker in this episode of Faith for Normal People to talk about his work as a psychotherapist, the path to healing from religious trauma, and what faith after religious trauma might look like.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1126806601.mp3?updated=1696342798;16" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARAy;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">59 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQHQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="d5005bac-5f91-11ee-a171-5bd61f14bb8c" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="14" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/OWM3Y2JiYjQtNWIwMy0xMWVlLTk5YzItMTNjNjE3YjgxNTA4?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 24, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 256: Barbara Leung Lai - The Inner Life of Biblical Characters</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nerd alert—we’re diving into biblical studies in this episode of The Bible for Normal People as Pete and Jared talk with Barbara Leung Lai about her work studying the inner life of characters in the Hebrew Bible. Combining psychological exegesis, perspectives of personality, and Bakhtinian views of polyphony and dialogism, Barbara helps give Bible readers insight into what biblical characters might have thought and felt.
Show Notes →
**********
This episode is sponsored by Lumi. To learn more about microdosing THC, go to Microdose.com and use code NORMALPEOPLE to get free shipping and 30% off your first order.
**********
This episode is sponsored by Garrett Theological Seminary. If you want to take the next step in your education, you can study in person or online at Garrett. Apply before November 15th, and you could be eligible for a minimum 65% scholarship, up to 100% of tuition. Visit Garrett.edu/podcast.
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2157369888.mp3?updated=1699292878;17" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARA1;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">44 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQHw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="9c7cbbb4-5b03-11ee-99c2-13c617b81508" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="15" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NjUwYjczMDAtNTVhNC0xMWVlLWI3YmItMWZhZjFiYjFkMjY3?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 17, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 25: Eddie Howells - Christian Mysticism Is Actually a Thing</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of Faith for Normal People, Eddie Howells joins Pete and Jennifer for an enlightening conversation on the history and theology of Christian mysticism, talking about three strands of its development throughout history, what it looks like to engage with mysticism theologically, and how one can begin to practice mysticism.
Show Notes →
**********
This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/bnp and get on your way to being your best self.
**********
This episode is sponsored by HelloFresh, America’s #1 Meal Kit. Go to HelloFresh.com/50normalpeople and use code 50normalpeople for 50% off plus free shipping!
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6315323951.mp3?updated=1699292758;18" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARA4;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">48 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQIQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="650b7300-55a4-11ee-b7bb-1faf1bb1d267" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="16" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/Y2E4OGZiZjAtNTA1Ny0xMWVlLWEzMjctZjMwOTJmY2M3Yzky?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 10, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 255: John Dominic Crossan - The Other Gospels</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Pete and Jared are joined by renowned scholar John Dominic “Dom” Crossan in this episode of The Bible for Normal People as they take a tour of the gospels that didn’t make the cut for the New Testament. Together they explore three different types of non-canonical gospels and what those texts can teach us about the creation of the Bible.
Show Notes →
**********
This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/bnp and get on your way to being your best self.
**********
This episode is sponsored by Lumi. To learn more about microdosing THC, go to Microdose.com and use code NORMALPEOPLE to get free shipping and 30% off your first order.
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8637629246.mp3?updated=1699292724;19" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARA7;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">48 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQIw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="ca88fbf0-5057-11ee-a327-f3092fcc7c92" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="17" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ODMwNDA5ZWEtNGFjNy0xMWVlLWExODgtOWJiNzM4M2Y5NjUx?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 3, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 24: Cole Arthur Riley - The Body of Faith</span></div><div class="sfrUNb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-left: 2px;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc Eid4h" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: block; fill: rgb(250, 123, 23); font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 24 24" height="16px" id="GM" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" x="0px" xml:space="preserve" y="0px"></svg><span><g><path d="M19,3H5C3.9,3,3,3.9,3,5v14c0,1.1,0.9,2,2,2h14c1.1,0,2-0.9,2-2V5C21,3.9,20.1,3,19,3z M19,19H5V5h14V19z"></path><polygon points="15,15 11,15 11,13 15,13 15,11 11,11 11,9 15,9 15,7 9,7 9,17 15,17 "></polygon></g><path d="M0,0h24v24H0V0z" fill="none"></path></span></span></span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Cole Arthur Riley joins Jared on this episode of Faith for Normal People to talk about the harm done by disembodied theology, the value of intergenerational spirituality, the hard work of remembering well, and what a path toward embodied spirituality might look like.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5319155179.mp3?updated=1693793710;20" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARA-;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">55 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQJQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="830409ea-4ac7-11ee-a188-9bb7383f9651" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="18" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/Yjc2MDVjYzgtNDM4MC0xMWVlLWIwNjYtYmYyZDZiZDg2YzIw?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Aug 27, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 254: Richard Kalmin - The Talmud</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Pete and Jared talk with Richard Kalmin about the origins and history of the Talmud, why it was written, and how the text has functioned not just within Jewish history, but also in various modern denominations of Judaism.
Show Notes →
**********
This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/bnp and get on your way to being your best self.
**********
This episode is sponsored by Lumi. To learn more about microdosing THC, go to Microdose.com and use code NORMALPEOPLE to get free shipping and 30% off your first order.
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1444319924.mp3?updated=1692994238;21" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARBB;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">36 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQJw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="b7605cc8-4380-11ee-b066-bf2d6bd86c20" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="19" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NDNlZWY0NGEtM2ZjZC0xMWVlLWJjMDgtNzNiNDE0NDAzMDRj?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Aug 20, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 23: Felipe Hinojosa - Latino Church History is American Church History</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of Faith for Normal People, Felipe Hinojosa joins Pete and Jared to talk about the history of the Latino Mennonite tradition in the United States, Latino political and religious resistance, and what the Civil Rights movement can teach us about wrestling with our theological differences when we’re united toward a common cause.
Show Notes →
**********
This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/bnp and get on your way to being your best self.
**********
This episode is sponsored by HelloFresh, America’s #1 Meal Kit. Go to HelloFresh.com/50normalpeople and use code 50normalpeople for 50% off plus free shipping!
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8798341456.mp3?updated=1692758149;22" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARBE;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 1 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQKQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="43eef44a-3fcd-11ee-bc08-73b41440304c" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="20" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZWQxMTI2ODgtM2EzNy0xMWVlLTk3ZjUtMzdkNTYwM2YzNzAx?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Aug 13, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 253: Rev. Dr. Judy Fentress-Williams - The Book of Ruth</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">We’re uncovering more than Boaz’s feet in this episode of The Bible for Normal People as Judy Fentress-Williams joins Pete and Jared to take a historical-critical look at the symbolism, cultural context, and subversive embrace of the other within the book of Ruth.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2210841056.mp3?updated=1691972820;23" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARBH;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">43 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQKw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="ed112688-3a37-11ee-97f5-37d5603f3701" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="21" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YTc2M2FiNTYtMzRiZi0xMWVlLWJkZmEtZjdjNzI1MmYwZDE4?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Aug 6, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 22: Lisa Fullam - Making Decisions the Ignatian Way</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of Faith for Normal People, moral theologian Lisa Fullam joins Jared to explore virtue ethics, Ignatian spirituality, matters of conscience, and practical methods for moral decision making.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8846737300.mp3?updated=1691371376;24" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARBK;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">54 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQLQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="a763ab56-34bf-11ee-bdfa-f7c7252f0d18" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="22" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZThmODI5MTgtMmY0YS0xMWVlLWIxM2MtMGY3MTY2MTk1YTRi?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jul 30, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 252: Steed Davidson - The Bible’s Ambivalence Toward Empire</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Steed Davidson joins Pete and Jared to explain the origin of postcolonial biblical studies, the outcome of reading Scripture through a postcolonial lens, and how ancient empires could have used the biblical text to endorse their own imperialism.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9157611686.mp3?updated=1690771625;25" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARBN;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">45 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQLw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="e8f82918-2f4a-11ee-b13c-0f7166195a4b" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="23" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NTNiNjQ1ODYtMjlkNC0xMWVlLWIwOTYtMWI1NjAzZWJmMTZi?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jul 23, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 21: Hans Halvorson - God & The Cosmos</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of Faith for Normal People, Pete and Hans Halvorson ponder the origins of the universe, quantum theory, entanglement, the existence of God, and the tension (or lack thereof) between science and faith.
Show Notes →
**********
This episode is sponsored by Lumi. To learn more about microdosing THC, go to Microdose.com and use code NORMALPEOPLE to get free shipping and 30% off your first order.
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8246485773.mp3?updated=1699292648;26" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQMQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="53b64586-29d4-11ee-b096-1b5603ebf16b" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="24" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YjU0Nzg0NzgtMjQ0Ny0xMWVlLTk1MzctMDdmMTc2YjNhZDZm?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jul 16, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 251: Pete Enns - Pete Ruins 2 Samuel</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, we continue on the ruinous journey through the Deuteronomistic History as our troop leader Pete fearlessly guides us through the book of 2 Samuel.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9394629362.mp3?updated=1689560541;27" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARBT;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">54 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQMw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="b5478478-2447-11ee-9537-07f176b3ad6f" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="25" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MWYyYmJiYzgtMWViZS0xMWVlLTgwZjAtZjNiZWEwNTEyZDEy?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jul 9, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 20: Jared Byas - The Revelations of Jared Byas</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of Faith for Normal People, Jared continues his journey of vulnerability and shares how his self-perception, desire for belonging, and struggle with his childhood traditions molded his faith into the shape it takes now.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3488910586.mp3?updated=1688951778;28" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARBW;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">33 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQNQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="1f2bbbc8-1ebe-11ee-80f0-f3bea0512d12" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="26" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YzRlMTZjYTItMTkwMC0xMWVlLThjM2EtYWZhNmY0MmQzMjM3?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jul 2, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 250: Safwat Marzouk - The Bizarre Book of Ezekiel</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Safwat Marzouk joins Pete and Jared for a deep dive into the book of Ezekiel, exploring its historical and geopolitical context, the dual callings of Ezekiel as priest and prophet, and how holiness and justice aren’t at odds when it comes to faithfulness as God’s people.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1151014366.mp3?updated=1688320758;29" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARBZ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">45 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQNw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="c4e16ca2-1900-11ee-8c3a-afa6f42d3237" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="27" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MGNkNzFhYjgtMTNiOS0xMWVlLWJjYmYtZjc5Nzg4MTYzZWQ1?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jun 25, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 19: Sarah Lane Ritchie - Belief & the Brain</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Can science explain our personal religious experiences? In this episode of Faith for Normal People, Pete and Jared are joined by Sarah Lane Ritchie to talk about the advancements and limits of cognitive science of religion in helping us understand the connection between the brain and belief.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7631270741.mp3?updated=1687740390;30" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARBc;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQOQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="0cd71ab8-13b9-11ee-bcbf-f79788163ed5" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="28" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MjRkOTk3ZjYtMGUyMC0xMWVlLThkYjQtMDMxZDcxNTA2MzJi?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jun 18, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 249: Shannon T.L. Kearns - Reading Scripture as a Transgender Christian</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Jared talks with Father Shannon T.L. Kearns, cofounder of Queer Theology, about engaging with Scripture as a transgender Christian, finding a better way to address clobber passages, and why reading the Bible from the margins is imperative for interpreting the biblical text honestly.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4569883078.mp3?updated=1687124603;31" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARBf;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">38 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQOw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="24d997f6-0e20-11ee-8db4-031d7150632b" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="29" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YjBiNDYwZjItMDhjMi0xMWVlLWFhNjEtYjM2MjJhODJlZDhj?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jun 11, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 18: David Bentley Hart - What’s the Deal with the Creeds?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of Faith for Normal People, Pete and David Bentley Hart journey through an abridged history of the origin of the Christian creeds and discuss the purpose the creeds have served in the story of the Christian faith.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2325664693.mp3?updated=1686534769;32" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARBi;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">47 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQPQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="b0b460f2-08c2-11ee-aa61-b3622a82ed8c" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="30" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZWI0MTA2NTQtMDMzNS0xMWVlLWI2NDEtZmY3MTg5OGRmMDc1?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jun 4, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 248: Cheryl B. Anderson - The Ethical Impact of Biblical Interpretation (REISSUE)</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Cheryl B. Anderson joins Pete and Jared to discuss ethics, law, and how we read the Bible. This is a reissue of The Bible for Normal People Episode 173 from July 2021.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4082868997.mp3?updated=1685924761;33" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARBl;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">49 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQPw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="eb410654-0335-11ee-b641-ff71898df075" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="31" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/M2ZlMWUyNDgtMDAyMy0xMWVlLWEzYWMtNDM1ZDRkZDAzYjc0?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 31, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 17: Ally Henny - Finding Your Voice in the Face of Injustice</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of Faith for Normal People, Ally Henny joins Jared to talk about the history of using her voice, what it means to embrace your Holy Hell No, and how speaking the truth can set you free in a world built to keep you silent.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8186173597.mp3?updated=1685586813;34" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARBo;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQQQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="3fe1e248-0023-11ee-a3ac-435d4dd03b74" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="32" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MDc1Mjk1NjgtZmNjNi0xMWVkLWIwZjAtZWZlNmI5MzY5NTIy?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 28, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 247: Jared Byas - What It Means to Take the Bible Literally</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">What do people mean when they say they take the Bible literally? In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Jared breaks down how words in this common phrase are overworked and underpaid, how it functions as a cultural password, and how we can approach the text with intellectual honesty by reading the Bible literarily.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1986082422.mp3?updated=1685216762;35" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARBr;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">37 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQQw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="07529568-fcc6-11ed-b0f0-efe6b9369522" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="33" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZWJhMzJiNGMtZmE0Ni0xMWVkLWJlNDItM2IxZDljNzRmN2Y2?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 24, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 16: Brian McLaren - The Four Stages of Faith (REISSUE)</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of Faith for Normal People, Pete and Jared sit down with Brian McLaren to discuss stages of faith, the prevalence of doubt, and what paths to faith after doubt might look like. This is a reissue of The Bible for Normal People Episode 174 from July 2021.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6384901094.mp3?updated=1685216831;36" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARBu;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 3 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQRQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="eba32b4c-fa46-11ed-be42-3b1d9c74f7f6" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="34" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZDYxNWE1ZTYtZjgzMS0xMWVkLTg2MDktZDcyZTRkY2M1OTZm?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 21, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 246: Amy Kalmanofsky - Dangerous Sisters in the Hebrew Bible</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Jared and Pete are joined by Amy Kalmanofsky to reveal the narrative role of sisters in the Hebrew Bible, explain three categories of sister relationships, and identify “ideal” and “dangerous” sisters in the text.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8794855396.mp3?updated=1684713421;37" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARBx;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">46 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQRw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="d615a5e6-f831-11ed-8609-d72e4dcc596f" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="35" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MTk5ODNkNTgtZjUxMC0xMWVkLTgyZTUtOGIyMDFhM2FjZTJm?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 17, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 15: Dale C. Allison Jr. - Encountering Mystery</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dale C. Allison Jr. joins Pete in this episode of Faith for Normal People to talk about his own mysterious divine encounters, how testimony can become data, and why it’s important to acknowledge the limits of logic when it comes to validating what is unexplainable.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7763571784.mp3?updated=1684381556;38" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARB0;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">53 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQSQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="19983d58-f510-11ed-82e5-8b201a3ace2f" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="36" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YzdlYjg5NDgtZjJjMC0xMWVkLWFlOWUtNGJjMWZjYjY3YTEz?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 14, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 245: Elizabeth Schrader Polczer - Resurrecting Mary the Tower</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Everything you thought you knew about Mary Magdalene is questioned in this episode of The Bible for Normal People, in which Elizabeth Schrader Polczer joins Pete and Jared to discuss textual criticism, the meaning of Magdalene, and why John 11 might not be as straightforward as we think.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6943390903.mp3?updated=1684115108;39" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARB3;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">44 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQSw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="c7eb8948-f2c0-11ed-ae9e-4bc1fcb67a13" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="37" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NmQ5YTJiNjYtZWZhYS0xMWVkLTljYmQtOWZiZjVkMzY5NzU0?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 10, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 14: Danté Stewart - The Power of Black Literature</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of Faith for Normal People, Danté Stewart joins Pete and Jared to share how reading the works of Black authors shaped his spiritual journey and how viewing Black literature as sacred can make us larger, freer, and more loving.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3158867188.mp3?updated=1683775646;40" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARB6;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">56 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQTQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="6d9a2b66-efaa-11ed-9cbd-9fbf5d369754" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="38" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MzBhMjMyNTQtZWQ1MS0xMWVkLWE4MjUtMGI0NzFhNjRmZGUw?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 7, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 244: Manuel Cruz - What It Means to Be Moral</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Pete and Jared are joined by Manuel Cruz to discuss the philosophy of being moral, how morality intersects with the Christian spiritual life, and what we can learn about God from philosophers Jean-Luc Marion and Simone Weil.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2880437981.mp3?updated=1683517563;41" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegQIARB9;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">39 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQTw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="30a23254-ed51-11ed-a825-0b471a64fde0" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="39" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YjFlMGIxZTQtZWExNi0xMWVkLTkxMjEtOWY2NjNkMjIwYmNk?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 3, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 13: Kaitlin Curtice - A Fresh Vision for the Spiritual Life</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of Faith for Normal People, Kaitlin Curtice joins Pete and Jared to talk about her new book Living Resistance and how a life of faith can thrive if we let go of the need for linear success and instead view faith as a cyclical journey toward healing and wholeness.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7523248561.mp3?updated=1683163054;42" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCAAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">54 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQUQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="b1e0b1e4-ea16-11ed-9121-9f663d220bcd" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="40" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YjE4OGM0MWUtZTdjYS0xMWVkLWExY2YtNzMyNDBhNzE5OTFh?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 30, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 243: Pete Enns & Jared Byas - Finding Wisdom in the Balance</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Pete and Jared answer questions from community members in The Society of Normal People, pulling on a common thread of how to move beyond dualism and find wisdom in a more balanced perspective.
Show Notes →
This episode was sponsored by Lumi. To learn more about microdosing THC, go to Microdose.com and use code NORMALPEOPLE to get free shipping & 30% off your first order.
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2101405357.mp3?updated=1683828606;43" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCDAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">41 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQUw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="b188c41e-e7ca-11ed-a1cf-73240a71991a" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="41" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZjFjMDc5YzQtZTQ3Ny0xMWVkLWE2MmQtY2JiYzU0YmM2Nzdi?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 26, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 12: Erica Smith - Dropping Out of Purity Culture</span></div><div class="sfrUNb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-left: 2px;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc Eid4h" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: block; fill: rgb(250, 123, 23); font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 24 24" height="16px" id="GM" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" x="0px" xml:space="preserve" y="0px"></svg><span><g><path d="M19,3H5C3.9,3,3,3.9,3,5v14c0,1.1,0.9,2,2,2h14c1.1,0,2-0.9,2-2V5C21,3.9,20.1,3,19,3z M19,19H5V5h14V19z"></path><polygon points="15,15 11,15 11,13 15,13 15,11 11,11 11,9 15,9 15,7 9,7 9,17 15,17 "></polygon></g><path d="M0,0h24v24H0V0z" fill="none"></path></span></span></span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of Faith for Normal People, Jared and co-host Jennifer Garcia Bashaw talk with sex educator Erica Smith, M.Ed. about the harmful effects of purity culture and the work she does to empower adults who want to create a new sexual ethic for themselves.
Show Notes →
Please note: this episode includes themes of sexuality with vocabulary that may not be suitable for children or public spaces. Please listen with discretion.
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6513591723.mp3?updated=1682544782;44" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCGAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">48 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQVQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="f1c079c4-e477-11ed-a62d-cbbc54bc677b" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="42" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NjhhM2VjMDQtZTI1NC0xMWVkLWE0NTYtMzdkY2RmYWRkMDZl?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 23, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 242: Lisa Marie Bowens - The Cosmic Battle in 2 Corinthians</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Pete and Jared are joined by Lisa Marie Bowens to peel back the layers within 2 Corinthians, examining the themes, rhetoric, and narrative purpose of the cosmic battle between God and Satan depicted by Paul.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2800181503.mp3?updated=1682309323;45" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCJAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">42 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQVw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="68a3ec04-e254-11ed-a456-37dcdfadd06e" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="43" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZDEzY2Y3YTYtZGYxYi0xMWVkLWJkM2QtNzMyOTVjOGRlYWJi?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 19, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 11: Rainn Wilson - Why We Need a Spiritual Revolution</span></div><div class="sfrUNb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-left: 2px;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc Eid4h" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: block; fill: rgb(250, 123, 23); font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 24 24" height="16px" id="GM" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" x="0px" xml:space="preserve" y="0px"></svg><span><g><path d="M19,3H5C3.9,3,3,3.9,3,5v14c0,1.1,0.9,2,2,2h14c1.1,0,2-0.9,2-2V5C21,3.9,20.1,3,19,3z M19,19H5V5h14V19z"></path><polygon points="15,15 11,15 11,13 15,13 15,11 11,11 11,9 15,9 15,7 9,7 9,17 15,17 "></polygon></g><path d="M0,0h24v24H0V0z" fill="none"></path></span></span></span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this very special episode of Faith for Normal People, Pete and Jared are graced by the presence and wisdom of Rainn Wilson, whose new book Soul Boom prescribes a spiritual revolution to treat our self-destruction, emboldening us to move toward a better version of ourselves for the sake of the earth and each other.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2857676802.mp3?updated=1681964187;46" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCMAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 1 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQWQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="d13cf7a6-df1b-11ed-bd3d-73295c8deabb" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="44" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MGI5ZDZkOTQtZGNkNC0xMWVkLWE0ZmQtYjcxYjQ5NGM4NjQw?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 16, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 241: Pete Enns - Pete Ruins 1 Samuel</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Murderous kings, political turmoil, and charismatic shepherds—oh my! In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Pete outlines the thematic underpinnings, historical context, and biblical scholarship surrounding the book of 1 Samuel.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9537630073.mp3?updated=1681704659;47" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCPAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">59 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQWw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="0b9d6d94-dcd4-11ed-a4fd-b71b494c8640" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="45" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/OGU5ZWZlZTQtZDk3Yi0xMWVkLTgwNjAtZDM1ODlmNDBiYWM5?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 12, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 10: D. Danyelle Thomas - Decolonizing Our Faith</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of Faith for Normal People, Pete and Jared talk with D. Danyelle Thomas about how decolonizing Christianity is an act of love toward marginalized communities, and why deconstruction doesn’t go far enough in forming a truly inclusive faith.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7769177370.mp3?updated=1681704621;48" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCSAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">51 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQXQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="8e9efee4-d97b-11ed-8060-d3589f40bac9" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="46" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NmU1YmJjZGUtZDc1MS0xMWVkLWFjMDYtMGIyOGNkMDk5ZjVk?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 9, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 240: Dan McClellan - Why God Is Like a Hotdog</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Jared and Pete talk with Dan McClellan about divine agency in early Israelite thought, and how cognitive linguistics helps us to make sense of the complications that arise from trying to neatly categorize deity vs. non-deity in Scripture.
Show Notes →
This episode was sponsored by Lumi. To learn more about microdosing THC, go to Microdose.com and use code NORMALPEOPLE to get free shipping & 30% off your first order.
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5204616300.mp3?updated=1683828589;49" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCVAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">44 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQXw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="6e5bbcde-d751-11ed-ac06-0b28cd099f5d" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="47" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/N2Y5YzYzYzQtZDNlNC0xMWVkLWI0ZmMtODdmMjQyYTU1MjEy?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 5, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 9: Jared Byas - The Genesis of Jared Byas</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of Faith for Normal People, our beloved co-host Jared Byas bestows upon us the rare gift of vulnerability as he shares his own story of shifting faith through childhood and young adulthood, leading to the birth of The Bible for Normal People.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5817769019.mp3?updated=1680722092;50" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCYAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">41 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQYQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="7f9c63c4-d3e4-11ed-b4fc-87f242a55212" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="48" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/M2VlYzc5MzAtZDE4My0xMWVkLWFiMjktNzM0M2I4YmI5YzQ4?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 2, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 239: Cameron B. R. Howard - How Is the Bible Authoritative?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">What does it mean for the Bible to be authoritative? In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Cameron B. R. Howard joins Pete and Jared to discuss how tradition has impacted the idea of authority of the biblical text, and how reading the Bible as a collection of multi-vocal testimonies can inspire a new outlook on its authority.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8341341979.mp3?updated=1680460777;51" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCbAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">47 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQYw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="3eec7930-d183-11ed-ab29-7343b8bb9c48" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="49" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/Mzg5MGE3NjAtY2VhOC0xMWVkLWFhNzctMzdkZjJiZGZiMzU1?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 29, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 8: Joseph Henrich - Is Christianity Weird?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Cultural anthropologist Joseph Henrich joins Pete and Jared in this episode of Faith for Normal People to explain how the unique psychology of modern Western society was shaped by particular rules about family structure and marriage practices, often forced by religious institutions.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2734739828.mp3?updated=1680147188;52" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCeAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">57 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQZQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="3890a760-cea8-11ed-aa77-37df2bdfb355" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="50" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZGU1MjQ2M2UtY2M1Mi0xMWVkLWExZjktNTM5NWExY2RiYmUw?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 26, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 238: Josh James - Psalms Isn't What You Think It Is</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Pete and Jared are joined by Josh James to embark on an adventure through the Book of Psalms, unpacking the biblical scholarship surrounding this beloved, strange, ancient collection of poetry we so often take at face value—missing the true diversity in authorship and message.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3820947799.mp3?updated=1679889863;53" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARChAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">50 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQZw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="de52463e-cc52-11ed-a1f9-5395a1cdbbe0" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="51" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZWEwOWI3ZWEtYzkwMS0xMWVkLTljYTgtZDM3NTlmMTA0ZjQz?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 22, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 7: Robin Parry - The Historical Roots of Christian Universalism</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of Faith for Normal People, Pete hosts a conversation with Robin Parry about the historical roots, biblical references, and common misunderstandings related to universal salvation in the Christian tradition—as well as the hope it might offer as part of God’s cosmic plan.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4566352136.mp3?updated=1679539945;54" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCkAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">48 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQaQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="ea09b7ea-c901-11ed-9ca8-d3759f104f43" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="52" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/Yzg2NzBiMTQtYzZkMi0xMWVkLWE5MWMtMTc4YTZjNTZhMzkz?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 19, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 237: Sam Boyd - What the Tower of Babel Is Really About</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Sam Boyd joins Pete and Jared to uncover the misconceptions which are often read into the Tower of Babel story and get to the heart of the political and cultural implications of the narrative.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4888255110.mp3?updated=1679284884;55" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCnAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">46 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQaw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="c8670b14-c6d2-11ed-a91c-178a6c56a393" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="53" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NTkzMzU3OWMtYzNhOS0xMWVkLWI5MDItMGYxNTFmMmViYWZj?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 15, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 6: Jonathan Jong - Faith & the Fear of Death</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of Faith for Normal People, social psychologist Jonathan Jong joins Pete and Jared to talk about the history and science behind death anxiety and how the reality of mortality impacts people within and beyond the Christian faith tradition.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8552428956.mp3?updated=1678937365;56" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCqAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 9 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQbQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="5933579c-c3a9-11ed-b902-0f151f2ebafc" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="54" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YjUwMGQ2YWUtYzEzYy0xMWVkLTk3ZTAtMmI5Y2EyMzA4MzFh?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 12, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 236: Pete Enns & Jared Byas - Should the Bible Be Read Like Any Other Book?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Pete and Jared consider how elevating the Bible to a special status can cheapen our experience of reading it as a multi-vocal anthology of literature.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7818936762.mp3?updated=1678670707;57" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCtAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">42 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQbw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="b500d6ae-c13c-11ed-97e0-2b9ca230831a" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="55" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MmY1ZDdmYWEtYmQyZS0xMWVkLThlZTUtN2YzM2U5MjdjZTBi?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 8, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 5: K.J. Ramsey - What If Our Bodies & Feelings Can Be Trusted?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of Faith for Normal People, Jared talks with author and trauma-informed counselor K.J. Ramsey about the impact of trauma, finding hope through loss, and trusting the wisdom of our emotions and our bodies.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9460709146.mp3?updated=1678224832;58" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCwAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 1 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQcQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="2f5d7faa-bd2e-11ed-8ee5-7f33e927ce0b" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="56" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MjJhMzU2YzYtYmJkYi0xMWVkLWI0NDUtNWI1YzUyNWEwMTMz?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 5, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 235: Aaron Koller - Biblicizing Esther</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Aaron Koller joins Pete and Jared in this episode of The Bible for Normal People to explore the book of Esther, discussing scholarly opinions of its historical accuracy, major themes within the narrative, challenges to current Jewish beliefs, and how the story interacts with Purim.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5042833962.mp3?updated=1678079171;59" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCzAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">50 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQcw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="22a356c6-bbdb-11ed-b445-5b5c525a0133" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="57" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MmY3NmFkOTAtYjhiNS0xMWVkLTlkODgtOTczNmY0N2I1ZDEy?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 1, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 4: Bekah McNeel - Parenting Through a Faith Transition</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Bekah McNeel joins Jared and co-host Jennifer Garcia Bashaw in this episode of Faith for Normal People to talk candidly about the challenges of parenting in the midst of a shifting faith—the good, the bad, and the cussing—and how parents can navigate tough conversations with their kids.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2800770863.mp3?updated=1677733085;60" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARC2AQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 2 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQdQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="2f76ad90-b8b5-11ed-9d88-9736f47b5d12" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="58" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZTliZDc0MTQtYjY1Mi0xMWVkLWFkMmYtMGI5MTY4YjhjNzdk?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 26, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 234: Meredith J. C. Warren - Meredith Warren Ruins John 6</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Hold onto your communion wafers, folks! In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Meredith J. C. Warren guides Pete and Jared through eight weird verses in John 6:51-58, exploring whether or not the passage refers to the Eucharist, and how Hellenistic hero literature could have influenced John’s storytelling arc.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1672888922.mp3?updated=1677470887;61" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARC5AQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">42 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQdw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="e9bd7414-b652-11ed-ad2f-0b9168b8c77d" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="59" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NDE5YThlMWUtYjMxMS0xMWVkLTk2ZjktMzcxYTM3MmU3YTdh?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 22, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 3: Anil Seth - What Is Consciousness? (and Other Easy Questions)</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of Faith for Normal People, cognitive neuroscientist Anil Seth leaves no brain region unused as he joins Pete and Jared to talk about consciousness, experience, perception, what it means to be a self, and the ways a life of faith is impacted by being…well, a conscious being.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6214925235.mp3?updated=1677112989;62" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARC8AQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 11 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQeQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="419a8e1e-b311-11ed-96f9-371a372e7a7a" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="60" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/OGE2ODAzMzQtYjAwOS0xMWVkLWE5NDMtNTdlNjE1YzA1NDU2?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 19, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 233: Pete Enns - Pete Ruins Judges</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, our beloved book ruiner Pete brings the gavel down on Judges, examining the historical and literary context of the book and revealing the driving force of the narrative: Israel needs a king.
Show Notes →
ADVERTISEMENT: This episode was sponsored by Lumi Microdosing. To learn more about microdosing THC, go to Microdose.com and use code NORMALPEOPLE to get free shipping & 30% off your first order.
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7257556717.mp3?updated=1683828571;63" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARC_AQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 4 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQew;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="8a680334-b009-11ed-a943-57e615c05456" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="61" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YWRkNTc2MTgtYWQ5Mi0xMWVkLTg1Y2QtMGZjN2VhYmIyMmVm?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 15, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 2: Rhett & Jessie McLaughlin - Finding a Curious Faith</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of Faith for Normal People, Pete and Jared are joined by Rhett and Jessie McLaughlin to talk about their own journey of shifting faith as individuals and as a married couple, what it was like navigating a religious transition in the public eye, and what it looks like to embrace a curious faith.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3580047426.mp3?updated=1676508680;64" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDCAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 7 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQfQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="add57618-ad92-11ed-85cd-0fc7eabb22ef" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="62" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/Yjg2ZmQxMjQtYWIxMC0xMWVkLTk2MmQtZTdhYWFhMzM5ZTBm?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 12, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 232: David Lambert - Is the Bible “Scripture”?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Pete and Jared talk with David Lambert about how scholars define “scripture,” how communities throughout history have changed the meaning and nature of biblical texts, and whether or not the Bible can ever be universally understood as scripture.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6598021800.mp3?updated=1676232929;65" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDFAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">48 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQfw;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="b86fd124-ab10-11ed-962d-e7aaaa339e0f" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="63" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YWRmNGEyMDItYTgwMy0xMWVkLTkxMTAtZjNkMWVlOTRiODZl?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 8, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Faith] Episode 1: Pete Enns & Jared Byas - What Is Faith for Normal People?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Welcome to Faith for Normal People, the only other God-ordained podcast on the internet—brought to you by Pete Enns and Jared Byas of The Bible for Normal People. In this episode, Pete and Jared introduce the show and reflect on how their own experiences of faith evolution led to the vision for Faith for Normal People.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9503546454.mp3?updated=1675897424;66" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDIAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">32 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQgQE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="adf4a202-a803-11ed-9110-f3d1ee94b86e" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="64" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YWZhZGE3YjAtYTU3NC0xMWVkLTk5MTAtZWIxODgyNDMwNWY5?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 5, 2023</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">[Bible] Episode 231: Beth Allison Barr - Pushing Back Against Biblical Womanhood</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">We’re back for the seventh season of The Bible for Normal People and we’re kicking things off with Beth Allison Barr! In this episode, Beth joins Pete and Jared to talk about the historical and cultural development of biblical womanhood in white American evangelicalism and how she has navigated the backlash against her bestselling book The Making of Biblical Womanhood.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8123951875.mp3?updated=1675616451;67" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDLAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">44 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQgwE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="afada7b0-a574-11ed-9910-eb18824305f9" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="65" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZTA4NGIxY2UtNzhlOS0xMWVkLWIzNTEtM2I2MDc5YTU5NGZh?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dec 11, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 230: Pete Enns & Jared Byas - Pete & Jared Ruin Christmas</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">We’re bringing a little bah and a little humbug to the Christmas pageant in this episode of The Bible for Normal People as Pete and Jared do their very best to ruin Christmas! Find out what Christmas means to them, whether Jesus really is the reason for the season, and how your Nativity set is probably lying to you.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5265348745.mp3?updated=1670719101;68" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDOAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">57 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQhQE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="e084b1ce-78e9-11ed-b351-3b6079a594fa" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="66" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MWRlODBkN2MtNzQ0NC0xMWVkLWE4YTctNDcyOWQ4YTU2ODY5?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dec 4, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 229: Joel Marcus - Parting of the Ways Between Judaism & Christianity</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Joel Marcus breaks down the history and intricacies of how, when, and why the Christian religion broke away from Judaism, and how that turn toward independence shaped the New Testament.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3778622109.mp3?updated=1670208066;69" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDRAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQhwE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="1de80d7c-7444-11ed-a8a7-4729d8a56869" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="67" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YjJhM2MwNmEtNmRlZi0xMWVkLTliMzQtN2ZkNzdiNjNiZDYw?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 27, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 228: Emilie Townes - The Wisdom of Hope (REISSUE)</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People Podcast, Pete and Jared talk with Emilie Townes about womanist ethics, interpreting the Bible, and hope.
Show Notes →
This episode was sponsored by Lumi. To learn more about microdosing THC, go to Microdose.com and use code NORMALPEOPLE to get free shipping & 30% off your first order.
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3018417969.mp3?updated=1683828521;70" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDUAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">46 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQiQE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="b2a3c06a-6def-11ed-9b34-7fd77b63bd60" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="68" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MzM3NTkxYzYtNjkyNC0xMWVkLThkYmEtOWIwYjVhZjRmNmE2?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 20, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 227: Pete Enns - Pete Ruins Joshua</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Pete ruins the book of Joshua and evangelical home décor in one fell swoop by examining the historicity of the conquest narrative and the theological consequences of a warrior God who condones violence.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6749539084.mp3?updated=1668984760;71" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDXAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 7 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQiwE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="337591c6-6924-11ed-8dba-9b0b5af4f6a6" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="69" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NDdkNjVjN2EtNjM5NS0xMWVkLWExNGEtYWZiYzQzMTAxYzY1?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 13, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 226: Meredith Riedel - What is Byzantine Christianity? (And Why Should We Care?)</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Meredith Riedel gives an overview of Byzantine Christianity—what it is, when it happened, how it evolved, and why Western Christians should care about it.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1801558717.mp3?updated=1668388402;72" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDaAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">49 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQjQE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="47d65c7a-6395-11ed-a14a-afbc43101c65" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="70" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YjVjOWU3MWMtNWRmZC0xMWVkLWE4MDEtZGYwYzcwNDc1OTY5?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 6, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 225: Daniel Kirk - Romans Isn’t What You Think It Is</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Daniel Kirk joins Pete and Jared to explain the major themes in the book of Romans, why the Romans Road view of salvation is insufficient, and how a focus on God’s righteousness through Jesus Christ shaped Paul's vision of harmony between Jews and Gentiles.
Show Notes →
This episode was sponsored by Lumi. To learn more about microdosing THC, go to Microdose.com and use code NORMALPEOPLE to get free shipping & 30% off your first order.
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7017851971.mp3?updated=1667875992;73" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDdAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">47 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQjwE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="b5c9e71c-5dfd-11ed-a801-df0c70475969" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="71" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YWU4OGQ3NDQtNTg4My0xMWVkLTk4MjQtMjc3ZDMyNGMxNTRi?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 30, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 224: Gregory Mobley - Satan’s Biblical Roots</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Happy Halloween! Pete and Jared embrace spooky season in this episode of The Bible for Normal People as Gregory Mobley discusses the biblical roots, origin stories, and cultural myths surrounding the Satan figure.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6616428564.mp3?updated=1667156551;74" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDgAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">46 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQkQE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="ae88d744-5883-11ed-9824-277d324c154b" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="72" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MmQ0YjhhMTAtNTM0Ni0xMWVkLTg5NjEtYmJlZDEzY2U1MmQx?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 23, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 223: Jared Byas - Misconceptions About Deconstruction & the Bible</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Jared explains the philosophical concept of deconstruction, where it came from, and three misconceptions about deconstruction as related to the Bible.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2382432512.mp3?updated=1666580555;75" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDjAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">46 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQkwE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="2d4b8a10-5346-11ed-8961-bbed13ce52d1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="73" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NzBkMWIzNGEtNGQ4ZC0xMWVkLWJmZDYtMTM0ODVlMjcwOTI0?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 16, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 222: Pamela Eisenbaum - Paul & Salvation</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Pete and Jared are joined by Jewish New Testament scholar Pamela Eisenbaum to talk about the many misunderstandings surrounding Paul, one of the most complicated figures of the New Testament, and the lens through which he viewed the concept of salvation.
Show Notes →
This episode was sponsored by Lumi. To learn more about microdosing THC, go to Microdose.com and use code NORMALPEOPLE to get free shipping & 30% off your first order.
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2745912770.mp3?updated=1665952223;76" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDmAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">56 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQlQE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="70d1b34a-4d8d-11ed-bfd6-13485e270924" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="74" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NDBlMjVhY2UtNDgxMy0xMWVkLWJmOTctZGIzNzMzODBmMzhh?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 9, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 221: Pete Enns & Jared Byas - How to Read the Bible Now That We've Ruined It</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Pete and Jared reflect on all the ruining they’ve been doing, what it means for how we read and connect with the Bible going forward, and how they’ve been personally affected by an evolving view of Scripture.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3589271175.mp3?updated=1665349492;77" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDpAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">41 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQlwE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="40e25ace-4813-11ed-bf97-db373380f38a" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="75" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YWM0YWU4ZDYtNDFlYi0xMWVkLThmMzAtNmY0YzMyMzAwZGI1?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 2, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 220: Joel Baden - The Historical David</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Are the stories written about the biblical character David fact or fiction? Find out in this episode of The Bible for Normal People as Jared, Pete, and professor Joel Baden pull back the curtain to reveal how stories about the infamous King David were spun to make him out as a hero.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1710175482.mp3?updated=1664675890;78" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDsAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">47 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQmQE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="ac4ae8d6-41eb-11ed-8f30-6f4c32300db5" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="76" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/Mjc0ZDliMzQtM2QyMS0xMWVkLTkwOTgtY2I2ZWRlNWY0NDE3?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 25, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 219: Jemar Tisby - Acknowledging Racism in the Church</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Jemar Tisby joins Jared and Pete to talk about the legacy of systemic racism in the white American evangelical church, and how white Christians can practice anti-racism in their personal lives and in their communities.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8198673736.mp3?updated=1664145915;79" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDvAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">45 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQmwE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="274d9b34-3d21-11ed-9098-cb6ede5f4417" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="77" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YzZjZWMyZmUtMzc4Mi0xMWVkLTg1ZjEtMGJhNmM4NjcwMThj?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 18, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 218: Pete Enns - Pete Ruins Deuteronomy</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Pete ruins Deuteronomy by explaining the influence of ancient Near Eastern culture on the laws and the historical narrative of the time, while also exploring the authorship, structure, and core themes of the book.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9088529561.mp3?updated=1663528608;80" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDyAQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 12 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQnQE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="c6cec2fe-3782-11ed-85f1-0ba6c867018c" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="78" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZjRjZjI5ZTItMzFmZi0xMWVkLTg0MTktOGY1YTczMzljMmFl?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 11, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 217: Jonathan Jong - How Scientists Study Religion</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Hold onto your thinking cap, because this episode of The Bible for Normal People is going to get really, really nerdy. Pete and Jared are joined by psychologist, professor, and priest Jonathan Jong to talk about the psychology of religious experiences, how scientists approach truth, and how engaging the Bible is an inherently communal experience.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1463051847.mp3?updated=1662921961;81" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARD1AQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">50 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQnwE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="f4cf29e2-31ff-11ed-8419-8f5a7339c2ae" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="79" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MjYyM2UzN2EtMmM3ZS0xMWVkLTg1NjEtMDc2ZDE2OGYxNTYx?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 4, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 216: Rev. Dr. Angela N. Parker - The White Supremacy of Inerrancy</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Rev. Dr. Angela N. Parker joins Pete and Jared to talk about the impact of white supremacy in the field of biblical interpretation, whether we can truly read the Bible objectively, and how a womanist interpretation of the Bible can lead to liberation for all.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5560832687.mp3?updated=1662589555;82" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARD4AQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">45 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQoQE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="2623e37a-2c7e-11ed-8561-076d168f1561" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="80" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZDFkZDQwNzItMjY1MS0xMWVkLTgwNzktODdiM2YxYjQwNjRl?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Aug 28, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 215: Pete Enns & Jared Byas - The Center of the Hebrew Bible</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Pete and Jared unpack the centrality of the monarchy in the Hebrew Bible, the function of monarchy within the biblical narrative arc, and how not every story or book of the Bible is meant to be used as a devotional for our modern times.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1914046446.mp3?updated=1662589556;83" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARD7AQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">53 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQowE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="d1dd4072-2651-11ed-8079-87b3f1b4064e" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="81" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NzYyOWI0ZDktOWYwMi00Mzc5LWIxYjAtNzdkMjY4MDI2M2Y1?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Aug 14, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 214: Rabbi Danya Ruttenberg - On Repentance and Repair</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Jared and Pete talk with Rabbi Danya Ruttenberg about the practice of repentance and the pursuit of repair in Judaism based on five steps from the medieval philosopher Maimonides.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3195276118.mp3?updated=1662589578;84" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARD-AQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">55 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQpQE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="7629b4d9-9f02-4379-b1b0-77d2680263f5" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="82" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/Yjk2NWMyN2UtMDBiMS00ODE5LTk1YjAtYzc0NGJkMmI1YzFi?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jul 31, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 213: Amanda Held Opelt - The Honesty of Grief</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Amanda Held Opelt joins Pete and Jared to talk about how her faith was impacted by her own experience with grief, and how rituals of mourning practiced by other cultures throughout history can encourage Christians to make room for grief, pain, and suffering within the church and their own lives.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1635599034.mp3?updated=1662589664;85" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCBAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">55 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQpwE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="b965c27e-00b1-4819-95b0-c744bd2b5c1b" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="83" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZWRhMzY2ZDEtNTdlZC00ZDA2LWEwYmQtOWRlNTdjMzM1YTA2?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jul 17, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 212: Pete Enns - Pete Ruins Numbers</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Get your calculators ready…in this episode of The Bible for Normal People Podcast, Pete explores the book of Numbers in all its numerical and narrative glory—census lists, marches around the tabernacle, geopolitics, and even a talking donkey. What’s not to love?
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9986417735.mp3?updated=1662590357;86" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCEAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 4 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQqQE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="eda366d1-57ed-4d06-a0bd-9de57c335a06" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="84" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MDc0MzFkYTItY2ZiNS00YjFjLWE2NGQtNTFkYjA0MWU4Y2I3?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jul 3, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 211: David P. Gushee - Christian Ethics & the Memory of Jesus</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People Podcast, Pete and Jared talk with David P. Gushee about the role of the Bible in Christian ethics and how those ethics can guide our morality as global citizens in a modern world.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4497137294.mp3?updated=1662590691;87" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCHAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQqwE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="07431da2-cfb5-4b1c-a64d-51db041e8cb7" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="85" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/Y2UwOTQzYjctMTZhNi00NWY3LWJmNzctOGM0Y2FiOGZkNDIz?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jun 19, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 210: Sidnie White Crawford - What You Really Need to Know about the Dead Sea Scrolls</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Dr. Sidnie White Crawford joins Pete and Jared to discuss the most important manuscript find in Hebrew Bible studies and how it impacts the New Testament.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7721788109.mp3?updated=1662591723;88" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCKAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">54 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQrQE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="ce0943b7-16a6-45f7-bf77-8c4cab8fd423" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="86" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZjEyMzhhMjgtYzg4NC00ODI0LWIyNzctZDQyM2U5MjBhYjVm?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jun 5, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 209: Jared Byas - Making of the Modern Mindset, Part 4</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People Podcast, Jared Byas concludes his four-part series exploring the shortcomings of evangelicalism’s ties to the modern mindset and how leaving the modern mindset behind can help us live out a more authentic faith.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5918327668.mp3?updated=1662597864;89" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCNAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">48 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQrwE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="f1238a28-c884-4824-b277-d423e920ab5f" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="87" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MmE0MzYyZTUtOGU0My00NWRhLWJjMDMtOTUyYzliYjIwODQ1?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 29, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 208: David Farrier - What's Going On With Megachurches?</span></div><div class="sfrUNb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-left: 2px;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc Eid4h" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: block; fill: rgb(250, 123, 23); font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 24 24" height="16px" id="GM" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" x="0px" xml:space="preserve" y="0px"></svg><span><g><path d="M19,3H5C3.9,3,3,3.9,3,5v14c0,1.1,0.9,2,2,2h14c1.1,0,2-0.9,2-2V5C21,3.9,20.1,3,19,3z M19,19H5V5h14V19z"></path><polygon points="15,15 11,15 11,13 15,13 15,11 11,11 11,9 15,9 15,7 9,7 9,17 15,17 "></polygon></g><path d="M0,0h24v24H0V0z" fill="none"></path></span></span></span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, David Farrier joins Pete and Jared to discuss what he has uncovered while researching the downward spiral of megachurches.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1339919071.mp3?updated=1662750405;90" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCQAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">51 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQsQE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="2a4362e5-8e43-45da-bc03-952c9bb20845" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="88" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/M2E5YmZjMDUtMDQ3My00YTU0LWExYzMtYmJiNmMxZDkzNzQ4?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 22, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 207: Pete Enns & Jared Byas - Respecting the Bible for What It Is (And Isn’t)</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Does the Bible address modern moral questions? In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Pete and Jared dive into a discussion on the uniquely modern tension between an ancient text and modern ethics.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3093294104.mp3?updated=1662751339;91" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCTAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">46 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQswE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="3a9bfc05-0473-4a54-a1c3-bbb6c1d93748" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="89" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZjQ1MTc0NzUtOTMzOC00NzZiLTk1OGQtNTFiYzQyNmYzMjdh?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 15, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 206: Dale C. Allison - Approaching the Resurrection of Jesus as a Historian</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Dale Allison joins Pete and Jared to discuss historical criticism and the resurrection.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3176407149.mp3?updated=1662752122;92" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCWAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQtQE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="f4517475-9338-476b-958d-51bc426f327a" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="90" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZGMxN2ZhMGEtMzJhZi00OWM0LWI0MWQtYmExY2VmNjc0YTBi?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 8, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 205: Amy Kenny - My Body Is Not a Prayer Request</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Amy Kenny joins Pete and Jared to discuss what we have been taught about disability and invites us to reconsider how we think about disability being portrayed in Scripture.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6105833159.mp3?updated=1662752265;93" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCZAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">46 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQtwE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="dc17fa0a-32af-49c4-b41d-ba1cef674a0b" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="91" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NWVhNzgzZjUtMTk4NS00Mjk3LWEyZTItMjY2OGM4MWIyMTg1?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 1, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 204: Pete Enns - Pete Ruins Leviticus</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">We almost named this episode of The Bible for Normal People “Pete Rescues Leviticus,” because for most of you, Leviticus is ruined already. Not easily deterred, Pete Enns dives right in and helps us wrap our heads around what Leviticus is saying about God.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1024404963.mp3?updated=1662756608;94" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCcAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 19 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQuQE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="5ea783f5-1985-4297-a2e2-2668c81b2185" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="92" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/N2JkZjU0ODMtNTMxOS00YjA2LTljY2MtZTdkMDJjNmY4OGRm?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 24, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 203: Andre Henry - Systemic Racism in the Church</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Andre Henry joins Pete and Jared to discuss the cultural and theological underpinnings of systemic racism in the church.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6147128318.mp3?updated=1662757439;95" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCfAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">48 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQuwE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="7bdf5483-5319-4b06-9ccc-e7d02c6f88df" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="93" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YWRhMGY2OWUtZWFjYy00MDRlLWE4YzUtZWQ3YTlkY2ZlZTNm?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 17, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 202: Jeff Chu - Grief as a Biblical Practice (REISSUE)</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Jeff Chu joins Pete and Jared to discuss what the Bible has to say about grief and what grief looks like as a personal, communal, and spiritual practice.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6595756923.mp3?updated=1684938097;96" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCiAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">53 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQvQE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="ada0f69e-eacc-404e-a8c5-ed7a9dcfee3f" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="94" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MmExOTdjMTEtNjIxYi00MzhhLWIyZTEtOWUzMDJmZTY0MzY4?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 10, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 201: Debra Rienstra - Eco-Theology: Beyond Stewardship</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">How are faith and nature interwoven? In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Debra Rienstra joins Pete and Jared to discuss the value of the created world in scripture and what it looks like to care for the earth properly.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4579605305.mp3?updated=1662763312;97" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARClAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">58 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQvwE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="2a197c11-621b-438a-b2e1-9e302fe64368" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="95" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YTNmOWQ4NGMtZjU0Ny00MzkzLWI0YWYtNDM0NjlhZWY3YmM1?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 3, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 200: Pete Enns & Jared Byas - Does the Bible Still Matter?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Pete and Jared celebrate their two-hundredth episode by discussing why the Bible still matters, looking at the Bible as a book of wisdom, and approaching the Bible without being an expert.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9088945045.mp3?updated=1662764309;98" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCoAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">53 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQwQE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="a3f9d84c-f547-4393-b4af-43469aef7bc5" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="96" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/Y2UzNjdiM2ItNDdlZC00MjFkLWI2OGUtNDQ5NDY4Yzk3NzMw?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 27, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 199: Becca Stevens - Reimagining Scripture for a Suffering World</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Becca Stevens joins Pete and Jared to share how the embodiment of faith can be an engine toward great good in the world.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4327135654.mp3?updated=1662764795;99" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCrAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">47 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQwwE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="ce367b3b-47ed-421d-b68e-449468c97730" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="97" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NmJhNjRmM2EtMjM3Yi00YWNhLTk0ZDUtMTNjNjkwMTZjYmM4?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 20, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 198: Anna Sieges - The Minor Prophets and Why We Shouldn't Call Them That</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Anna Sieges joins Pete and Jared to elaborate on the benefits of viewing the Minor Prophets as a literary whole.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6089566451.mp3?updated=1662765162;100" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCuAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">51 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQxQE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="6ba64f3a-237b-4aca-94d5-13c69016cbc8" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="98" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NjA3NDM2Y2UtODI2My00MzBmLWE1MDMtY2NmMGUzNWQ4N2Y2?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 13, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 197: Jared Byas - Making of the Modern Mindset, Part 3</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People Podcast, Jared Byas explores how fundamentalist evangelicalism has bought into the modern mindset in some important ways, while condemning it in other ways.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5354461875.mp3?updated=1662767094;101" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCxAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">37 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQxwE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="607436ce-8263-430f-a503-ccf0e35d87f6" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="99" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZTgxYzJkM2QtMjdlYS00NWNhLTlmNzItZDY2YjAyZjIyY2E4?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 6, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 196: Chris Hoklotubbe - The Bible and Native American Spirituality</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Chris Hoklotubbe joins Pete and Jared to discuss the concept of the trickster, the value of learning from nature, and what a few biblical stories look like through an Indigenous lens.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3927932654.mp3?updated=1662767815;102" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARC0Ag;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">50 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQyQE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="e81c2d3d-27ea-45ca-9f72-d66b02f22ca8" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="100" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MTg4NDBkZTQtMjQyNi00ZTVhLWFlYWUtYmZjYzc0ZWVlMjQw?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 27, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 195: Gary Rendsburg - History and the Exodus</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">How does the Bible interact with history? In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Gary Rendsburg joins Pete and Jared to discuss how history, epic, and theology are interwoven to create the biblical narrative.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3615760728.mp3?updated=1662768100;103" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARC3Ag;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">51 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQywE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="18840de4-2426-4e5a-aeae-bfcc74eee240" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="101" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MjkyNTQ3NGYtMzg0NC00OTU3LTgzZjktMmI2MGVlNDQyOTUx?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 20, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 194: Pete Enns - Staying Christian Is Hard, Isn't It?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Pete works through some common issues that make it hard to stay Christian and shares a few personal reasons why he stays Christian anyway.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7239287185.mp3?updated=1662768568;104" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARC6Ag;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">53 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQzQE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="2925474f-3844-4957-83f9-2b60ee442951" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="102" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MmY1YTEzNzQtNWNhYi00MjZjLWEzYWUtM2RhMTQwNTZmMWFl?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 13, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 193: Lisa Sharon Harper - The Meaning of the Image of God</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People Podcast, Lisa Sharon Harper joins Pete and Jared to discuss the impact that colonization and enslavement had on Scripture and how to begin the humble business of decolonizing our faith.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3221615595.mp3?updated=1662770106;105" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARC9Ag;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 2 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQzwE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="2f5a1374-5cab-426c-a3ae-3da14056f1ae" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="103" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/Y2Y1Mjg3ZGItNGU5My00NmMwLWEwOTgtNjBhNDYzYmViODZh?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 6, 2022</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 192: Bishop Michael Curry - Love Makes Room for Us All</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">What parts of our faith are worth holding onto? In this episode of The Bible for Normal People Podcast, Presiding Bishop Michael Curry joins Pete and Jared to discuss ways to think differently about scripture and the importance of keeping love at the center of your being.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8512861485.mp3?updated=1662770681;106" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDAAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">55 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ0QE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="cf5287db-4e93-46c0-a098-60a463beb86a" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="104" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YjNlNDIzZmUtMGIzMC00MTdmLThjNTUtYWZmM2M5ZDRkNzhh?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dec 12, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 191: Pete & Jared - Creative Interpretation as Necessary</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Pete & Jared discuss the inevitability of reading our own context into the Bible and how reading the Bible creatively can help connect it to our own universe.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3968768384.mp3?updated=1662854324;107" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDDAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">56 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ0wE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="b3e423fe-0b30-417f-8c55-aff3c9d4d78a" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="105" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MGU3Y2YzYjUtNjI0NS00NjYyLTk1NTMtZDYyM2VjZTE5YmVk?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dec 5, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 190: Austin Channing Brown - Preaching the Bible in the Black Church (REISSUE)</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Austin Channing Brown joins Pete and Jared to discuss her experience within various faith traditions and the importance of the Bible, sermons, and community within the Black church.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7577908135.mp3?updated=1684938114;108" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDGAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">47 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ1QE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="0e7cf3b5-6245-4662-9553-d623ece19bed" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="106" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZDIzZGFlOTEtN2IxOS00YjVkLThjYzgtMjhiNTczNzJkNzcz?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 28, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 189: Pete Enns - Faith and the New Normal</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Why is the adjustment of beliefs based on experience often misunderstood or even maligned? In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Pete Enns explores how our formational experiences are not the enemy of faith and that making adjustments to our beliefs based on experience is a normal part of the spiritual journey.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6521260856.mp3?updated=1662856156;109" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDJAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">59 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ1wE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="d23dae91-7b19-4b5d-8cc8-28b57372d773" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="107" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZmY5NGMyOTMtMzJjMi00ZWFiLWI1ZGMtMDU5MzcyNmEwNmNi?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 21, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 188: Willie James Jennings - The Book of Acts & the Acts of the Spirit</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Isn’t Acts just about the founding of the church? In this episode, Willie James Jennings joins Pete and Jared to discuss how the book of Acts reconstitutes what it means to be the people of God.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5541519285.mp3?updated=1662856897;110" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDMAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">51 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ2QE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="ff94c293-32c2-4eab-b5dc-0593726a06cb" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="108" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/OWU2ZmEyMjEtMzIyOC00ZmRmLTg3NGUtZWEzMTc4MTJhMTk1?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 13, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 187: Kirsten Powers - How Grace Saves Us</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Kirsten Powers joins Pete and Jared to discuss toxic public discourse, non-dualistic thinking, and a look at how grace might hold a different meaning than we previously imagined.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3003851027.mp3?updated=1662957845;111" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDPAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">59 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ2wE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="9e6fa221-3228-4fdf-874e-ea317812a195" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="109" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NzU2MTU2NmYtMDM2MS00Zjc4LWFhODItMzYwNzc3NWRjZmQ5?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 7, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 186: Jared Byas - Making of the Modern Mindset, Part 2</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Jared Byas explores the impact of reason and rationalism as he continues his deep dive into the origins of the modern mindset.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4376181758.mp3?updated=1662958661;112" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDSAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">44 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ3QE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="7561566f-0361-4f78-aa82-3607775dcfd9" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="110" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MzMzYzViN2ItMTg3Mi00ODQ5LTk4MmMtZTg5YzhlM2MxMTQ1?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 31, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 185: Randy Woodley - Following Jesus as a Native Traditionalist</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Randy Woodley joins Pete and Jared to discuss the impact of dualistic thinking on theology and how Jesus can be accessed outside of scripture.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4938499966.mp3?updated=1663192254;113" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDVAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">44 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ3wE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="333c5b7b-1872-4849-982c-e89c8e3c1145" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="111" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NGFhZGE1ZTMtNDE5ZS00NWU2LWEyM2QtOTE1MDI1OGIyMmFl?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 24, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 184: Heather Macumber - Monsters in the Bible</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">What comes to mind when you think about monsters? In this episode, Heather Macumber joins Pete and Jared to discuss monster theory and how monsters are more prevalent in scripture than most people realize.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6562894304.mp3?updated=1663192653;114" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDYAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">50 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ4QE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="4aada5e3-419e-45e6-a23d-9150258b22ae" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="112" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/Y2Q0NThlMTEtMDAyOC00MmM4LWFmYzYtOGVkOGNkM2E0ZTlj?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 17, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 183: Jennifer Bashaw - What Did the Crucifixion Do?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this week’s episode, Jennifer Bashaw joins Pete and Jared to discuss how various atonement theories attempt to explain Jesus’s death.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2401973403.mp3?updated=1663193749;115" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDbAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">53 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ4wE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="cd458e11-0028-42c8-afc6-8ed8cd3a4e9c" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="113" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/OGIzZTc3ZGMtYjQ2ZS00Y2Y4LWI1YTQtMDgzY2JkOTc4Njgz?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 10, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 182: Pete & Jared - The Evolution of Adam</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Can Christianity and evolution coexist? In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Pete and Jared discuss a path forward for Christians who accept evolution and want to take the Bible seriously.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9865900104.mp3?updated=1663195218;116" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDeAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">57 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ5QE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="8b3e77dc-b46e-4cf8-b5a4-083cbd978683" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="114" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NTc2YWZjMjktZTM1NC00MTUwLWFjMDMtOGJlYWU5NmZmNTkw?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 3, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 181: Kate Bowler - The Prosperity Gospel & a Theology of Suffering</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this week’s episode, Kate Bowler joins Pete and Jared to discuss how suffering can cause us to adjust what we think God is like and how harmful the prosperity gospel can be.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4089863458.mp3?updated=1663198121;117" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDhAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">47 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ5wE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="576afc29-e354-4150-ac03-8beae96ff590" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="115" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NmE2YTE3NTEtMDJjNy00MjM1LTgzNTAtMjIwODgzN2Y3MWEy?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 26, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 180: Brian K. Blount - Revelation for Today</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The book of Revelation is just plain weird. For this episode, Pete and Jared sit down with Brian K. Blount to discuss how to read and understand the book of Revelation.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5215169018.mp3?updated=1663198097;118" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDkAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">51 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ6QE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="6a6a1751-02c7-4235-8350-2208837f71a2" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="116" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YTQ1MmI4MWQtMTEzYi00NDAzLTk2ZDQtMGY2YjhkYjg2Y2Fm?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 19, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 179: Paul Deal - Integrating Faith and Psychology</span></div><div class="sfrUNb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-left: 2px;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc Eid4h" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: block; fill: rgb(250, 123, 23); font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 24 24" height="16px" id="GM" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" x="0px" xml:space="preserve" y="0px"></svg><span><g><path d="M19,3H5C3.9,3,3,3.9,3,5v14c0,1.1,0.9,2,2,2h14c1.1,0,2-0.9,2-2V5C21,3.9,20.1,3,19,3z M19,19H5V5h14V19z"></path><polygon points="15,15 11,15 11,13 15,13 15,11 11,11 11,9 15,9 15,7 9,7 9,17 15,17 "></polygon></g><path d="M0,0h24v24H0V0z" fill="none"></path></span></span></span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this episode, Pete and Jared sit down with Paul Deal to discuss the intersection of mental health, psychology, and faith.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5438546096.mp3?updated=1663200023;119" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDnAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 3 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ6wE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="a452b81d-113b-4403-96d4-0f6b8db86caf" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="117" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YTY5ODcxZmItZTFlNi00MmNlLWI5ZmEtZTcxNTI5ZmY0MzEz?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 12, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 178: Pete Enns - Pete Ruins Isaiah</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of the Bible for Normal People, Pete Enns continues his habit of ruining things for everyone. Today’s topic is the book of Isaiah, and Pete shares five fun facts that biblical scholars like to talk about that will ruin your life—probably not. We’ll see.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4687925842.mp3?updated=1663200684;120" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDqAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 14 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ7QE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="a69871fb-e1e6-42ce-b9fa-e71529ff4313" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="118" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YzM1OWJiYjMtNWE2MS00ZjRmLWIxMTEtZTdhOTM2MGI5ZDE2?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 5, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 177: Obery M. Hendricks, Jr. - Social Justice & the Radical Gospel</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">For this episode, Pete and Jared are joined by Obery M. Hendricks, Jr., who walks us through pervasive biblical evidence for social justice.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1395956400.mp3?updated=1663212063;121" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDtAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ7wE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="c359bbb3-5a61-4f4f-b111-e7a9360b9d16" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="119" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MmUxNGQ4NjMtMjc3MC00ZDAyLTkzMzctZWUxMDg2YjcxYjAy?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Aug 22, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 176: Jared Byas - The Making of the Modern Mindset, Pt. 1</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">For this episode, Jared Byas takes a deep dive into the origins of the modern mindset and how understanding our own context impacts our study of the Bible.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1331753944.mp3?updated=1663212778;122" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDwAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">39 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ8QE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="2e14d863-2770-4d02-9337-ee1086b71b02" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="120" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZmI1ZWJlZGQtODFiOC00NWE3LWFhYjItZDIwNDEzOWE5ZWFk?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Aug 8, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 175: Jodi Magness - The Jesus of Archaeology</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Pete and Jared sit down with Jodi Magness to discuss what archaeology can teach us about Jesus in his Jewish context. And also - quiches, frittatas, and toilets. Oh my!
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7337172592.mp3?updated=1668710252;123" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDzAg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ8wE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="fb5ebedd-81b8-45a7-aab2-d204139a9ead" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="121" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YWVhMWM3Y2MtMzM4NC00YjRmLWJkMTYtZjExZTgxZGQ2YzE2?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jul 25, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 174: Brian McLaren - The Four Stages of Faith</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Pete and Jared sit down with Brian McLaren to discuss stages of faith, the prevalence of doubt, and what paths to faith after doubt might look like.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4824770091.mp3?updated=1669747608;124" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARD2Ag;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">57 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ9QE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="aea1c7cc-3384-4b4f-bd16-f11e81dd6c16" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="122" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YzYzYmE2MWMtM2VkMi00MDNkLWI1NWEtOTkxNjVmMGM5Mzkx?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jul 11, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 173: Cheryl B. Anderson - The Ethical Impact of Biblical Interpretation</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Can biblical interpretation have an ethical impact? Our guest this week, Cheryl B. Anderson, combines her background as a practicing attorney with her Ph.D. in Biblical studies to create a compelling discussion on ethics, law, and how we read our Bible.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2392560805.mp3?updated=1669747735;125" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARD5Ag;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">49 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ9wE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="c63ba61c-3ed2-403d-b55a-99165f0c9391" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="123" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MjJjYjRhY2ItNzg2Zi00ZGRlLTkwOTYtNjY5YzFjNDg4NDZi?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jun 27, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 172: Pete Enns - A Whole Different Way of Reading Genesis</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Pete looks at Genesis from an angle we’re guessing will be new to many of you. We’re going to focus on the big picture. What is Genesis as a whole about? For what purpose was it written? What is it doing? Those are the big questions we’re going after.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9829730148.mp3?updated=1669747855;126" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARD8Ag;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">55 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ-QE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="22cb4acb-786f-4dde-9096-669c1c48846b" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="124" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MTEzZjQ1YmUtOWE5ZC00ZTA5LWJjMDEtMjUwZTAzYTkzYzcz?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jun 13, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 171: Ted Lewis - The Origins of God</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The word of the day is "complicated" and the nerd-o-meter is set to the max. Join us on this week's episode as Pete & Jared explore the messiness of history and the origins of Yahweh with Dr. Ted Lewis.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5383390101.mp3?updated=1670720172;127" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARD_Ag;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">55 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ-wE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="113f45be-9a9d-4e09-bc01-250e03a93c73" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="125" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/M2ViZWU5MmMtNTJjZi00MWIwLTkyNWYtNGEwY2Q5MDhhMWE5?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jun 6, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 170: Kristin Kobes Du Mez - A Modern Church History of Toxic Masculinity</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Where did white Evangelical support for men like Donald Trump come from? Pete & Jared sit down with Kristin Kobes Du Mez to discuss toxic patterns of masculinity and patriarchy that have surfaced over the past seventy years in the white Evangelical church.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6955169945.mp3?updated=1670720523;128" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCCAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">47 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ_QE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="3ebee92c-52cf-41b0-925f-4a0cd908a1a9" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="126" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YzA2YzllODctYWY4Ny00ZWVlLWFiMWQtYWVjY2UxZDUzNjUy?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 30, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 169: Pete & Jared - The Bible and the "Problem of History"</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">What do you do when you notice something in the Bible that doesn’t pass the muster of historical research? In this episode, Pete & Jared discuss the problem of history found within the pages of the Bible and the implications of history on Christian life and faith.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3223235204.mp3?updated=1670721369;129" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCFAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ_wE;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="c06c9e87-af87-4eee-ab1d-aecce1d53652" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="127" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NWI2YzY5YjMtOGI2MC00NzYwLWIxZTEtN2MzN2Y2ZmU4NzFk?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 23, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 168: Xavier Pickett - When Did White Christian America Lose Its Mind? (REISSUE)</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this reissued episode, Pete & Jared converse with Xavier Pickett about ways in which the Bible and the church have been shaped by hundreds of years of systemic racism and white privilege.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7903030652.mp3?updated=1684938131;130" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCIAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">53 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQgQI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="5b6c69b3-8b60-4760-b1e1-7c37f6fe871d" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="128" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZGFjYzdlMWItMDkwMy00NGUzLTk1MWEtNWE0YjExYjM5YjAw?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 16, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 167: Joshua Harris - A Story of Public Deconstruction</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this episode, Joshua Harris discusses his public deconstruction and how he has wrestled with questions of accountability for harmful ideas while also making room for grace.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2407277113.mp3?updated=1675727424;131" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCLAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">44 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQgwI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="dacc7e1b-0903-44e3-951a-5a4b11b39b00" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="129" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YzFlZjM3ZWMtZDhhMC00N2NmLTg0NjgtNzI1YjI3Yjc5MWUz?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 9, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 166: Matthew Paul Turner - Teaching God to Our Kids</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">How should we talk to our kids about God and the Bible? On this episode, Matthew Paul Turner discusses the importance of allowing children the space to explore spirituality and ask questions about God.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9461868690.mp3?updated=1675727925;132" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCOAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">53 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQhQI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="c1ef37ec-d8a0-47cf-8468-725b27b791e3" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="130" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/M2EwZGM2ODMtODM2MC00YzVjLTgyOGEtNjVjNTExNmIzNDRl?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 2, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 165: Stephanie Tait - Disability Theology is for Everyone</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">We invited Stephanie Tait to discuss the cultural lens of ableism and how disability theology shapes the way she views God and the Bible.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6161663876.mp3?updated=1675728128;133" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCRAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">53 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQhwI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="3a0dc683-8360-4c5c-828a-65c5116b344e" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="131" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MWJmMTliMmEtODU2Yy00ZTVjLTgzZDEtMzIyMzY2MmVmOGZl?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 25, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 164: Pete Enns - Where Did Our Bible Come From?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this episode, Pete talks about where our Bible comes from, its messy history, and what that means for us today.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1059618362.mp3?updated=1675728397;134" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCUAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">58 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQiQI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="1bf19b2a-856c-4e5c-83d1-3223662ef8fe" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="132" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MjQ4OTAxNzAtMDZiNy00MzRmLWFlMWUtYWQ1ZTZhYzczNDEw?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 19, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 163: Tripp Fuller - Thinking About Jesus Today</span></div><div class="sfrUNb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-left: 2px;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc Eid4h" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: block; fill: rgb(250, 123, 23); font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 24 24" height="16px" id="GM" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" x="0px" xml:space="preserve" y="0px"></svg><span><g><path d="M19,3H5C3.9,3,3,3.9,3,5v14c0,1.1,0.9,2,2,2h14c1.1,0,2-0.9,2-2V5C21,3.9,20.1,3,19,3z M19,19H5V5h14V19z"></path><polygon points="15,15 11,15 11,13 15,13 15,11 11,11 11,9 15,9 15,7 9,7 9,17 15,17 "></polygon></g><path d="M0,0h24v24H0V0z" fill="none"></path></span></span></span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">We brought in Tripp Fuller, host of the podcast Homebrewed Christianity, to share his perspective on the Jesus of history and the Christ of theology and its relevancy in our lives today.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3207061447.mp3?updated=1675728727;135" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCXAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">55 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQiwI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="24890170-06b7-434f-ae1e-ad5e6ac73410" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="133" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MzJkZDFmNmMtMDdkYS00ZGI5LThmNGYtZDUzNmJlNzkwODQ2?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 11, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 162: Jared & Sarah Byas - Parenting in a Faith Transition</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Wondering how Jared and his wife, Sarah, have navigated parenting amidst their transitions of faith? They cover what they tell their kids about Christianity, the Bible, and how their parenting is different because of it.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4080244202.mp3?updated=1675728972;136" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCaAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">46 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQjQI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="32dd1f6c-07da-4db9-8f4f-d536be790846" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="134" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MDIxOTczMzMtZDljNS00ZjYwLWE0ZTMtNDQ1ZmEwMTJiNWNi?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 4, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 161: Amanda Mbuvi - Finding Ourselves in the Stories of the Bible</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Why were the stories of the Bible written down? On this episode Amanda Mbuvi shares about how the Bible plays a role in identity formation and how that affects how we read it.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9873894450.mp3?updated=1675729225;137" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCdAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQjwI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="02197333-d9c5-4f60-a4e3-445fa012b5cb" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="135" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/M2Q2NDJiZDAtMTlhMi00OTY4LWIyZjUtZTBlOTFjZDIzNzUy?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 28, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 160: Pete and Jared - The Risk of an "Errant" Bible</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Why is Bible inerrancy so hard for people to give up? Pete and Jared dive into some possible explanations and take a look at the history of the belief that the Bible is inerrant.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2908047301.mp3?updated=1676866373;138" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCgAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">53 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQkQI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="3d642bd0-19a2-4968-b2f5-e0e91cd23752" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="136" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/M2E2ZTAwNzgtMGNhMi00N2U5LWIwZGYtN2E4NWRmZmM2ZjQ3?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 21, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 159: Richard Elliott Friedman - Who Wrote the Pentateuch?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">We love a good discussion on the formation of the Bible. Listen in as we talk to scholar Richard Elliott Friedman about the various texts that make up the Hebrew Bible, what clues we have to date them, and what makes the Bible a unique work of writings.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6641472254.mp3?updated=1676866699;139" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCjAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQkwI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="3a6e0078-0ca2-47e9-b0df-7a85dffc6f47" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="137" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NjYzMGI3ZWUtODQ3NC00Yjc1LTk1NjYtMmE2ZjI4NzkxOTE0?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 14, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 158: Maria Doerfler - Reading the Bible in Times of Crisis</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">There’s many difficult stories the Bible but one people struggle with the most are those dealing with the death of children. On this episode, we are joined by Maria Doerfler who shares rich perspectives on the stories of Jephthah’s daughter, the sacrifice of Isaac, and how people throughout history have interpreted them.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6368012551.mp3?updated=1676866882;140" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCmAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQlQI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="6630b7ee-8474-4b75-9566-2a6f28791914" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="138" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YjMwMjZjNTgtZmY4NC00OTY4LWFlM2YtNDAxY2IwYjFkYmJh?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 7, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 157: Nadia Bolz-Weber - Being a Christian in the Messiness</span></div><div class="sfrUNb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-left: 2px;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc Eid4h" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: block; fill: rgb(250, 123, 23); font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 24 24" height="16px" id="GM" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" x="0px" xml:space="preserve" y="0px"></svg><span><g><path d="M19,3H5C3.9,3,3,3.9,3,5v14c0,1.1,0.9,2,2,2h14c1.1,0,2-0.9,2-2V5C21,3.9,20.1,3,19,3z M19,19H5V5h14V19z"></path><polygon points="15,15 11,15 11,13 15,13 15,11 11,11 11,9 15,9 15,7 9,7 9,17 15,17 "></polygon></g><path d="M0,0h24v24H0V0z" fill="none"></path></span></span></span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">We had a great conversation with Nadia Bolz-Weber about what is compelling about Christianity, why we all need to stop trying so hard, and what in the world there is to be hopeful about.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2654269669.mp3?updated=1676867100;141" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCpAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">59 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQlwI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="b3026c58-ff84-4968-ae3f-401cb0b1dbba" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="139" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZWQ0MWRkODMtNmJlOC00MWRlLWJjOWQtNzk5ZDYzYmQ1NTYy?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 28, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 156: Pete and Jared - Your Questions About Prayer, Marriage, White Jesus, an Angry God, and a Murky Bible</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode we are answering some of the most asked questions on our Ask Pete page. We get into a lot of topics like how other cultures interpret Jesus, how normal people can study the Bible on their own, and how we make meaning out of the Bible.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5973162889.mp3?updated=1676964616;142" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCsAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">49 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQmQI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="ed41dd83-6be8-41de-bc9d-799d63bd5562" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="140" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NzdjOTg4NjItNDIxNi00MGFjLTk0OGQtZmJmYTQyNDQ1YTIw?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 21, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 155: Sarah Bessey - Why Bother Praying?</span></div><div class="sfrUNb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-left: 2px;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc Eid4h" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: block; fill: rgb(250, 123, 23); font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 24 24" height="16px" id="GM" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" x="0px" xml:space="preserve" y="0px"></svg><span><g><path d="M19,3H5C3.9,3,3,3.9,3,5v14c0,1.1,0.9,2,2,2h14c1.1,0,2-0.9,2-2V5C21,3.9,20.1,3,19,3z M19,19H5V5h14V19z"></path><polygon points="15,15 11,15 11,13 15,13 15,11 11,11 11,9 15,9 15,7 9,7 9,17 15,17 "></polygon></g><path d="M0,0h24v24H0V0z" fill="none"></path></span></span></span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Praying can feel difficult during hard times and especially after a faith deconstruction. Sarah Bessey joins us on this episode of the podcast to talk about what inspired her to write a book on prayer and shares what has been helpful in her discovery of what it means to pray.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1832191793.mp3?updated=1676867432;143" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCvAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">46 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQmwI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="77c98862-4216-40ac-948d-fbfa42445a20" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="141" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NDYxY2MwNmItNjk0NS00ZjI5LWIzMDYtOGFlM2M4YTA3MmU3?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 14, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 154: Amy-Jill Levine and Marc Brettler - How Jews & Christians Read the Bible Differently</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">It shouldn’t be a surprise to us now that people can read the same text and walk away with vastly different meanings. On this episode of the podcast, we’re talking with Amy-Jill Levine and Marc Brettler who share some reasons why Jews and Christians use and understand the Bible in different ways.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7071610313.mp3?updated=1676964923;144" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCyAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">56 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQnQI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="461cc06b-6945-4f29-b306-8ae3c8a072e7" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="142" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NWFmNTE5NjktMzg3NC00NTRlLWFlMDEtNjU1OTEyYTU2NWQx?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 8, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 153: James Kugel - Shifting Perspectives on God in the Bible</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">James Kugel is back on the podcast sharing about how people during the biblical period understood God and how their views changed overtime. How does their understanding of God influence our understandings today?
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2983759961.mp3?updated=1676965277;145" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARC1Aw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">58 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQnwI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="5af51969-3874-454e-ae01-655912a565d1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="143" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YzJmZDcxNzItNmE2Zi00ZDVjLWE2ZGItMjZlZDBiOTc3NGU1?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 1, 2021</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 152: Pete Enns - What Makes Christianity Different?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">We’re back with Season 5! On this episode, Pete shares what makes Christianity distinct for him. He discusses the beginning of the Jesus movement, explains how New Testament writers probably understood their faith, and how first century Christians made sense of Jesus’ crucifixion.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1546314785.mp3?updated=1677051912;146" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARC4Aw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">55 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQoQI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="c2fd7172-6a6f-4d5c-a6db-26ed0b9774e5" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="144" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZWZjZGE4MWMtZDAzNy00ZjUxLTljNGItZGZkZGYyMmQ3NmM4?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dec 14, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 151: 2020 - Let's Not and Say We Did</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">2020— What a year. We’re wrapping up the year and the fourth season of the podcast with a look back onto what we learned from this season and from the year as a whole.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1558833051.mp3?updated=1677052331;147" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARC7Aw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">50 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQowI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="efcda81c-d037-4f51-9c4b-dfddf22d76c8" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="145" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MDNmZGFmYTEtMDUxMi00MWUwLThkOWEtZjgxODJkMjBhZWNj?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dec 7, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 150: Christopher Rollston - Where Does Hebrew Come From?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This episode features linguist and professor Christopher Rollston who helps us understand the importance of studying languages when it comes to dating and understanding the Bible. We talk about other ancient Near Eastern languages, biblical manuscripts, inscriptions, and more!
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6880733586.mp3?updated=1677602935;148" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARC-Aw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">49 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQpQI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="03fdafa1-0512-41e0-8d9a-f8182d20aecc" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="146" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZjZmNzRiYmMtZDdiMC00MWYxLThhNjMtNDVhMTk0NmMxOGUz?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 30, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 149: Dan Koch - The End Times & American Christian Culture</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Many of us have encountered a type of Christianity that preaches an impending rapture and a call to repent of our sins as soon as possible. But where did that interpretation of Christianity come from? On this episode we ask psychology doctoral student Dan Koch what he’s learned from studying the movement and the history behind it.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3011701872.mp3?updated=1677603173;149" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDBAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">54 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQpwI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="f6f74bbc-d7b0-41f1-8a63-45a1946c18e3" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="147" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NWVhOGUxYWEtNGZlZS00NjE4LTkyMTktOTQwOTk4ZDBmY2E0?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 22, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 148: Pete Enns - Adam, Evangelicalism, & the Metanarrative of Evolution</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">How has theology developed alongside the findings of science? On this episode, Pete is sharing his reflections on what quantum physics and the theory of evolution tell us about the Bible and how we should interpret it light of scientific findings.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7745973644.mp3?updated=1677603695;150" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDEAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">48 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQqQI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="5ea8e1aa-4fee-4618-9219-940998d0fca4" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="148" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MTBjYTliZmQtNTVjNi00YjY4LWE3ZGQtYzg1ZTk5NjFiN2Jl?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 16, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 147: Benjamin D. Sommer - Does God Have a Body?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Benjamin D. Sommer is back on the podcast telling us all about his work on a biblical understanding of God’s body. He takes us through the history of thought on God’s body, the material God’s body is made out of, what God looks like, and how the Trinity actually has a lot of continuity with texts of the Hebrew Bible.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5083347519.mp3?updated=1677168609;151" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDHAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 7 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQqwI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="10ca9bfd-55c6-4b68-a7dd-c85e9961b7be" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="149" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/OGNkYTM5YjItMDc2Yy00ODJiLWI2YzAtM2Q3NGZjZmRlMmM3?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 9, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 146: Jared Byas - Rediscovering Jonah - Part 3</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jared has been breaking down Jonah for us on his solo episodes this year and this is his last segment! He delves into what the over all message of Jonah is, what questions it leaves us with, and what it teaches us about the questions of ancient Israelites.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1214348202.mp3?updated=1677602504;152" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDKAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">42 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQrQI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="8cda39b2-076c-482b-b6c0-3d74fcfde2c7" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="150" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YzMwNWU0YTgtMDRkYS00MDQ5LTliODktYjI2NTg4YmRmMTFk?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 2, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 145: Emilie Townes - The Wisdom of Hope</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">We invited Emilie Townes on the podcast to talk about womanist ethics but our conversation morphed into so much more. We touched on the role of the Bible in ethics, the relevance of the Bible in our lives today, and why it is important to chose hope.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6843091150.mp3?updated=1685478063;153" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDNAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">45 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQrwI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="c305e4a8-04da-4049-9b89-b26588bdf11d" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="151" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YzE3ZDkzYjMtMjdhYy00MWE1LTg5YWYtZjJmYTFkNzRmOWU1?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 26, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 144: Austen Hartke - The Bible & the Lives of Transgender Christians (REISSUE)</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this reissued episode, Pete and Jared sit down with Austen Hartke to discuss what the Bible has to say about transgender people. They get into unexamined Bible passages, mysterious Hebrew words, and how to make your church a welcoming space for people with gender identities outside of the binary.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2648145850.mp3?updated=1685478269;154" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDQAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">48 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQsQI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="c17d93b3-27ac-41a5-89af-f2fa1d74f9e5" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="152" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NjI2NjdhNmUtZjE2Mi00OTIwLWFjZTctZDEwODE3OTQ1MDUw?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 19, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 143: Martha Himmelfarb - Second Temple Judaism & Apocalyptic Literature</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Getting into the Halloween spirit? Don’t miss this spooky episode talking about all things apocalypse in Second Temple Judaism! Our guest Martha Himmelfarb is an expert on the subject and she tells us all about the key features of apocalyptic literature, some theories on its popularity, and shares about some apocalyptic literature that didn’t make it into the Bible.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8610381118.mp3?updated=1685478550;155" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDTAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">51 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQswI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="62667a6e-f162-4920-ace7-d10817945050" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="153" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZDIxYjllM2QtZDc2OC00YzA4LTlkMzctZmE3YzFiZDhkYmVl?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 12, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 142: Jared Byas - Rediscovering Jonah - Part 2</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This episode is the second installment of Jared’s deep dive (no pun intended) into the book of Jonah. In this episode, Jared gives us a taste of how rich this book is in metaphors and how a fuller understanding of the ancient Near East brings out the context of this book.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6969418213.mp3?updated=1685508717;156" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDWAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">35 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQtQI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="d21b9e3d-d768-4c08-9d37-fa7c1bd8dbee" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="154" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NGIwMjhhYmYtOWU2OC00MTVkLTg1MTMtNTA3MDk0OWVhZGIz?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 5, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 141: John Franke - God Is On a Mission and So Can You</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">John Franke joins the podcast to discussing his new book, Missional Theology. John shares some key components of missional theology and discusses how to overcome plurality, what evangelizing looks like through a missional lens, and why the church needs the world.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1491218336.mp3?updated=1685508983;157" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDZAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">53 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQtwI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="4b028abf-9e68-415d-8513-5070949eadb3" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="155" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/OTViYWYxMTgtMDBjYi00ZTNkLWE0NjQtOGJiNTM1M2UzMzQ4?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 1, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">BONUS Episode: Cynthia Shafer-Elliott - What Archaeologists Do & Why it Matters</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">We are so excited about the Everyday Life in Ancient Israel class Cynthia is teaching for us we just had to reissue her podcast episode from back in season 2. Cynthia talks with Pete and Jared about what she does as an archaeologist, how it has informed her view of the Bible, her favorite finds, and more!
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5173276249.mp3?updated=1669821828;158" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDcAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">47 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQuQI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="95baf118-00cb-4e3d-a464-8bb5353e3348" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="156" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YjBlNGE1OTItNzZlYi00NzNkLWI4ZjctMDc0MTA3ZGVmNDVm?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 28, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 140: Paula Fredriksen - When Christians Were Jews</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">What separated Judaism from the Christian movement during the Second Temple Period? In this episode, Paula Fredriksen breaks down the beginnings of the Jesus movement and how it came to flourish. She gets into what religion looked like in the broader culture, how religion was defined, and what clues people left behind for us to know these things.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4146331234.mp3?updated=1685509386;159" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDfAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 1 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQuwI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="b0e4a592-76eb-473d-b8f7-074107def45f" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="157" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZDk4YmU5YWUtZDkxNC00N2MyLTg4N2EtN2E1MDJlMWY3NDk1?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 21, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 139: Pete Enns - You Have Questions, Pete Has Answers</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This episode of the podcast is filled with listener question from our Ask Pete and Jared page on the website. Pete answers questions about Job, ancient Egyptian letters, the world of biblical scholarship, shifting faith views, and much more!
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7424542594.mp3?updated=1677815254;160" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDiAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">54 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQvQI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="d98be9ae-d914-47c2-887a-7a502e1f7495" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="158" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ZjJmNGZkNDQtY2IwYi00MjJiLWFlNWItYjY4MmM2NWNlMzQy?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 14, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 138: Pete & Jared - How Love Changes the Meaning of the Bible</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">What does it mean to “speak the truth in love?” On this episode we’re taking about Jared’s new book Love Matters More and what it should actually look like for Christians to interact with people they disagree with.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2906322434.mp3?updated=1677815941;161" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDlAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 2 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQvwI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="f2f4fd44-cb0b-422b-ae5b-b682c65ce342" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="159" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/NmRmMGE5Y2QtMzlmZS00Nzg5LTk1OWMtZWJkZjQ5MDM3MzY2?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 7, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 137: James Kugel - Challenging Our Assumptions About the Bible</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Ancient interpreters made all sort of assumptions about the Bible much like we do today. What do their assumptions tell us about how to interpret the Bible today? James Kugel breaks down the function of the Bible throughout history and how it has changed from antiquity to today.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4166100308.mp3?updated=1677816262;162" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDoAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">59 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQwQI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="6df0a9cd-39fe-4789-959c-ebdf49037366" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="160" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/YWE2Njk2YTQtN2JkZS00ZmUwLWFhZDEtNDRiYTZmMDQzNmUy?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Aug 24, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 136: Ariel Sabar - Telling the Truth About Jesus' Wife</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Just because someone claims to hold the truth doesn't mean they actually do. On this episode, investigative journalist Ariel Sabar tells us the fascinating story of how a Harvard professor was duped into believing she made a discovery that would turn the Christian world upside down. But as it turns out, truth is not always subjective.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5910804250.mp3?updated=1677816674;163" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDrAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">58 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQwwI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="aa6696a4-7bde-4fe0-aad1-44ba6f0436e2" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="161" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/Y2RiZDIwMzktNTg4ZC00MjU3LThkMmUtN2QwMGNlMDcwN2E1?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Aug 10, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 135: Gary Anderson - How the Bible Talks About Sin</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">What is sin? It’s something we talk about often but rarely take the time to define. Gary Anderson has written a book on the subject so we brought him on the show to explain it to all us normal people. He sheds light on some common misconceptions and explains the history behind our modern understandings of sin.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8863111713.mp3?updated=1685564665;164" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDuAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">56 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQxQI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="cdbd2039-588d-4257-8d2e-7d00ce0707a5" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="162" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MjViNGVmZmYtNDhjZi00MTUwLWFmZDMtNGJhOTliNDE0YjM2?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jul 27, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 134: Ilia Delio - Grounding God in Evolution</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this episode, Pete and Jared discuss the intersection of faith and science with scientist and theologian Ilia Delio. They get into why these two subjects have historically been at odds and why it holds us back to continue believing they actually are.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4753195841.mp3?updated=1685566906;165" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDxAw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 1 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQxwI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="25b4efff-48cf-4150-afd3-4ba99b414b36" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="163" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/ODY4ZmYzMTUtMzdjNy00YzBmLWExMjYtNGFlZGM4ODIyM2Fj?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jul 13, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 133: Pete Enns - The Book of Job</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">What's the deal with Job? In this episode, Pete gives an overview of the book, pushes back on some readings you might have heard in the past, and points out some significant features that can help us better understand it.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4778564570.mp3?updated=1685567261;166" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARD0Aw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">55 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQyQI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="868ff315-37c7-4c0f-a126-4aedc88223ac" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="164" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MGE2ZmVlYWQtYTcwNy00Y2FmLWIyMzMtMjA0NmYyY2JjMzhj?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jun 29, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 132: Joe Gordon - A Conversation About Inspiration</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Joe Gordon is a professor at Johnson University in Tennessee. In this episode, we talk with him about his book Divine Scripture in Human Understanding. We discuss what it means for the Bible to be inspired and how that affects how we read and use the Bible.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7314472765.mp3?updated=1685655627;167" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARD3Aw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">49 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQywI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="0a6feead-a707-4caf-b233-2046f2cbc38c" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="165" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/MmExY2E2ODAtOGYzYi00YjY0LWI3YWQtODFlNmFiZWYyMDhm?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jun 15, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 131: Pete & Jared - Did the Bible Get it Wrong?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">We’re answering some listener questions from the Ask Pete page and answering the bigger question: Did the Bible get it wrong? We talk about the return of Jesus, David being a man after God’s own heart, and if there is a right or wrong way to read the Bible.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8491985984.mp3?updated=1685655938;168" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARD6Aw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">57 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQzQI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="2a1ca680-8f3b-4b64-b7ad-81e6abef208f" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="166" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vNDQ5MzQ1OTUtM2YxNC01OGYwLWIyNTktY2UyNjIzNmIyNjVl?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jun 8, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 130: Drew Hart - The Bible, Race, & White Supremacy (REISSUE)</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">We’re revisiting an episode from Season 1 in which Dr. Drew G. I. Hart shares about the Bible and white supremacy. We get into what exactly white supremacy is and how it has influenced how we read the Bible and our theology.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9885770981.mp3?updated=1685656235;169" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARD9Aw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">47 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQzwI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/44934595-3f14-58f0-b259-ce26236b265e" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="167" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vYzllOGFhNmYtYmFjOC01MjhiLThlNWUtNDQzZDdhMDg5ODky?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 25, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 129: Brooke Prentis - Reading the Bible Through Aboriginal Eyes</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Brooke Prentis is an Aboriginal leader and CEO of a Christian organization in Australia called Common Grace. On this episode, she shares with us some Aboriginal perspectives on the Bible and how the Bible speaks to the injustices that Aboriginal people have faced and continue to face.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5372739123.mp3?updated=1685804800;170" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCABA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">47 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ0QI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/c9e8aa6f-bac8-528b-8e5e-443d7a089892" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="168" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vMWI3YmJkNWYtZTZiMC01ODk3LTk0NDEtYjk5NWFiYWMyYmY4?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 18, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 128: Matthias Henze - The Bible & Second Temple Judaism</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">What happened during the time the writings of the Old Testament stopped and the New Testament writings began? People didn’t stop writing and what they wrote helps us better understand the context of the Bible. On this episode we talk with Dr. Matthias Henze who studies this in-between time period and he shares with us what he's learned about the world in which Jesus lived.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8612279826.mp3?updated=1685805011;171" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCDBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ0wI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/1b7bbd5f-e6b0-5897-9441-b995abac2bf8" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="169" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vODM3ZGRkYWQtNTMwMy01OTI1LWJmYzItNDZmMjFiZmM1MDlj?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 11, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 127: Miguel De La Torre - Diverse Voices in Biblical Scholarship</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Many of us believe that our interpretations of the Bible are generally the same as everyone else's. But does that make them good? On this podcast episode, we talk with Professor of Social Ethics and Latinx Studies, Miguel De La Torre about why we all need to examine where our biblical interpretations come from and why we need to diversify our understandings of the Bible.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5393866097.mp3?updated=1685805091;172" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCGBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">54 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ1QI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/837dddad-5303-5925-bfc2-46f21bfc509c" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="170" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZGFjYzk2ZDgtNjQxMi01ZjEwLTk1YjYtMzE3ZDVjZDk3OGU2?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 4, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 126: Kirsten Powers - The Journey To Grace</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Jared and Pete are joined by political correspondent Kirsten Powers, to talk about her journey of faith, her openness to the mystery of God, and how she’s learning to treat others with a higher level of grace.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1328305214.mp3?updated=1685808805;173" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCJBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">59 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ1wI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/dacc96d8-6412-5f10-95b6-317d5cd978e6" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="171" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vYTQ5MWI4YTEtYTZjOC01OGQ5LWFjYzgtYmZlMzY0OGYzODVl?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 27, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 125: Pete Enns - Big Ideas that Shaped Biblical Scholarship: Julius Wellhausen and the Pentateuch</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Biblical scholarship has grown a lot over the centuries but there are some ideas that are just so good they never go away! On this episode of the podcast, Pete looks at one of those foundational ideas: Julius Wellhausen’s documentary hypothesis. Wellhausen and others saw inconsistencies in the Old Testament and their discoveries shaped how we understand the historicity of the Bible.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3092936027.mp3?updated=1685925461;174" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCMBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ2QI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/a491b8a1-a6c8-58d9-acc8-bfe3648f385e" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="172" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vMjEwYjU0NTUtNDcyMy01ZDU5LThmNWItNmM4ZWI1NTkxYjdk?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 20, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 124: Yii-Jan Lin - Immigration & the Book of Revelation</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Under the hood of America, we see an interesting history of using the book of Revelation to talk about immigration. Our guest, NT scholar Yii-Jan Lin walks us through the profound impact the book of Revelation has had on the US dialogue about people coming into our “City on a Hill.”
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3877434387.mp3?updated=1685808984;175" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCPBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">50 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ2wI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/210b5455-4723-5d59-8f5b-6c8eb5591b7d" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="173" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vMDhmZDc3MTItNmIxZC01ZDlkLWJhMDMtMGY0MzQ1NzdmNTFi?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 13, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 123: Jared Byas - Rediscovering Jonah - Part 1</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode Jared begins to tackle the book of Jonah by asking, “What kind of book is this?” as well as introducing the first chapter. Just because Jesus mentions Jonah does that mean we have to believe it’s historical? What is the historical context for the book? And what is the message it’s trying to convey?
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3082651289.mp3?updated=1685925800;176" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCSBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">47 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ3QI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/08fd7712-6b1d-5d9d-ba03-0f434577f51b" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="174" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZmY0OWQ2OTgtZGM3MC01M2Y5LWI5NzgtMWRjM2Y0NmY3ZTBh?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 6, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 122: Emerson Powery - The Bible as a Source of Liberation</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The writings of formerly enslaved people tell us a lot about how they viewed the Bible. We sat down with Professor Emerson Powery to talk about how the Bible was used around the institution of slavery and how it can be both a book of oppression and a book of liberation. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9169972827.mp3?updated=1685926180;177" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCVBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">49 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ3wI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/ff49d698-dc70-53f9-b978-1dc3f46f7e0a" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="175" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vYzg2NTU1MmItOTk1YS01OWY0LWJjOGUtYzc5ZGM4MTE4ZTli?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 30, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 121: Pete and Jared - Pete and Jared Talk About the Afterlife</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this week's episode, Pete and Jared are talking about the afterlife. What is it and what does the Bible say about it? Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3581695279.mp3?updated=1685926719;178" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCYBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">45 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ4QI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/c865552b-995a-59f4-bc8e-c79dc8118e9b" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="176" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vYjJmZDQxMzgtMmYxYS01NDk2LTlmMWEtZGMwNWQ3YmE3YTJm?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 23, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 120: Jack Levison - The Spirit, Wind, & Breath of God in the Bible</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">If we look under the surface, we find a fascinating conversation about the Spirit of God in the Bible. Considering the word for Spirit, Wind, and Breath of God is often the same in the Bible, how are we to understand the relationship between them? We talk to Jack Levison about this mysterious and interesting intersection. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2501416665.mp3?updated=1686345705;179" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCbBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">43 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ4wI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/b2fd4138-2f1a-5496-9f1a-dc05d7ba7a2f" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="177" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vOWE0YWFhNTAtZjE2OS01YWFjLWJjOTctZGQ0MTQ0ODQ5OTYw?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 16, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 119: Xavier Ramey - Diversity, Social Justice, and the Gospel</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Martin Luther King says “All people are caught in an Inescapable network of mutuality.” So what does that mean when it comes to the gospel, the Bible, and how we navigate racial equality? In this episode, we talk to Xavier Ramey about diversity, inclusion, and how our Christian faith impacts how we see community, organizations, and institutions today. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9868475669.mp3?updated=1686345834;180" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCeBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">57 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ5QI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/9a4aaa50-f169-5aac-bc97-dd4144849960" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="178" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vY2M4MDBlNmUtZmNhMC01MjZiLWIxMjktOGQ2MDhmZmQ3ZWIy?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 9, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 118: Meghan Henning - Does Hell Exist?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This week Pete & Jared talk to Meghan Henning about hell. She shares with us her knowledge of the ancient world Jesus and the New Testament writers were familiar with and how they might have understood hell. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9233579166.mp3?updated=1686346813;181" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARChBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">53 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ5wI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/cc800e6e-fca0-526b-b129-8d608ffd7eb2" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="179" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZDNiNTgzYjgtNjM0MC01NTg3LWJmMjktNGFmNGMwMTA2MThk?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 1, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 117: Pete Enns - Reading the Old Testament Christotelicly</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">That 50 cent word describes something many Bible readers have noticed: the way the New Testament writers quote the Old often has little to do with what the Old Testament writers were actually trying to say. Jesus was in fact a surprise development in Israel’s story, but the New Testament writers nevertheless believed Jesus to be the true purpose or goal (Greek telos) of God purposes. And that belief led them to some pretty creative interpretive adventures that Christians today are still trying to wrap their heads around. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1695632905.mp3?updated=1686347666;182" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCkBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 40 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ6QI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/d3b583b8-6340-5587-bf29-4af4c010618d" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="180" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vYTE5YWE4YjQtZDIxOC01MjQ1LWE1MDMtOWE5ZDZmMmRlMDM3?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 23, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 116: Sarah Ruden - Getting Inside the Head of Paul & Jesus</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Translating the Bible is more than just about being woodenly accurate. We’re humans after all. In this episode, Pete and Jared talk to Sarah Ruden, who talks about using our imaginations to put ourselves in the place of the biblical writers, emotions and aesthetics and all. With a background in translating classical literature, she helps us read the Bible within a fuller context, both humanly and literarily. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6623865064.mp3?updated=1677815138;183" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCnBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ6wI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/a19aa8b4-d218-5245-a503-9a9d6f2de037" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="181" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vMzVhZTA2M2ItZjRjMi01ZWM1LTk3NGEtMDVlZWE5NDRjZjgx?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 16, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 115: Alison Cook - Your Emotions Are Not Your Spiritual Enemy</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sometimes it can be easy to forget the psychological ramifications of our faith. The way our faith shapes the language we use to talk about tragedies and sadnesses in our life can be life-giving or it can really mess us up. In this episode we talk to Alison Cook, an expert on the intersection of faith and psychology, about some of the ways, as Christians, our views on our emotions can be harmful and better ways to frame our feelings. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6277085801.mp3?updated=1686346925;184" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCqBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">51 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ7QI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/35ae063b-f4c2-5ec5-974a-05eea944cf81" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="182" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vM2FlMDA2OTktOGViMC01YWFlLWE5MGEtNWQ1MzMxNWI1MzA1?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 9, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 114: Pete and Jared - How to Read the Bible in 2020</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">It’s hard to know where the Bible fits into our political views, our ethical stances, and how we live out life. Pete and Jared point out how many of us might be using the Bible in disrespectful and irresponsible ways as well as parsing out why we even need to bother with the Bible at all in 2020. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3857693619.mp3?updated=1686347319;185" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCtBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">55 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ7wI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/3ae00699-8eb0-5aae-a90a-5d53315b5305" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="183" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vNjRmNjIxOTAtMzdhYS01YWU3LWEyYTAtOWIyOTIxMTVmYTIw?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 2, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 113: James Martin - The Gift of Imagination in Reading Scripture</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Christianity is diverse and so are all the ways Christians have read the Bible through the centuries. James Martin helps us understand a Jesuit practice of reading Scripture that engages both the head and heart. Also, he’s met with the Pope. So of course he has good things to say. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4395424033.mp3?updated=1686351901;186" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCwBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">47 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ8QI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/64f62190-37aa-5ae7-a2a0-9b292115fa20" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="184" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vNGQxNWI2ODYtNTc4ZS01OGU3LWEyNzAtYjM0ZTMzZDEzZGZm?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jan 26, 2020</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Season 4 Teaser</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Here's what's coming up in Season 4 of The Bible For Normal People podcast. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8740768572.mp3?updated=1673546207;187" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCzBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">5 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ8wI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/4d15b686-578e-58e7-a270-b34e33d13dff" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="185" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0xMTItcGV0ZS1hbmQtamFyZWQtaG93LWhvdy10aGUtYmlibGUtYWN0dWFsbHktd29ya3Mtd29ya3MtN2YzNmY1MmMwYTdjNzdjYThhMjJiNjUwNzM4MGZmNGI?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dec 15, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 112: Pete and Jared - How “How the Bible Actually Works” Works</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Here in our last episode for Season 3, Pete & Jared take a deeper dive into Pete’s latest book and how we can further answer these questions, “What is the Bible and what do we do with it?” Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4360817382.mp3?updated=1686352300;188" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARC2BA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">50 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ9QI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-112-pete-and-jared-how-how-the-bible-actually-works-works-7f36f52c0a7c77ca8a22b6507380ff4b" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="186" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0xMTEtdG9tLW9vcmQtdW5jb250cm9sbGluZy1sb3ZlLW9mLWdvZC04MTc1MDkzNWYyNDZlZDc2ODA2ZDA1NDI3MWQ5MGU0Zg?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dec 8, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 111: Tom Oord - Uncontrolling Love of God</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This week, Pete & Jared sit down with Tom Oord and discuss the things God can and cannot do and how that affects our view of the world, the Bible, and salvation. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8499401579.mp3?updated=1686352633;189" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARC5BA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">49 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ9wI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-111-tom-oord-uncontrolling-love-of-god-81750935f246ed76806d054271d90e4f" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="187" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0xMTAtcGV0ZS1lbm5zLXBldGUtcnVpbnMtZXhvZHVzLXBhcnQtNi1mZTc3MjIxMzYxOTU1ZDVmNmJhMjA5NWVkYTIwZWJjYg?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dec 1, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 110: Pete Enns - Pete Ruins Exodus (Part 6)</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this final episode of the Dundee Award Winning series, Pete looks at the significance and symbolism of the tabernacle, which takes up a whopping 13 chapters, and the Golden Calf episode, which threatens to derail the entire plan—were it not for Moses’s quick intervention. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1072053682.mp3?updated=1677904423;190" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARC8BA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">56 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ-QI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-110-pete-enns-pete-ruins-exodus-part-6-fe77221361955d5f6ba2095eda20ebcb" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="188" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0xMDktbWVnYW4tZGVmcmFuemEtdGhlLWJpYmxlLWFuZC1pbnRlcnNleC1iZWxpZXZlcnMtYWIxMTYyMzJmNjgyMDU5MDlmNWYwZDcwMDdlZTBjNjM?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 24, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 109: Megan DeFranza - The Bible and Intersex Believers (REISSUE)</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this episode of the Bible For Normal People, we look back to Season 1 when Pete and Jared talked with theologian Megan DeFranza on a topic that deeply affects the lives of many, but that few Christians are even aware of. And Megan might surprise you about what the Bible and church history have to say about it. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1237417387.mp3?updated=1677904711;191" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARC_BA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">54 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ-wI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-109-megan-defranza-the-bible-and-intersex-believers-ab116232f68205909f5f0d7007ee0c63" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="189" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0xMDgtcGV0ZS13ZWhuZXItcmFpc2luZy1jaGlsZHJlbi1pbi10aGUtZmFpdGgtMDNmOWFiMzVhMTU1MjEzOGJhMGZiZDAwYWYzOTkzZDM?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 17, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 108: Pete Wehner - Faith, Politics, & Polarization</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">You may have noticed that we’re in a political season with a lot of charged rhetoric, so we decided to bring on someone who isn’t like that. Like at all. We have Pete Wehner, political commentator and columnist joining us to talk about this deep problem of polarization and how we might allow our faith to better fuel our political conversations. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8459028581.mp3?updated=1677905019;192" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDCBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">58 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ_QI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-108-pete-wehner-raising-children-in-the-faith-03f9ab35a1552138ba0fbd00af3993d3" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="190" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0xMDctY2luZHktd2FuZy1icmFuZHQtcmFpc2luZy1jaGlsZHJlbi1pbi10aGUtZmFpdGgtNmExYzAwZjFhZDdhMzc0OTAzOTU4NzAzYzk3ODZhMzg?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 10, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 107: Cindy Wang Brandt - Raising Children in the Faith</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">A lot of parents who no longer hold to the same beliefs about the Bible and God they did when they were children are left wondering, “But how do we raise our kids?” Author and speaker Cindy Wang Brandt helps us with the question: How can our kids hold to the Christian faith without going through some of the more painful parts of an evolving faith? Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5103922212.mp3?updated=1678121174;193" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDFBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ_wI;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-107-cindy-wang-brandt-raising-children-in-the-faith-6a1c00f1ad7a374903958703c9786a38" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="191" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0xMDYtamFyZWQtYnlhcy01LXByaW5jaXBsZXMtZm9yLWJpYmxpY2FsLWludGVycHJldGF0aW9uLTcwMmQzYWNiODUwM2MxNzFhMTkyMWUyMmQyOWQ5N2Ji?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 3, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 106: Jared Byas - 5 Principles for Biblical Interpretation</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">When we ask, “What does this passage mean?” the answer is a little more complicated than we might expect. Jared looks at some basic principles of biblical interpretation and how they might help us better read our Bibles. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2325857033.mp3?updated=1677903854;194" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDIBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">43 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQgQM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-106-jared-byas-5-principles-for-biblical-interpretation-702d3acb8503c171a1921e22d29d97bb" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="192" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0xMDUtd2lsLWdhZmZuZXktd29tYW5pc3QtbWlkcmFzaC1yZWlzc3VlLWVjOWE5MDMwMzlhMWFlMWJmN2U4MWJmMDlhNzc2ZTIw?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 28, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 105: Wil Gafney - Womanist Midrash (REISSUE)</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This episode originally aired as Episode 46 on April 23, 2018 This week, Jared & Pete talk to Wil Gafney about womanist interpretation of the Bible. In their discussion, Wil brings up fascinating nuances in the text and challenges the predominantly patriarchal interpretation of the past. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6923584957.mp3?updated=1684938161;195" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDLBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">46 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQgwM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-105-wil-gaffney-womanist-midrash-reissue-ec9a903039a1ae1bf7e81bf09a776e20" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="193" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0xMDQtamVmZi1jaHUtZ3JpZWYtYXMtYS1iaWJsaWNhbC1wcmFjdGljZS0zZTQyZGFkMzllM2UxYmRlNzNlMjA5Yzc5ZDM4MDkzOQ?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 21, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 104: Jeff Chu - Grief As A Biblical Practice</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This week’s guest is Jeff Chu—author, journalist, advocate, co-creator of Evolving Faith—and our topic is grief, a universal experience that is often difficult to talk about it. We experience grief when confronted with death, of course, but grief is also a presence whenever we go through changes and upheavals in life where we mourn the past as we face an uncertain future. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6946052064.mp3?updated=1677905833;196" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDOBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">55 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQhQM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-104-jeff-chu-grief-as-a-biblical-practice-3e42dad39e3e1bde73e209c79d380939" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="194" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0xMDMtcGV0ZS1lbm5zLXBldGUtcnVpbnMtZXhvZHVzLXBhcnQtNS1lMjRjYWZmN2ZlMTMzZTE2ZDhlYzI5ZDE3MDllYmJmZA?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 14, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 103: Pete Enns - Pete Ruins Exodus (Part 5)</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Pete continues his award-winning, mind-bending—almost surreal—series on the book of Exodus. In this episode he looks the laws in chapters 20-24, namely the 10 Commandments and the so-called “Book of the Covenant.” What were these laws about back in the day and what do we do with them now? Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1645875961.mp3?updated=1677906110;197" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDRBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">46 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQhwM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-103-pete-enns-pete-ruins-exodus-part-5-e24caff7fe133e16d8ec29d1709ebbfd" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="195" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0xMDItam9uYXRoYW4tbWFydGluLXBlbnRlY29zdGFsaXNtLWFzLW15c3RpY2lzbS0yODc2MmUzMTk2YWUyZmY2OGEwN2MyMTcwMjU4NjAzOQ?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 7, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 102: Jonathan Martin - Pentecostalism as Mysticism</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People Podcast, Pete and Jared talk with Jonathan Martin about the beauty of Pentecostalism, the value of being taught to listen to the Holy Spirit from a young age, and the importance of experiencing other Christian traditions. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1597450447.mp3?updated=1677906338;198" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDUBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQiQM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-102-jonathan-martin-pentecostalism-as-mysticism-28762e3196ae2ff68a07c21702586039" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="196" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0xMDEtYW5kcmV3LXBlcnJpbWFuLWRvZXMtdGhlLW5ldy10ZXN0YW1lbnQtcHJlZGljdC10aGUtZnV0dXJlLWJkMjQ3NDYwZDAxOGNlMGRjODRhNzQ0MjkxNmMzMjBl?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 30, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 101: Andrew Perriman - Does the New Testament Predict the Future?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People Podcast, Pete and Jared talk with Andrew Perriman about the eschatology found in the Bible and how history helps us understand these apocalyptic texts. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2325983073.mp3?updated=1677906642;199" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDXBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">59 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQiwM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-101-andrew-perriman-does-the-new-testament-predict-the-future-bd247460d018ce0dc84a7442916c320e" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="197" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0xMDAtcGV0ZS1qYXJlZC1vbi1nZW5lc2lzLWU0NTE3NjAyZDk2YWU0ZGUwNDY4M2YxMTUxNGViM2Vi?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 23, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 100: Pete & Jared on Genesis</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People Podcast, Pete and Jared talk about the themes in their newly upgraded book: Genesis for Normal People! They give us a taste of the multifaceted nature of Genesis. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7203009868.mp3?updated=1677904062;200" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDaBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">53 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQjQM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-100-pete-jared-on-genesis-e4517602d96ae4de04683f11514eb3eb" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="198" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS05OS1qZW5uaWZlci1rbnVzdC10aGUtYmlibGUtYXMtYS1saXZpbmctZG9jdW1lbnQtOThjMGNlOTlhMTA3NDY1NmZiN2I1MGMyNWQ3YjgxNTQ?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 16, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 99: Jennifer Knust - The Bible As A Living Document</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This week Pete & Jared talk with Jennifer Knust. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3555670318.mp3?updated=1678121494;201" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDdBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">54 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQjwM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-99-jennifer-knust-the-bible-as-a-living-document-98c0ce99a1074656fb7b50c25d7b8154" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="199" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS05OC1wZXRlLWhvbG1lcy1wZXRlLWhvbG1lcy10YWxrcy1hYm91dC1jb21lZHktc2V4LWdvZC1mOTg3ZDZlYmRkZDA4M2E4ZjhlNzgwMDg2YTEyMDhlMA?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 9, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 98: Pete Holmes - Pete Holmes Talks About Comedy, Sex, & God</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People Podcast, actor, comedian, and enlightened guru Pete Holmes joins Pete & Jared to talk about his interesting journey of faith and the importance of moving from reading the Bible with your head to reading it with your heart. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7661962961.mp3?updated=1678121164;202" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDgBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 1 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQkQM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-98-pete-holmes-pete-holmes-talks-about-comedy-sex-god-f987d6ebddd083a8f8e780086a1208e0" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="200" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS05Ny1wZXRlLWVubnMtcGV0ZS1ydWlucy1leG9kdXMtcGFydC00LTM2YmFhOWVkNDY2MjQwZjY2YzdmNWMwZTFjNDlhYjUx?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 2, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 97: Pete Enns - Pete Ruins Exodus: Part 4</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Pete continues his deep dive into the book of Exodus covering chapters 14-19: the departure from Egypt and three-month journey to Mt. Sinai. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4874992352.mp3?updated=1678121963;203" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDjBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 2 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQkwM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-97-pete-enns-pete-ruins-exodus-part-4-36baa9ed466240f66c7f5c0e1c49ab51" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="201" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS05Ni1qYXJlZC1ieWFzLWNocmlzdGlhbi1ldGhpY3MtY2ZmNTkyODU3YjU3YWY1OTg0OGJhZjc0MmNlNTI3OGE?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Aug 26, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 96: Jared Byas - Christian Ethics</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People Podcast, Jared responds to Skillet lead singer, John Copper, and his public statement, "What in God's Name is Happening in Christianity?" Jared unpacks Christian ethics and the origins of our collective concept of right and wrong. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6619136519.mp3?updated=1678125017;204" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDmBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">37 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQlQM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-96-jared-byas-christian-ethics-cff592857b57af59848baf742ce5278a" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="202" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS05NS1jaGVyeWwtYnJpZGdlcy1qb2hucy10aGUtYmlibGUtd29tZW4tcy1zcGlyaXR1YWxpdHktY2YyYzUyZDNjODg2NDdjYTcwOTAzMDE4MjVkZmQ0YmI?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Aug 12, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 95: Cheryl Bridges Johns - The Bible & Women’s Spirituality</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People Podcast, Pete and Jared talk with theologian and professor Dr. Cheryl Bridges Johns about how feminism has changed over the years and the importance of both being rooted in your own traditions and staying open to "the other." Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7769138527.mp3?updated=1678125236;205" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDpBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">53 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQlwM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-95-cheryl-bridges-johns-the-bible-women-s-spirituality-cf2c52d3c88647ca7090301825dfd4bb" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="203" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS05NC1wZXRlLWphcmVkLWRvLXdlLWtub3ctZ29kLWlzLWdvb2QtZnJvbS10aGUtYmlibGUtNjM3YjczYzkxZDNhMTNkN2JjMWZmMDgyMDNmMzQ3MjI?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jul 29, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 94: Pete & Jared - Do We Know God is Good From the Bible?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People Podcast, Pete and Jared tackle the question: Do we know God is good from the Bible? If you have a question for Pete & Jared, submit it on the Ask Pete page of the website and it might be featured on an upcoming blog post or podcast episode. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3651722624.mp3?updated=1678125634;206" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDsBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">50 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQmQM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-94-pete-jared-do-we-know-god-is-good-from-the-bible-637b73c91d3a13d7bc1ff08203f34722" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="204" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS05My1rZWVzbWF0LXdhbHNoLXJlc2lzdGluZy1lbXBpcmUtaW4tdGhlLWJvb2stb2Ytcm9tYW5zLWM4N2JmNTM0ZWE0NGI1YTgwM2M0NDMzODBlMGViNTll?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jul 15, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 93: Keesmaat & Walsh - Resisting Empire in the Book of Romans</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This week Biblical Scholar Dr. Sylvia Keesmaat and Theologian Dr. Brian Walsh talk about what Paul was up to in the book of Romans. We visit topics like salvation and politics and how maybe those words don’t mean what we thought when it comes to the New Testament. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7424439990.mp3?updated=1678125832;207" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDvBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">54 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQmwM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-93-keesmat-walsh-resisting-empire-in-the-book-of-romans-c87bf534ea44b5a803c443380e0eb59e" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="205" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS05Mi1hai1sZXZpbmUtamVzdXMtanVkYWlzbS1jaHJpc3RpYW5pdHktcmVpc3N1ZS1kOTEwMGI1MWNjMDI1MmVkYTYxMzNkNzVlODhjZTk3Yw?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jul 1, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 92: AJ Levine - Jesus, Judaism, & Christianity (REISSUE)</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this episode of The Bible for Normal People Podcast, we look back to our time with Dr. Amy-Jill Levine on understanding Jesus is his Jewish context. Levine is University Professor of New Testament and Jewish Studies at Vanderbilt Divinity School and the author of a number of books including Short Stories by Jesus: The Enigmatic Parables of a Controversial Rabbi. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3878309096.mp3?updated=1678157498;208" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDyBA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">54 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQnQM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-92-aj-levine-jesus-judaism-christianity-reissue-d9100b51cc0252eda6133d75e88ce97c" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="206" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS05MS1wZXRlLWVubnMtcGV0ZS1ydWlucy1leG9kdXMtcGFydC0zLTY3NGViNzZhMzIzNWVjOGY1NjkyY2JmYjVkZjI3ZGI5?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jun 17, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 91: Pete Enns - Pete Ruins Exodus (Part 3)</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Pete continues his award-winning (his cat seems to like it) and mind-altering series on Exodus by diving into chapters 5-13: Moses and Aaron’s first confrontation with Pharaoh (which did and did not go well) and the story of the plagues, which are loaded with all sorts of symbolic, theological, and mythic meaning. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2416954606.mp3?updated=1678157855;209" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARD1BA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 20 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQnwM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-91-pete-enns-pete-ruins-exodus-part-3-674eb76a3235ec8f5692cbfb5df27db9" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="207" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS05MC1yaWNoYXJkLXJvaHItdGhlLWJpYmxpY2FsLXVuaXZlcnNhbC1jaHJpc3QtZTI0N2VkM2E2N2ExMmVlNzc3YTczNjEyNGQxMDdiZjE?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jun 3, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 90: Richard Rohr - The (Biblical) Universal Christ</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People Podcast, Pete and Jared talk with Richard Rohr about the (biblical) universal Christ and how this concept of Christ can expand our understanding of ourselves, the world, and God. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6836250827.mp3?updated=1678169937;210" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARD4BA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 5 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQoQM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-90-richard-rohr-the-biblical-universal-christ-e247ed3a67a12ee777a736124d107bf1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="208" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS04OS1wZXRlLWFuZC1qYXJlZC1kYXZpZC1zLXNvcmRpZC1wYXN0LXRoaXMtYWluLXQtbm8ta2lkcy1zdG9yeS1hYTdjMmRmM2Q1YWQ1MTIyYjk0NjNkMmRjMzZhODJmNA?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 27, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 89: Pete and Jared - David’s Sordid Past: This Ain’t No Kids Story</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode of The Bible for Normal People Podcast, Pete and Jared take a close look at the call of David and the battle with Goliath (1 Samuel 16-17) to show how these biblical stories already portray David as a morally complex character from the beginning. These stories also tell us something of the intricate and layered nature of biblical storytelling. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9092216353.mp3?updated=1678218088;211" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARD7BA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">58 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQowM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-89-pete-and-jared-david-s-sordid-past-this-ain-t-no-kids-story-aa7c2df3d5ad5122b9463d2dc36a82f4" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="209" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS04OC1yYWNoZWwtaGVsZC1ldmFucy1yZWFkaW5nLXRoZS1iaWJsZS1jcmVhdGl2ZWx5LTM4OGJjMWE3ZDZkNWEwMjgyZjI5MDlkNTQ1ZDk4NjY2?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 20, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 88: Rachel Held Evans - Reading The Bible Creatively</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This week’s episode with Rachel Held Evans is among her last podcast interviews, recorded 2 months before her untimely passing on May 4. We offer this episode, unedited, in Rachel’s honor and as a testimony to her humor, insight, power, gentleness, and courage. RESOURCES MENTIONED IN THIS EPISODE: "Inspired" by Rachel Held Evans "Searching For Sunday" by Rachel Held Evans "A Year of Biblical Womanhood" by Rachel Held Evans "Faith Unraveled" by Rachel Held Evans. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3370316645.mp3?updated=1672532552;212" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARD-BA;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 1 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQpQM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-88-rachel-held-evans-reading-the-bible-creatively-388bc1a7d6d5a0282f2909d545d98666" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="210" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS04Ni1yb2JlcnQtYWx0ZXItdGhlLWFydC1vZi10cmFuc2xhdGluZy10aGUtYmlibGUtMjc5NjdhN2E3ODY5NWVhZDZkMjVjODA3ZWQ0NjNhMjE?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 13, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 87: Robert Alter - The Art of Translating the Bible</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Robert Alter has spent most of his life committed to studying the Bible and the last two decades creating an entirely new translation of the Old Testament. Pete and Jared talk about some of the insights he has gained from seeing the Bible as a literary masterpiece. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3257729597.mp3?updated=1678168730;213" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCBBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQpwM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-86-robert-alter-the-art-of-translating-the-bible-27967a7a78695ead6d25c807ed463a21" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="211" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS04Ni1wZXRlLWVubnMtcGV0ZS1ydWlucy1leG9kdXMtcGFydC0yLWU4YjcwZTU0MmZiMWI4MTk0MDJhZjVjNDU5YzAyOTVl?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 7, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 86: Pete Enns - Pete Ruins Exodus (Part 2)</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Pete continues his series in Exodus chapters 3 and 4. God reveals his plan to use Moses to deliver the Israelites from Egypt and Moses does everything he can think of to get out of it. He finally gets on board with the program, but not without a last minute bizarre twist and close call. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3435665943.mp3?updated=1678169432;214" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCEBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 8 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQqQM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-86-pete-enns-pete-ruins-exodus-part-2-e8b70e542fb1b819402af5c459c0295e" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="212" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS04NS1hdXN0ZW4taGFydGtlLXRoZS1iaWJsZS10aGUtbGl2ZXMtb2YtdHJhbnNnZW5kZXItY2hyaXN0aWFucy01NDE5MDM4N2MxM2E4M2ViOGYyZjdiODgyYTFiNzFjYw?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 29, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 85: Austen Hartke - The Bible & The Lives of Transgender Christians</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Austen Hartke shares his journey of being a transgender Christian and discusses how the Bible might speak to the inclusion of all people into the people of God. Show Notes→
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9986556116.mp3?updated=1678506959;215" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCHBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">50 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQqwM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-85-austen-hartke-the-bible-the-lives-of-transgender-christians-54190387c13a83eb8f2f7b882a1b71cc" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="213" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS04NC1qYXJlZC1ieWFzLXBhdWwtaXMtZnJ1c3RyYXRpbmctb24tZm9ybmljYXRpb24td2l2ZXMtb2JleWluZy1odXNiYW5kcy1pbi1jb2xvc3NpYW5zLTdjN2M4YzFmZWY2OGZmYWNiZTYwNTFjN2Q1YTA1YmNl?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 22, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 84: Jared Byas - Paul is Frustrating: On Fornication & Wives Obeying Husbands in Colossians</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Why does Paul say there are no longer slaves but then turns around and tells slaves to obey their masters? What gives? Do wives need to submit to their husbands just because Paul says so? Geez, Paul can be so frustrating. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6794232259.mp3?updated=1678507214;216" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCKBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">38 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQrQM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-84-jared-byas-paul-is-frustrating-on-fornication-wives-obeying-husbands-in-colossians-7c7c8c1fef68ffacbe6051c7d5a05bce" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="214" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS04My1qdWR5LXN0YWNrLXRoZS1nb3NwZWwtb2YtbWF0dGhldy1vbi1pbnRlZ3JpdHktaHlwb2NyaXN5LTg1NzZmMWIyZDZmYWI5ZGU2YTdiYTdmODY3YzVhMzFj?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 15, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 83: Judy Stack - The Gospel of Matthew on Integrity & Hypocrisy</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">What is Matthew all about? Why does it look the way it does? In this episode Judy Stack takes us to school and helps us to see the Gospel in a new light. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2847280640.mp3?updated=1678507352;217" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCNBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">55 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQrwM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-83-judy-stack-the-gospel-of-matthew-on-integrity-hypocrisy-8576f1b2d6fab9de6a7ba7f867c5a31c" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="215" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS04Mi1saW5kYS1rYXkta2xlaW4tYnJlYWtpbmctZnJlZS1mcm9tLXB1cml0eS1jdWx0dXJlLWMzMTNhOTViNmRmZDFkZDcyODUyYTc2YTVlMzNkN2Nk?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 8, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 82: Linda Kay Klein - Breaking Free From Purity Culture</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Having grown up being told her body was bad, Linda Kay Klein was on a mission to hear from women about their own experiences with Purity Culture. In this episode we talk about what the Bible has to say about sexual purity and maybe more importantly, what it doesn’t. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4629772747.mp3?updated=1678507456;218" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCQBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">58 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQsQM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-82-linda-kay-klein-breaking-free-from-purity-culture-c313a95b6dfd1dd72852a76a5e33d7cd" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="216" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS04MS1wZXRlLWphcmVkLXRydXRoLWlzLXN1YmplY3RpdmUtZXZlbi1pbi10aGUtYmlibGUtMTgwMDcwNzQwOTA4NGY1NDMwMWRkODhjMzM1NDkyNjA?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 1, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 81: Pete & Jared - Truth is Subjective . . . Even in the Bible</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">When people find out that the Bible is ancient, ambiguous, and diverse, they often ask, "Is the Bible true then?" Pete and Jared dive into the topic and talk about how truth–in the Bible–is subjective. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9037986311.mp3?updated=1678507748;219" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCTBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">45 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQswM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-81-pete-jared-truth-is-subjective-even-in-the-bible-1800707409084f54301dd88c33549260" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="217" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS04MC1qb25hdGhhbi13YWx0b24tcmVhZGluZy10aGUtYmlibGUtdGhyb3VnaC10aGUtbGVucy1vZi1sb3ZlLWY3NzI2MjQwZjIxMzQ4M2RhNDU5YzY5MTEyMzMxZjE0?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 25, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 80: Jonathan Walton - Reading the Bible Through the Lens of Love</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">What does it mean to remain faithful to the Bible but also have a moral imagination that might extend beyond the Bible? How can that be done? We talk with Jonathan Walton about how he connects those dots and why he feels it’s the way to remain faithful to the Bible. "A Lens Of Love" by Jonathan Walton. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6846640950.mp3?updated=1678507959;220" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCWBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQtQM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-80-jonathan-walton-reading-the-bible-through-the-lens-of-love-f7726240f213483da459c69112331f14" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="218" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS03OS1hdXN0aW4tY2hhbm5pbmctYnJvd24tcHJlYWNoaW5nLXRoZS1iaWJsZS1pbi10aGUtYmxhY2stY2h1cmNoLTYzMzhkMjgyODUxNWQ2YzBiMjgzNmU3MzQxZmNhYmNh?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 18, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 79: Austin Channing Brown - Preaching the Bible in the Black Church</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This week on The Bible for Normal People, we have Austin Channing Brown as our guest. She shares about her experience growing up in various churches and what we can learn from black churches - especially when it comes to preaching the Bible. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1185041191.mp3?updated=1678510848;221" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCZBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">49 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQtwM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-79-austin-channing-brown-preaching-the-bible-in-the-black-church-6338d2828515d6c0b2836e7341fcabca" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="219" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS03OC1wZXRlLWVubnMtcGV0ZS1ydWlucy1leG9kdXMtcGFydC0xLTIwYzM5YTFhYzY5NGJkNDEwNzdmN2UyOTIzZjhlMGQz?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 11, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 78: Pete Enns - Pete Ruins Exodus (Part 1)</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">There’s a lot more going on in the book of Exodus than what you’ve seen on the big screen or heard in church. More than a story of deliverance, Exodus is a subtle literary creation that contains many surprises when we read it closely. Join Pete here for Part 1 of this series where he looks at some big picture issues (like “did it happen?”) before walking us through the themes of chapters 1 and 2. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4553997190.mp3?updated=1678509852;222" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCcBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">51 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQuQM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-78-pete-enns-pete-ruins-exodus-part-1-20c39a1ac694bd41077f7e2923f8e0d3" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="220" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS03Ny1lbGl6YWJldGgtZW5ucy1wZXR0ZXJzLWFueGlldHktaW4tdGhlLWxpZmUtb2YtZmFpdGgtMDRkOTg0OTNjNmRjMmI5ZGI5ZWRlMmIxYTk2YjI1ZjY?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 3, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 77: Elizabeth Enns Petters - Anxiety in the Life of Faith</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Anxiety in the life of faith is a conversation that needs to happen more often. Elizabeth Enns Petters talks with us about her journey and how her old views on the Bible contributed to her anxiety and how her new views on God and faith have given her a new perspective on life. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1789681096.mp3?updated=1678509527;223" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCfBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">42 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQuwM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-77-elizabeth-enns-petters-anxiety-in-the-life-of-faith-04d98493c6dc2b9db9ede2b1a96b25f6" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="221" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS03Ni14YXZpZXItcGlja2V0dC1zby13aGVuLWRpZC13aGl0ZS1jaHJpc3RpYW4tYW1lcmljYS1sb3NlLWl0cy1taW5kLTY1ZWY3YWNiZDk4M2Q1YTdjMWMzYWViNTQ1NGFkY2Uz?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 24, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 76: Xavier Pickett - So When Did White Christian America Lose Its Mind?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Pete & Jared talk to Xavier Pickett about the Bible and slavery, the Bible and race, and the importance of theologian James Cone. RESOURCES Reformed Blacks of America "The Civil War as a Theological Crisis" by Mark Knoll "Stony The Road We Trod" by Dr. Cain Hope Felder "How The Bible Actually Works" by Pete Enns. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6742294905.mp3?updated=1678510120;224" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCiBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">54 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQvQM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-76-xavier-pickett-so-when-did-white-christian-america-lose-its-mind-65ef7acbd983d5a7c1c3aeb5454adce3" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="222" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS03NS1yaG9uZGEtYnVybmV0dC1ibGV0c2NoLXRoZS1iaWJsZS1maWxtLTJjYzY1ODJlNWFiMWI1YTNmMmRiZWIzMWM3Yjc2YzJk?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 17, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 75: Rhonda Burnette-Bletsch - The Bible & Film</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">We talk often about how the Bible isn’t opposed to culture but is deeply embedded in it. Rhonda Burnette-Bletsch shows us how true that is in film by walking us through a few popular movies and how they relate to the Bible. You can find Rhonda's list of movies at the end of this blog post. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3963539192.mp3?updated=1678510247;225" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARClBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">50 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQvwM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-75-rhonda-burnett-bletsch-the-bible-film-2cc6582e5ab1b5a3f2dbeb31c7b76c2d" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="223" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS03NC1wZXRlLWphcmVkLWdvZCVlMiU4MCU5OXMtY2hpbGRyZW4tdGVsbC10aGUtc3RvcnktZjlhMzNkODE5NmU5NmY5ZWMyZDQ1MjM1NDI2OWNlZDY?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 10, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 74: Pete & Jared - God’s Children Tell the Story</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">All human beings are encultured creatures and limited by their humanity—as were the Biblical writers, and evidence for that jumps out at us at every page. The raw and limiting humanity of Scripture is to be embraced and celebrated rather than explained away. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8117351838.mp3?updated=1687115960;226" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCoBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">47 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQwQM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-74-pete-jared-god%e2%80%99s-children-tell-the-story-f9a33d8196e96f9ec2d452354269ced6" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="224" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS03My1wcm9wYWdhbmRhLXdoYXQtZG9lcy1jaHJpc3RpYW4tYXJ0LWV2ZW4tbWVhbi0wYjc5NWU3MDFlYzBhMGM1OTdmMDY2ZjBhNDQwMTY2MQ?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 3, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 73: Propaganda - What Does Christian Art Even Mean?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Hip Hop artist Propaganda joins Pete and Jared for the season 3 opener and shares some deep—and we mean deep—thoughts about the music industry, artistic integrity, and what being Christian in all that means and doesn’t mean. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9947009374.mp3?updated=1678584324;227" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCrBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQwwM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-73-propaganda-what-does-christian-art-even-mean-0b795e701ec0a0c597f066f0a4401661" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="225" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vc2Vhc29uLTMtdGVhc2VyLTE1NDg2MzUyNTMtYmYzNjBlMDllNGYyMDU3NTc0YWM1MGUyNDI4OGM4Zjk?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jan 27, 2019</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Season 3 Teaser</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Here's a sneak peek of what's coming in Season 3 of The Bible For Normal People podcast. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7154237683.mp3?updated=1673546263;228" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCuBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">4 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQxQM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/season-3-teaser-1548635253-bf360e09e4f2057574ac50e24288c8f9" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="226" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS03Mi1wZXRlLWphcmVkLXNlYXNvbi0yLXJldHJvc3BlY3RpdmUtZjRjZWM0Mjc4ZGJmNjUwMDA2YjgzMjViM2RjM2RmYjI?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dec 16, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 72: What Is the Bible & What Do We Do with It: Season 2 Recap</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Jared and Pete look back at all of their guests in Season 2 to talk about language, history, and how personal experiences can't help but affect how we read the Bible. All in the effort to ask that perennial set of questions: What is the Bible and What do We Do With It? Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6954854287.mp3?updated=1678584545;229" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCxBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">46 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQxwM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-72-pete-jared-season-2-retrospective-f4cec4278dbf650006b8325b3dc3dfb2" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="227" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS03MS1icmFkLWplcnNhay10aGUtYmlibGUtYW5kLW9ydGhvZG94LWZhaXRoLTE3NjkwMDRiOWI0NmIyNDQ1OTg5ZTkwYjI5NmEyYzBh?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dec 9, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 71: Brad Jersak - The Bible And Orthodox Faith</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Jared & Pete talk to Brad Jersak about how Orthodoxy views the Bible, and some other things, and how those differ from Evangelicalism. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9986543218.mp3?updated=1678584828;230" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARC0BQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">47 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQyQM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-71-brad-jersak-the-bible-and-orthodox-faith-1769004b9b46b2445989e90b296a2c0a" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="228" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS03MC1wZXRlLWVubnMtdGhlLXRnYy1kb2VzbiVlMiU4MCU5OXQtcmVhbGx5LWdldC1wcm9ncmVzc2l2ZS1jaHJpc3RpYW5pdHktYW5kLWF0aGVpc20tYmFiZDI1NjQ3NjUzZmQ0NDhkMmU0ZmQ2Nzc5Y2NiZjM?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dec 2, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 70: Pete Enns - TGC Doesn’t Really Get Progressive Christianity and Atheism</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Pete responds to an article from The Gospel Coalition entitled, "3 Beliefs Some Progressive Christians and Atheists Share." He takes issue with the harmful rhetoric that polarizes Evangelicalism creating an "us vs. them" mentality among brothers and sisters in Christ. He points out that Progressive Christianity shouldn't be a pejorative term but one that describes a creative and inquisitive faith seeking to evolve with their understanding of the scripture. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4895745339.mp3?updated=1678583872;231" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARC3BQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQywM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-70-pete-enns-the-tgc-doesn%e2%80%99t-really-get-progressive-christianity-and-atheism-babd25647653fd448d2e4fd6779ccbf3" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="229" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS02OS1kYW5pZWwta2lyay1maXZlLXRoaW5ncy15b3UtbmVlZC10by1rbm93LWFib3V0LXRoZS1nb3NwZWwtb2YtbWFyay03ODMyZDdmNDQ1NTFjYWMwODI4ZGYyYmQyNTVmYzRlNA?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 25, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 69: Daniel Kirk - Five Things You Need to Know About the Gospel of Mark</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Pete and Jared speak with Daniel Kirk about the Gospel of Mark. Mark's gospel goes to great lengths to provide unparalleled detail and symbolism that get more and more meaningful the deeper you traverse into the text. You'll find yourself anxious to read through it again and again! Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6379345606.mp3?updated=1678584000;232" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARC6BQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">57 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQzQM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-69-daniel-kirk-five-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-gospel-of-mark-7832d7f44551cac0828df2bd255fc4e4" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="230" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS02OC10cmV5LXBlYXJzb24taGV5LWplc3VzLTljNjdjYzhjYjBkNTlhNjA1MzhiNjVkMThjNGE2Y2Q4?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 18, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 68: Trey Pearson - Hey Jesus</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Pete & Jared speak with Trey Pearson, former lead singer of the popular Christian band Everyday Sunday. Two years ago, Trey came out publicly and lost the support of his record label, church and many friends. He shares openly about the isolation and heartbreak that he endured being ostracized from his faith community. But he found hope and joy in accepting who God made him to be. And has a renewed love for the Bible and for God through new ways of reading and thinking about scripture. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3408290658.mp3?updated=1678583232;233" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARC9BQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">54 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQzwM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-68-trey-pearson-hey-jesus-9c67cc8cb0d59a60538b65d18c4a6cd8" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="231" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS02Ny1qb25hdGhhbi1tZXJyaXR0LXJlLWltYWdpbmluZy1zYWNyZWQtc3BlZWNoLWY0NmViYTlkZDFlYzVhYzY4OGIxZTI4ZDVkMzVlYjhj?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 11, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 67: Jonathan Merritt - Re-imagining Sacred Speech</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Pete & Jared talk to Jonathan Merritt about the language of scripture, how it's changed over the years and how our interpretation and understanding must adapt to fully appreciate what the Bible has to say. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7777059421.mp3?updated=1686352913;234" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDABQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">56 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ0QM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-67-jonathan-merritt-re-imagining-sacred-speech-f46eba9dd1ec5ac688b1e28d5d35eb8c" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="232" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS02Ni1qYXJlZC1ieWFzLXRoZS1ib29rLW9mLWplcmVtaWFoLWI1OThkMzdjYTg2NThmZjNjNDY5NGFhZjJkMWQ1ZDk4?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 4, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 66: Jared Byas - The Book of Jeremiah</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Jared takes us into the book of Jeremiah and delves into some of the historical and cultural significance of the text. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6520998379.mp3?updated=1686353332;235" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDDBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">36 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ0wM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-66-jared-byas-the-book-of-jeremiah-b598d37ca8658ff3c4694aaf2d1d5d98" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="233" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS02NS1rZW50LXNwYXJrcy13aGVyZS1kaWQtdGhlLWlzcmFlbGl0ZXMtY29tZS1mcm9tLTQ0MzdhNGZmODhkNmQyOTBlYzZiYzc0ODc1ODkwMzFl?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 29, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 65: Kent Sparks - Where Did the Israelites Come From?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode from Season 1, Jared and Pete talk to Dr. Kent Sparks about the origins of the Israelites. Along the way they get into the nature of the Bible, the nature of the Christian faith, fundamental theological issues like soteriology, and the nature of God. After all, you can't talk about anything without talking about everything. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8878865555.mp3?updated=1686353454;236" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDGBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 2 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ1QM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-65-kent-sparks-where-did-the-israelites-come-from-4437a4ff88d6d290ec6bc7487589031e" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="234" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS02NC1rZXZpbi1tYWtpbnMtNTA2ZTQyZGQwNmNiOTJlMjZjYTY5NzUxYWJmMDlmZDk?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 22, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 64: Kevin Makins - Reading the Bible Toward Unity Not Uniformity</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This week Pete & Jared sit down with Kevin Makins, founding pastor of Eucharist Church in Hamilton, Ontario. They talk about community, how he reads the Bible and how it informs the culture of his faith community. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8691591000.mp3?updated=1686353632;237" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDJBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">57 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ1wM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-64-kevin-makins-506e42dd06cb92e26ca69751abf09fd9" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="235" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS02My1wZXRlLWVubnMtd2hhdC1kb2VzLXRoZS1iaWJsZS1oYXZlLXRvLXNheS1hYm91dC1wb2xpdGljcy1lMTA3YzNkNGRmNjEwN2I1ZmMyY2U1Y2U0NGQ1ZmQ0Mw?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 15, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 63: Pete Enns - What Does the Bible Have to Say about Politics—American or Otherwise?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">What does the Bible have to say about politics? Nothing, really. On the other hand, a lot—but not the way many tend to think. Rather than supporting a political agenda, the biblical story challenges us to hold those agendas to account when they fail to promote justice. What is needed more then another clever politician with resources to ram things through are prophetic voices that remain distant from adopting wholesale any party ideology. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6419399982.mp3?updated=1686354144;238" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDMBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">55 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ2QM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-63-pete-enns-what-does-the-bible-have-to-say-about-politics-e107c3d4df6107b5fc2ce5ce44d5fd43" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="236" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS02Mi1icmVudC1zdHJhd24tYS1nZW50bGUtcmVtaW5kZXItdGhhdC10aGUtb2xkLXRlc3RhbWVudC1pcy1wYXJ0LW9mLW91ci1iaWJsZS1hbmQteW91LWNhbnQtYXZvaWQtaXQtOTg0ODgzZDA1MmU5YjJmYTdjZGE4NTg2Mjg4YmYxYTc?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 8, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 62: Brent Strawn - A Gentle Reminder that the Old Testament is Part of Our Bible and You Can't Avoid It</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This week, Jared & Pete talk to Brent Strawn about the Old Testament. They discuss some of the common criticisms of the Old Testament and how the modern Church has over-emphasized the New Testament much to its detriment. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8468228648.mp3?updated=1686354232;239" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDPBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ2wM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-62-brent-strawn-a-gentle-reminder-that-the-old-testament-is-part-of-our-bible-and-you-cant-avoid-it-984883d052e9b2fa7cda8586288bf1a7" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="237" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS02MS1wZXRlLWphcmVkLWNyZWVkcy1jb25mZXNzaW9ucy1zdGF0ZW1lbnRzLW9mLWJlbGllZi0wODc1ODBmYzA4OTRiMTQ2ZjMwY2E4NTlhOWZlZmRjNQ?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 1, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 61: Pete & Jared - Creeds, Confessions & Statements of Belief</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Pete & Jared discuss the value that creeds have in shaping the way we practice our faith. And how they can sometimes fall short, as demonstrated by the modern Statement on Social Justic & The Gospel. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2055815299.mp3?updated=1686523616;240" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDSBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">48 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ3QM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-61-pete-jared-creeds-confessions-statements-of-belief-087580fc0894b146f30ca859a9fefdc5" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="238" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS02MC1tYXJrLXNtaXRoLXdoby1pcy15YWh3ZWgtd2hlcmUtZGlkLXlhaHdlaC1jb21lLWZyb20tZTE5ODJkMzhmZDUwMGM2NmQ0YzY2NjA3NmVlMWRiNTk?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 23, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 60: Mark Smith - Who Is Yahweh & Where Did Yahweh Come From?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Jared & Pete talk to Mark Smith about the origin of Yahweh and how the term was understood in the first century. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7793576296.mp3?updated=1686523070;241" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDVBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">58 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ3wM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-60-mark-smith-who-is-yahweh-where-did-yahweh-come-from-e1982d38fd500c66d4c666076ee1db59" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="239" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS01OS1qYXJlZC1ieWFzLWhvdy10by10YWxrLXRvLXBlb3BsZS15b3UtZGlzYWdyZWUtd2l0aC03YWE2ZWQwYmI4ZTJiMGI4MDA0MTkxOWNlMTZjNjM2Mw?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 17, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 59: Jared Byas - How to Talk to People You Disagree With</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Jared tackles the question of how to engage with people that believe differently that we do. Many times we're guilty of shutting down the conversation and alienating people with opposing viewpoints rather than seeking to hear and understand their perspective. Jared shares some excellent tools in helping us move the conversation forward. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3048680406.mp3?updated=1686523290;242" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDYBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">35 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ4QM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-59-jared-byas-how-to-talk-to-people-you-disagree-with-7aa6ed0bb8e2b0b80041919ce16c6363" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="240" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS01OC1iaWxsLXNjaG5pZWRld2luZC13aGVuLWFuZC13aHktdGhlLWJpYmxlLXdhcy13cml0dGVuLTBiNzYwZGY2NTU0ZDVkMTBjMjBlMzJhMzgzM2IzZTk1?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 3, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 58: Bill Schniedewind - When and Why the Bible Was Written</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Jared & Pete talk to William M. Schniedewind, professor of Near Eastern Languages & Cultures at UCLA. They discuss the challenges of accurately capturing the oral tradition of the Hebrew scriptures and what we can learn from looking at the history and context of how it was written. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6188802534.mp3?updated=1686684488;243" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDbBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">53 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ4wM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-58-bill-schniedewind-when-and-why-the-bible-was-written-0b760df6554d5d10c20e32a3833b3e95" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="241" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS01Ny1saXZlLWZyb20td2lsZC1nb29zZS03Y2Y5ZWQ1YjM3M2E1Y2RjZjhmMWYzYjY3MmU4OTdiYw?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Aug 13, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 57: LIVE from Wild Goose</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The Bible for Normal People podcast LIVE from the Wild Goose festival. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1487348453.mp3?updated=1686687904;244" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDeBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ5QM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-57-live-from-wild-goose-7cf9ed5b373a5cdcf8f1f3b672e897bc" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="242" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS01Ni1wZXRlLWVubnMtZXZhbmdlbGljYWxzLWFuZC10aGUtcHJvYmxlbS1vZi10aGUtb2xkLXRlc3RhbWVudC0xNzc3OGU1YzNhOTg5MjM3NTRmNTA1ZTQ2ODU4ZDZjOQ?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Aug 6, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 56: Pete Enns - Evangelicals and the Problem of the Old Testament</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Pete Enns unpacks some of the problems presented by the Bible additional. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7253408005.mp3?updated=1686688451;245" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDhBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">49 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ5wM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-56-pete-enns-evangelicals-and-the-problem-of-the-old-testament-17778e5c3a98923754f505e46858d6c9" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="243" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS01NS1yYWNoZWwtaGVsZC1ldmFucy11bnJhdmVsaW5nLWFuZC1yZS1yYXZlbGluZy10aGUtYmlibGUtZnJvbS1zZWFzb24tMS0zODJlNWU2ZTNjZjBjNjgzZjhhMDBmYjc4YTNhZWIzZA?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jul 23, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 55: Rachel Held Evans - Unraveling and Re-Raveling the Bible (from Season 1)</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this reissue from Season 1, Jared and Pete talk to Rachel Held Evans on wrestling with doubt, how women are portrayed in the Bible and loving the scriptures even through personal doubt and deconstruction. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3276926744.mp3?updated=1672536509;246" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDkBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">48 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ6QM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-55-rachel-held-evans-unraveling-and-re-raveling-the-bible-from-season-1-382e5e6e3cf0c683f8a00fb78a3aeb3d" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="244" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS01NS1qYXJlZC1wZXRlLXEtYS1mMWJlNTE5OTRmN2Q1YmRlYTIzY2RjNjM1NDA4ZDI1NQ?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jul 9, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 54: Jared & Pete - Q & A</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Jared & Pete answer questions submitted from The Bible For Normal People community. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9160473880.mp3?updated=1686688629;247" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDnBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">44 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ6wM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-55-jared-pete-q-a-f1be51994f7d5bdea23cdc635408d255" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="245" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS01My1zYXJhaC1iZXNzZXktY29ubmVjdGluZy10aGUtaG9seS1zcGlyaXQtdGhlLWhvbHktYmlibGUtZjRlZGIwMTg3M2IyNWViZWJiYmI4ZTVkYzIwNjEyYmU?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jun 25, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 53: Sarah Bessey - Connecting The Holy Spirit & The Holy Bible</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Pete & Jared talk with Sarah Bessey about her background in the Word of Faith movement, her deconstruction, and her journey to finding freedom in the Scriptures as she learned to read and understand it in a new way. They also discuss how to raise kids with strong faith without transferring your own doubt and theological baggage to them. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5105951696.mp3?updated=1686688839;248" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDqBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">42 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ7QM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-53-sarah-bessey-connecting-the-holy-spirit-the-holy-bible-f4edb01873b25ebebbbb8e5dc20612be" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="246" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS01Mi1wZXRlLWVubnMtZWNjbGVzaWFzdGVzLTBhYTg0ZDY4MTMxMTAzNmZjOWNiMjFkMGU2YWQzODA4?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jun 10, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 52: Pete Enns - Ecclesiastes</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Pete takes a look at 9 things you need to know to get the somber book of Ecclesiastes. He cautions us against an optimistic reading as the author intends to question everything—even God. It's a book that's not for the faint of heart (or for the new believer), as you need to have weathered the storms of faith to fully appreciate the tough questions being asked . . . and ultimately, the hope found within! Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8770241344.mp3?updated=1686689489;249" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDtBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 7 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ7wM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-52-pete-enns-ecclesiastes-0aa84d681311036fc9cb21d0e6ad3808" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="247" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS01MS1qYW1pZS13cmlnaHQtamVzdXMtanVzdGljZS10aGUtbWlzc2lvbi1maWVsZC0yNGIwMGY5MGRkMTcwMGYzMzNmMWVlOGYxYTRlZWRkMQ?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 27, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 51: Jamie Wright - Jesus, Justice & the Mission Field</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Pete and Jared talk with Jamie Wright, whose experience as a missionary in Costa Rica had led her to question the church, missions and evangelicalism all while retaining her deep love for and faith in Jesus. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6315128101.mp3?updated=1686689590;250" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDwBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">44 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ8QM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-51-jamie-wright-jesus-justice-the-mission-field-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="248" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS01MC1yb2ItYmVsbC13aGF0LWlzLXRoZS1iaWJsZS0yNGIwMGY5MGRkMTcwMGYzMzNmMWVlOGYxYTRlZWRkMQ?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 21, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 50: Rob Bell - What is the Bible?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Jared & Pete talk with Rob Bell about his new book, "What is the Bible" and his own evolution in his thinking about the Bible [re-broadcast of Episode 1 from March 20, 2017] Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1639556867.mp3?updated=1686689868;251" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDzBQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">50 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ8wM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-50-rob-bell-what-is-the-bible-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="249" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS00OS1wZXRlLWphcmVkLWNyaXRpY2FsLXRoaW5raW5nLTI0YjAwZjkwZGQxNzAwZjMzM2YxZWU4ZjFhNGVlZGQx?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 14, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 49: Pete & Jared - Critical Thinking</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Pete & Jared define critical thinking and unpack what it means to read the Bible critically. They suggest that a "God said it, that settles it" approach to scripture may not factor in the context, audience and literary style that the author employs in writing. Thinking critically about how we approach scripture allows us to experience the fullness and richness of the text. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3441956820.mp3?updated=1687115050;252" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARD2BQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">51 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ9QM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-49-pete-jared-critical-thinking-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="250" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS00OC1qZWZmcmV5LXN0YWNrZXJ0LXdoby13cm90ZS10aGUtcGVudGF0ZXVjaC0yNGIwMGY5MGRkMTcwMGYzMzNmMWVlOGYxYTRlZWRkMQ?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 7, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 48: Jeffrey Stackert - Who Wrote the Pentateuch?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Pete & Jared speak with Jeffrey Stackert about the origins of the Pentateuch, or the first five books of the Old Testament. Rather than looking at the books as separate works written by Moses, they discuss the documentary hypothesis which suggests that the Pentateuch was compiled from four sources. And many of the contradictions in the text may actually be indications of converging viewpoints from editors including or omitting details to preserve the integrity of the text. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4015816725.mp3?updated=1687115297;253" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARD5BQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">57 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ9wM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-48-jeffrey-stackert-who-wrote-the-pentateuch-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="251" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS00Ny1hdWRyZXktYXNzYWQtZGVjb252ZXJ0aW5nLWZyb20tY2VydGFpbnR5LTI0YjAwZjkwZGQxNzAwZjMzM2YxZWU4ZjFhNGVlZGQx?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 30, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 47: Audrey Assad - Deconverting From Certainty</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Pete & Jared speak with recording artist Audrey Assad about her music, her theology, and the shift from her conservative fundamentalist roots to Catholicism. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9792140359.mp3?updated=1687115485;254" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARD8BQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">51 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ-QM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-47-audrey-assad-deconverting-from-certainty-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="252" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS00Ni13aWwtZ2FmbmV5LXdvbWFuaXN0LW1pZHJhc2gtMjRiMDBmOTBkZDE3MDBmMzMzZjFlZThmMWE0ZWVkZDE?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 23, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 46: Wil Gafney - Womanist Midrash</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Jared & Pete talk to Wil Gafney about the Womanist interpretation of the Bible. In their discussion, she brings out fascinating nuances in the text and challenges the predominantly patriarchal interpretation of the past. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4754188294.mp3?updated=1687115635;255" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARD_BQ;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">46 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ-wM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-46-wil-gafney-womanist-midrash-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="253" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS00NS1wZXRlLWVubnMtcm9tYW5zLWZvci1ub3JtYWwtcGVvcGxlLTI0YjAwZjkwZGQxNzAwZjMzM2YxZWU4ZjFhNGVlZGQx?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 16, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 45: Pete Enns - Romans for Normal People</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Pete (joined by his cat Marmalade) shares 10 things essential to understanding the book of Romans. He's quick to point out a number of varying opinions about this important letter and suggests that the ways in which we've come to understand Paul's writings may be incomplete at best. And the trite ways that some of the more familiar passage have been recited are far from Paul's original intent. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3233824668.mp3?updated=1687115904;256" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCCBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 4 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ_QM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-45-pete-enns-romans-for-normal-people-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="254" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS00NC1jcmFpZy1hbGxlcnQtd2hlcmUtZGlkLXRoZS1uZXctdGVzdGFtZW50LWNvbWUtZnJvbS0yNGIwMGY5MGRkMTcwMGYzMzNmMWVlOGYxYTRlZWRkMQ?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 9, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 44: Craig Allert - Where Did the New Testament Come From?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Jared & Pete talk to Craig Allert about how the canon of scripture was curated. They also discuss the doctrine of "sola scriptura" and how the intertestimental books can be beneficial in bringing addition context and detail to our understanding of scripture. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9149635775.mp3?updated=1687596085;257" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCFBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">47 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ_wM;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-44-craig-allert-where-did-the-new-testament-come-from-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="255" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS00My1qYXJlZC1ieWFzLWlzLXRoZS1iaWJsZS10cnVlLTI0YjAwZjkwZGQxNzAwZjMzM2YxZWU4ZjFhNGVlZGQx?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 2, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 43: Jared Byas - Is the Bible True?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This week Jared walks us through the ways in which the Bible is true and in some ways untrue. He'll start by unpacking what we mean when we talk about truth and give us some helpful insights into how we can approach historical facts that sometimes seem to be at odds with the Biblical text. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8042318510.mp3?updated=1687596453;258" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCIBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">33 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQgQQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-43-jared-byas-is-the-bible-true-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="256" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS00Mi1iYXJiYXJhLWJyb3duLXRheWxvci1ob3ctdGhlLWJpYmxlLWlzLWN1cmF0ZWQtMjRiMDBmOTBkZDE3MDBmMzMzZjFlZThmMWE0ZWVkZDE?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 26, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 42: Barbara Brown Taylor - How the Bible is Curated</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Jared & Pete talk to author, teacher and Episcopal priest Barbara Brown Taylor. They discuss the many different stages and "human fingerprints" involved in getting the Bible from the original manuscripts to the printed translations that we read, including our own theological history and tradition. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8239784226.mp3?updated=1687596691;259" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCLBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">47 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQgwQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-42-barbara-brown-taylor-how-the-bible-is-curated-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="257" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS00MS13aWxsaWFtLXBhdWwteW91bmctcmVpbWFnaW5pbmctdGhlLWdvZC1vZi10aGUtYmlibGUtMjRiMDBmOTBkZDE3MDBmMzMzZjFlZThmMWE0ZWVkZDE?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 18, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 41: William Paul Young - Reimagining the God of the Bible</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Pete & Jared talk to William Paul Young, author of the NY Times bestselling book and feature film, "The Shack." Young describes his thought process behind his controversial portrayal of God the Father as an African-American woman and reminds us that we all bring some level of interpretation to the Biblical text. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2224566122.mp3?updated=1687597078;260" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCOBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQhQQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-41-william-paul-young-reimagining-the-god-of-the-bible-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="258" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS00MC1yaWNoYXJkLXJvaHItYS1jb250ZW1wbGF0aXZlLWxvb2stYXQtdGhlLWJpYmxlLTI0YjAwZjkwZGQxNzAwZjMzM2YxZWU4ZjFhNGVlZGQx?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 11, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 40: Richard Rohr - A Contemplative Look at The Bible</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this week's episode we have Fr. Richard Rohr to talk about a contemplative approach to the Bible. [re-broadcast from March 26, 2017 (Episode 2)] Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9427078635.mp3?updated=1687597338;261" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCRBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 3 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQhwQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-40-richard-rohr-a-contemplative-look-at-the-bible-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="259" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0zOS11bmRlcnN0YW5kaW5nLWRldXRlcm9ub215LXRoZS1zdG9yeS1vZi1pc3JhZWxzLWtpbmdzLTI0YjAwZjkwZGQxNzAwZjMzM2YxZWU4ZjFhNGVlZGQx?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 5, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 39: Understanding Deuteronomy & the Story of Israel's Kings</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Pete and Jared discuss Deuteronomy, the so-called “Deuteronomistic History,” and why God in these books is so over-the-top angry most of the time. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4343360977.mp3?updated=1687597993;262" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCUBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 3 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQiQQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-39-understanding-deuteronomy-the-story-of-israels-kings-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="260" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0zOC1wZXRlci1yb2xsaW5zLXRoZS1iaWJsZS1hcy1hLXNhY3JlZC1vYmplY3QtMjRiMDBmOTBkZDE3MDBmMzMzZjFlZThmMWE0ZWVkZDE?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 25, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 38: Peter Rollins - The Bible as a Sacred Object</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this episode, we talk with Peter Rollins about how Christians have made the Bible (along with their views of God) into a "sacred object.” And, spoiler alert: that's actually not a good thing. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4106622068.mp3?updated=1687597680;263" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCXBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">55 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQiwQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-38-peter-rollins-the-bible-as-a-sacred-object-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="261" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0zNy1jeW50aGlhLXNoYWZlci1lbGxpb3R0LXdoYXQtYXJjaGFlb2xvZ2lzdHMtZG8td2h5LWl0LW1hdHRlcnMtMjRiMDBmOTBkZDE3MDBmMzMzZjFlZThmMWE0ZWVkZDE?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 18, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 37: Cynthia Shafer-Elliott - What Archaeologists Do & Why It Matters</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Archaeologist Cynthia Shafer-Elliott turns a 2D Bible into a 3D picture by digging up artifacts from everyday ancient Israelite life. These were real people with real habits and customs that we never really see on the pages of the Bible. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7489837713.mp3?updated=1687597806;264" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCaBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">50 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQjQQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-37-cynthia-shafer-elliott-what-archaeologists-do-why-it-matters-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="262" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0zNi1wZXRlLWVubnMtNy10aGluZ3MteW91LW5lZWQtdG8ta25vdy1hYm91dC1ob3ctdGhlLWJvb2stb2YtcHJvdmVyYnMtd29ya3MtMjRiMDBmOTBkZDE3MDBmMzMzZjFlZThmMWE0ZWVkZDE?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 11, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 36: Pete Enns - 7 Things You Need to Know about How the Book of Proverbs Works</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this episode, Pete Enns works through 7 big-picture issues that help us see what Proverbs is all about and why the idea of Wisdom is such an absolutely central and vital biblical concept that many know very little about. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6162165828.mp3?updated=1687598304;265" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCdBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQjwQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-36-pete-enns-7-things-you-need-to-know-about-how-the-book-of-proverbs-works-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="263" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0zNS1icmlhbi1tY2xhcmVuLXRoZS1iaWJsZS1hcy1hLXdlYXBvbi0yNGIwMGY5MGRkMTcwMGYzMzNmMWVlOGYxYTRlZWRkMQ?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Feb 4, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 35: Brian McLaren - The Bible As A Weapon</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jared & Pete talk with Brian McLaren about the dangers of a "weaponized Bible" and how our own bias and interpretation may cause us to reach some incomplete conclusions. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9324126147.mp3?updated=1687598473;266" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCgBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">53 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQkQQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-35-brian-mclaren-the-bible-as-a-weapon-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="264" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0zNC1qZW4taGF0bWFrZXItMjRiMDBmOTBkZDE3MDBmMzMzZjFlZThmMWE0ZWVkZDE?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jan 28, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 34: Jen Hatmaker - Changing Your Mind About the Bible: A Survivor's Guide</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this season 2 opener, Pete & Jared talk with Jen Hatmaker about what can happen, emotionally and relationally, when you change your mind about the Bible. And how to survive it with your faith intact. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7418174796.mp3?updated=1687598710;267" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCjBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">50 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQkwQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-34-jen-hatmaker-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="265" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vc2Vhc29uLTItdGVhc2VyLTE1MTY3MzgxNzYtMjRiMDBmOTBkZDE3MDBmMzMzZjFlZThmMWE0ZWVkZDE?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jan 23, 2018</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Season 2 Teaser</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Here's a glimpse of what's coming in season 2 of The Bible for Normal People, featuring Jen Hatmaker, Barbara Brown Taylor, William Paul Young, Brian McLaren, and Cynthia Shafer-Elliot.
Support this podcast at — https://redcircle.com/the-bible-for-normal-people/donations
Advertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brands
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1337014495.mp3?updated=1657563518;268" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCmBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">3 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQlQQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/season-2-teaser-1516738176-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="266" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0zMy13aGF0LWlzLXRoZS1iaWJsZS13aGF0LWRvLXdlLWRvLXdpdGgtaXQtMjRiMDBmOTBkZDE3MDBmMzMzZjFlZThmMWE0ZWVkZDE?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dec 17, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 33: Pete and Jared - What Is The Bible & What Do We Do With It?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Season 1 wrap-up. Pete and Jared reflect on the first season of guests and topics and how they helped inform the big questions that drive this podcast. Season 2 is coming late January or early February 2018! Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6564296006.mp3?updated=1687598999;269" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCpBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">46 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQlwQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-33-what-is-the-bible-what-do-we-do-with-it-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="267" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0zMi1jYXJvbHluLWN1c3Rpcy1qYW1lcy1tb3ZpbmctcGFzdC1wYXRyaWFyY2h5LTI0YjAwZjkwZGQxNzAwZjMzM2YxZWU4ZjFhNGVlZGQx?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dec 11, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 32: Carolyn Custis James - Moving Beyond Patriarchy</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this episode, Pete and Jared speak with Carolyn Custis James. Carolyn is an award-winning author who thinks deeply about what it means to be a female follower of Jesus in a postmodern world. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2595018928.mp3?updated=1687886519;270" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCsBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">49 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQmQQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-32-carolyn-custis-james-moving-past-patriarchy-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="268" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0zMS10aGUtYmlibGUtZm9yLW5vcm1hbC1wZW9wbGUtbGl2ZS1mcm9tLXBlbm4tc3RhdGUtMjRiMDBmOTBkZDE3MDBmMzMzZjFlZThmMWE0ZWVkZDE?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dec 3, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 31: The Bible For Normal People: LIVE From Penn State University</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In our continuing effort to corrupt the minds of college students (because college students don't already have corrupt minds), Pete and Jared recently took a road trip to Penn State to record an episode of The Bible for Normal People in front of a live audience. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4329635767.mp3?updated=1687886683;271" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCvBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 6 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQmwQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-31-the-bible-for-normal-people-live-from-penn-state-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="269" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0zMC1wZXRlLWVubnMtZGl2aW5lLXZpb2xlbmNlLTI0YjAwZjkwZGQxNzAwZjMzM2YxZWU4ZjFhNGVlZGQx?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 26, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 30: Pete Enns - Taking a Shot at Divine Violence</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this episode of The Bible for Normal People, Pete Enns—without any adult supervision whatsoever—gives his own take on divine violence, specificially: the Flood story, the curses in Deuteronomy 28, and, of course, the one every one wants to talk about, God's command to the Israelites to wipe the Canaanites off the face of the earth and take their land. And a good time was had by all. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3681730599.mp3?updated=1687887042;272" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCyBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">59 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQnQQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-30-pete-enns-divine-violence-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="270" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0yOS1hbnRob255LWxlLWRvbm5lLXRoZS1nb3NwZWxzLWFzLW1lbW9yaWVzLW9mLWplc3VzLTI0YjAwZjkwZGQxNzAwZjMzM2YxZWU4ZjFhNGVlZGQx?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 20, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 29: Anthony Le Donne - The Gospels as Memories of Jesus</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this episode, Pete and Jared speak to New Testament scholar Anthony Le Donne about The Gospels as memories of Jesus rather than strictly speaking "historical" accounts. Le Donne is the author of several books on Jesus and the Gospels and also edits the Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5014861857.mp3?updated=1687887180;273" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARC1Bg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">57 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQnwQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-29-anthony-le-donne-the-gospels-as-memories-of-jesus-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="271" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0yOC1ncmVnLWJveWQtamVzdXMtZGl2aW5lLXZpb2xlbmNlLTI0YjAwZjkwZGQxNzAwZjMzM2YxZWU4ZjFhNGVlZGQx?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 13, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 28: Greg Boyd - Jesus & Divine Violence</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The week’s guest is pastor and author Greg Boyd, and our topic is how the crucifixion of Jesus helps us see divine violence in the Old Testament from a fresh angle. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8211522195.mp3?updated=1687887411;274" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARC4Bg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQoQQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-28-greg-boyd-jesus-divine-violence-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="272" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0yNy1wZXRlLWFuZC1qYXJlZC1hdXRob3JpdHktYW5kLXJldmVsYXRpb24tMjRiMDBmOTBkZDE3MDBmMzMzZjFlZThmMWE0ZWVkZDE?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Nov 5, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 27: Pete and Jared - Authority, Revelation, and Inspiration</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this week's episode, Pete and Jared riff with great eloquence and profundity on three big words that come up sooner or later whenever you start talking about the Bible, especially when you start thinking about the Bible in new ways. Is the Bible still authoritative? What does that even mean? Same with Revelation and Inspiration. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL1617084538.mp3?updated=1687887660;275" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARC7Bg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">55 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQowQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-27-pete-and-jared-authority-and-revelation-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="273" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0yNi1kcmV3LWhhcnQtcmFjZS10aGUtYmlibGUtMjRiMDBmOTBkZDE3MDBmMzMzZjFlZThmMWE0ZWVkZDE?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 30, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 26: Drew Hart - The Bible, Race, and White Supremacy</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this episode, Pete and Jared speak with Drew Hart about race and the Bible. Hart is assistant professor of theology at Messiah College, author of Trouble I’ve Seen: Changing the Way the Church Views Racism, and an activist with ten years of pastoral experience. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5757359415.mp3?updated=1687887752;276" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARC-Bg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">49 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQpQQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-26-drew-hart-race-the-bible-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="274" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0yNS1qYXJlZC1ieWFzLWpvbmFoLTI0YjAwZjkwZGQxNzAwZjMzM2YxZWU4ZjFhNGVlZGQx?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 22, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 25: Jared Byas - Jonah</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this week's episode, Jared digs deep into that theologically deep, literarily complex, and definitely not "children's story," the book of Jonah.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9978932227.mp3?updated=1689886711;277" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDBBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">39 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQpwQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-25-jared-byas-jonah-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="275" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0yMy1ueWFzaGEtanVuaW9yLXdvbWFuaXN0LWJpYmxpY2FsLWludGVycHJldGF0aW9uLTI0YjAwZjkwZGQxNzAwZjMzM2YxZWU4ZjFhNGVlZGQx?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 15, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 24: Nyasha Junior - Womanist Biblical Interpretation</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This week's episode looks at Womanist Biblical Interpretation with Pete and Jared’s guest Nyasha Junior, assistant professor in the department of religion at Temple University in Philadelphia. She writes, teaches, speaks, and frequently tweets on race, gender, religion, and their intersections.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2831312726.mp3?updated=1689886691;278" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDEBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">50 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQqQQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-23-nyasha-junior-womanist-biblical-interpretation-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="276" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0yMy1iZXZlcmx5LWdhdmVudGEtd2hhdC1pcy10aGUtYm9vay1vZi1yb21hbnMtdHJ5aW5nLXRvLWRvLTI0YjAwZjkwZGQxNzAwZjMzM2YxZWU4ZjFhNGVlZGQx?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 8, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 23: Beverly Gaventa - What is The Book of Romans Trying To Do?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This week, Jared and Pete speak with Beverly Gaventa. Beverly is Distinguished Professor of New Testament Interpretation at Baylor University and Helen H.P. Manson Professor of New Testament Literature and Exegesis Emerita at Princeton Theological Seminary. Her latest book is called “When In Romans”. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6367887370.mp3?updated=1687888358;279" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDHBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">53 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQqwQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-23-beverly-gaventa-what-is-the-book-of-romans-trying-to-do-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="277" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0yMi1wZXRlci1lbm5zLWluc2VydC10aXRsZS1oZXJlLTI0YjAwZjkwZGQxNzAwZjMzM2YxZWU4ZjFhNGVlZGQx?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oct 2, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 22: Pete Enns - 5 Things Jesus Wants You to Know about the Adam Story</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this week's episode, Pete Enns lays out 5 things to keep in mind when reading the Adam story that will challenge your preconceptions, offer fresh points of view, and likely turn our entire political climate around for the better. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3097175289.mp3?updated=1677053458;280" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDKBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">56 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQrQQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-22-peter-enns-insert-title-here-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="278" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0yMS1qb24tbGV2ZW5zb24tcmVzdXJyZWN0aW9uLWluLXRoZS1oZWJyZXctYmlibGUtMjRiMDBmOTBkZDE3MDBmMzMzZjFlZThmMWE0ZWVkZDE?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 24, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 21: Jon D. Levenson - Resurrection in the Hebrew Bible</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this episode, Pete and Jared talk with Hebrew Bible scholar and theologian Jon D. Levenson about where the idea of resurrection shows up in the Hebrew Bible and early Judaism, what it means when it does, and how some of that finds its way into the New Testament. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3012850683.mp3?updated=1677053790;281" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDNBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 4 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQrwQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-21-jon-levenson-resurrection-in-the-hebrew-bible-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="279" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0yMC1kaWFuYS1idXRsZXItYmFzcy1yZWFkaW5nLXRoZS1iaWJsZS1hcy1hbi1leHBlcmllbmNlLXJlbGF0aW9uc2hpcC0yNGIwMGY5MGRkMTcwMGYzMzNmMWVlOGYxYTRlZWRkMQ?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 18, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 20: Diana Butler Bass - Reading the Bible as an Experience & Relationship</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This week Pete and Jared talk with speaker, author, and theologian Diana Butler Bass about her love for the Bible that has led her beyond code words and conventions to something deeper and more spiritually sustaining. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6156782318.mp3?updated=1677087460;282" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDQBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 4 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQsQQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-20-diana-butler-bass-reading-the-bible-as-an-experience-relationship-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="280" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/dGhlYmlibGVmb3Jub3JtYWxwZW9wbGUucG9kYmVhbi5jb20vZXBpc29kZS0xOS1tZWdhbi1kZWZyYW56YS10aGUtYmlibGUtYW5kLWludGVyc2V4LWJlbGlldmVycy0yNGIwMGY5MGRkMTcwMGYzMzNmMWVlOGYxYTRlZWRkMQ?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sep 10, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 19: Megan DeFranza - The Bible and Intersex Believers</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this episode of the Bible For Normal People, Pete and Jared talk with theologian Megan DeFranza (actually, Megan educates us) on a topic that affects deeply the lives of many, but that few Christians even know is a topic. And Megan might surprise you about what the Bible and church history have to say about it. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8568514426.mp3?updated=1677087655;283" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDTBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">55 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQswQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/episode-19-megan-defranza-the-bible-and-intersex-believers-24b00f90dd1700f333f1ee8f1a4eedd1" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="281" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/aHR0cHM6Ly90aGViaWJsZWZvcm5vcm1hbHBlb3BsZS5wb2RiZWFuLmNvbS9lL2VwaXNvZGUtMTgtamFyZWQtYnlhcy10YWtpbmctdGhlLWJpYmxlLXNlcmlvdXNseS1idXQtbm90LWxpdGVyYWxseS8?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Aug 27, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 18: Jared Byas - Taking the Bible Seriously But Not Literally</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This week, Jared Byas takes on his first solo episode. Since he's a plebeian and doesn't have his own Wikipedia page (unlike Pete), he begins with a little autobiography and the recurring theme of taking the Bible seriously but not literally. And encourages us, no matter how we read the Bible, to stop using "literally" altogether. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8023239629.mp3?updated=1677088249;284" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDWBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">40 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQtQQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="https://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/e/episode-18-jared-byas-taking-the-bible-seriously-but-not-literally/" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="282" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/aHR0cDovL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL2UvZXBpc29kZS0xNy1kZW5pcy1sYW1vdXJldXgtdGhlLWJpYmxlLWV2b2x1dGlvbi1jaHJpc3RpYW4tZmFpdGgv?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Aug 13, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 17: Denis Lamoureux - The Bible, Evolution, & Christian Faith</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This week on The Bible for Normal People, Pete and Jared speak to Denis Lamoureux on a topic that never seems to go away. Lamoureux is associate professor of science and religion at St. Joseph’s College in the University of Alberta. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7255671743.mp3?updated=1677087808;285" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDZBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQtwQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/e/episode-17-denis-lamoureux-the-bible-evolution-christian-faith/" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="283" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/aHR0cDovL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL2UvZXBpc29kZS0xNi1lbGxlbi1kYXZpcy13aGF0LWlzLXRoZS1wcmFjdGljYWwtdmFsdWUtb2YtdGhlLW9sZC10ZXN0YW1lbnQv?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jul 30, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 16: Ellen Davis - What is the Practical Value of the Old Testament?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this episode, Pete and Jared talk with Ellen Davis, Amos Ragan Kearns Professor of Bible and Practical Theology at Duke Divinity School, about the value of the Old Testament for Christians. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5440304472.mp3?updated=1687599585;286" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDcBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">56 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQuQQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/e/episode-16-ellen-davis-what-is-the-practical-value-of-the-old-testament/" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="284" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/aHR0cDovL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL2UvZXBpc29kZS0xNS1icmlhbi16YWhuZC1kaXZpbmUtdmlvbGVuY2UtaW4tdGhlLWJpYmxlLw?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jul 16, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 15: Brian Zahnd - Violence in the Bible and What to Do with It</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this week's episode, Pete and Jared speak with Brian Zahnd about violence in the Bible. Brian Zahnd is the founder and lead pastor of Word of Life Church (Saint Joseph, MO), and he writes, blogs, and Tweets regularly on the problem of violence in the Bible. His next book Sinners in the Hands of a Loving God is set to be released August 2017. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4110614495.mp3?updated=1686690108;287" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDfBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">54 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQuwQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/e/episode-15-brian-zahnd-divine-violence-in-the-bible/" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="285" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/aHR0cDovL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL2UvZXBpc29kZS0xNC1tYXR0aGV3LXZpbmVzLXRoZS1iaWJsZS1hbmQtdGhlLWdheS1jaHJpc3RpYW4v?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jul 2, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 14: Matthew Vines - The Bible and The Gay Christian</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this episode of the Bible For Normal People, Pete and Jared talk with Matthew Vines, author of God and the Gay Christian, about the complexities of biblical interpretation surrounding human sexuality. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3581925701.mp3?updated=1688085824;288" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDiBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">55 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQvQQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/e/episode-14-matthew-vines-the-bible-and-the-gay-christian/" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="286" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/aHR0cDovL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL2UvZXBpc29kZS0xMy1tYXJjLWJyZXR0bGVyLW9uLWJlaW5nLWEtamV3aXNoLWJpYmxpY2FsLXNjaG9sYXIv?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jun 18, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 13: Marc Brettler - On Being a Jewish Biblical Scholar</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this episode, Pete and Jared talk with Marc Brettler on the conversation between the insights biblical scholarship, Jewish tradition, and the nature of the Bible. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7562524397.mp3?updated=1688084993;289" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDlBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">49 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQvwQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/e/episode-13-marc-brettler-on-being-a-jewish-biblical-scholar/" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="287" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/aHR0cDovL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL2UvZXBpc29kZS0xMi1mYWl0aC1hbmQtZG91YnQtbm8teW91cmUtbm90LXRoZS1vbmx5LW9uZS8?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jun 4, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 12: Pete Enns and Jared Byas - Faith and Doubt: No, You're Not the Only One</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this episode, Pete and Jared discuss how doubt in the life of faith is normal, biblical, and spiritually beneficial. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2886049733.mp3?updated=1688085619;290" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDoBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">50 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQwQQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/e/episode-12-faith-and-doubt-no-youre-not-the-only-one/" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="288" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/aHR0cDovL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL2UvZXBpc29kZS0xMS1iZW4tc29tbWVycy1qZXdpc2gtdmlld3Mtb2YtdGhlLWJpYmxlLw?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 28, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 11: Benjamin D. Sommer - Jewish Views on the Bible</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this week's episode, Jared and Pete speak with Ben Sommer, professor of Bible at the Jewish Theological Seminary (NYC). Christians have A LOT to learn from Jews about how their Bible works. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL4255327922.mp3?updated=1688085987;291" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDrBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 6 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQwwQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/e/episode-11-ben-sommers-jewish-views-of-the-bible/" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="289" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/aHR0cDovL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL2UvZXBpc29kZS0xMC1wZXRlLWVubnMtdGhlLWlzcmFlbGl0ZXMtYmVsaWV2ZWQtaW4tbWFueS1nb2RzLw?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 21, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 10: Pete Enns - The Israelites Believed in Many Gods.</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this week’s episode, Pete Enns explores "monolatry," the ancient Israelite belief that many gods existed but only one God, Yahweh, was worthy of worship. The ancient Israelites were not monotheists, and thinking they were obscures the theology of many passages by imposing an idea the Israelites would not have understood. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL9135550098.mp3?updated=1688086223;292" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDuBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">45 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQxQQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/e/episode-10-pete-enns-the-israelites-believed-in-many-gods/" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="290" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/aHR0cDovL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL2UvZXBpc29kZS05LWRhbmllbC1raXJrcy11bmRlcnN0YW5kaW5nLXRoZS1odW1hbi1qZXN1cy8?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 14, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 9: Daniel Kirk - Understanding The Human Jesus</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">New Testament scholar Daniel Kirk joins us this week to discuss the humanity of Jesus and why that shouldn't be obscured. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6072052002.mp3?updated=1688152260;293" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARDxBg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQxwQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/e/episode-9-daniel-kirks-understanding-the-human-jesus/" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="291" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/aHR0cDovL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL2UvZXBpc29kZS04LWtlbnQtc3BhcmtzLXdoZXJlLWRpZC10aGUtaXNyYWVsaXRlcy1jb21lLWZyb20v?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">May 7, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 8: Kent Sparks - Where Did the Israelites Come From?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this week's episode Pete and Jared talk with historian and Old Testament professor Kent Sparks about the mysterious origins of the Israelites. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2953983498.mp3?updated=1688152517;294" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARD0Bg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 2 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQyQQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/e/episode-8-kent-sparks-where-did-the-israelites-come-from/" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="292" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/aHR0cDovL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL2UvZXBpc29kZS03LXRoZS1iaWJsZS1mb3Ita2lkcy8?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 30, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 7: Pete Enns and Jared Byas - Teaching the Bible to Your Children</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this week's episode Jared and Peter talk about their experiences with the challenge of teaching the Bible to children. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8462986668.mp3?updated=1675726825;295" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARD3Bg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">51 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQywQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/e/episode-7-the-bible-for-kids/" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="293" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/aHR0cDovL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL2UvZXBpc29kZS02LWFqLWxldmluZS1hbi1hdGhlaXN0LWFuZC1hLWpldy13YWxrLWludG8tdGhlLW5ldy10ZXN0YW1lbnQv?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 23, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 6: AJ Levine - Jesus, Judaism, and Christianity</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this week's episode of The Bible for Normal People, we speak with Amy-Jill Levine on understanding Jesus is his Jewish context. Levine is University Professor of New Testament and Jewish Studies at Vanderbilt Divinity School and the author of a number of books including Short Stories by Jesus: The Enigmatic Parables of a Controversial Rabbi.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL7100459632.mp3?updated=1688152679;296" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARD6Bg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">52 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQzQQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/e/episode-6-aj-levine-an-atheist-and-a-jew-walk-into-the-new-testament/" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="294" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/aHR0cDovL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL2UvZXBpc29kZS01LW1pa2UtbWNoYXJndWUtdGhhdC10b3BpYy10aGF0LWlzbnQtZ29pbmctYW55d2hlcmUtYW55dGltZS1zb29uLXNjaWVuY2UtYW5kLXRoZS1iaWJsZS8?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 16, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 5: Mike McHargue - That Topic that Isn't Going Anywhere Anytime Soon: Science and the Bible.</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this week's episode, we talk with Mike McHargue about science and faith. Mike is the author of Finding God in The Waves and the host of two popular podcasts, The Liturgist Podcast and Ask Science Mike. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL5997534171.mp3?updated=1688152844;297" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARD9Bg;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 7 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQzwQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/e/episode-5-mike-mchargue-that-topic-that-isnt-going-anywhere-anytime-soon-science-and-the-bible/" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="295" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/aHR0cDovL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL2UvZXBpc29kZS00LXdhbHRlci1icnVlZ2dlbWFubi1yZXN1cnJlY3RpbmctdGhlLWJpYmxlLWluLXRoZS1tYWlubGluZS1jaHVyY2gv?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 9, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 4: Walter Brueggemann - Resurrecting the Bible in The Mainline Church</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This week's podcast is a discussion of the state of the Bible in the mainline church with Old Testament scholar and theologian Walter Brueggemann. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL2175406910.mp3?updated=1688155301;298" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCABw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">46 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ0QQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/e/episode-4-walter-brueggemann-resurrecting-the-bible-in-the-mainline-church/" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="296" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/aHR0cDovL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL2UvZXBpc29kZS0zLXJhY2hlbC1oZWxkLWV2YW5zLXVucmF2ZWxpbmctYW5kLXJlLXJhdmVsaW5nLXRoZS1iaWJsZS8?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Apr 2, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 3: Rachel Held Evans - Unraveling and Re-Raveling the Bible</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this week's episode, we speak with Rachel Held Evans on unraveling and re-raveling the Bible. Rachel has written three best-selling books exploring her evolving journey of faith. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL6624838506.mp3?updated=1672540990;299" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCDBw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">51 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ0wQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/e/episode-3-rachel-held-evans-unraveling-and-re-raveling-the-bible/" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="297" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/aHR0cDovL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL2UvZXBpc29kZS0yLXJpY2hhcmQtcm9oci1hLWNvbnRlbXBsYXRpdmUtbG9vay1hdC10aGUtYmlibGUv?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 26, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 2: Richard Rohr - A Contemplative Look at The Bible</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this week's episode we have Fr. Richard Rohr to talk about a contemplative approach to the Bible. Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8679720544.mp3?updated=1676780418;300" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCGBw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1 hr 5 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ1QQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/e/episode-2-richard-rohr-a-contemplative-look-at-the-bible/" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="298" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/aHR0cDovL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL2UvZXBpc29kZS0xLXJvYi1iZWxsLXdoYXQtaXMtdGhlLWJpYmxlLw?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 1 1 0%; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 19, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 1: Rob Bell - What Is The Bible?</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On this week's episode we talk to Rob Bell. He is the author of the upcoming book What Is The Bible? and the controversial New York Times Best-Seller Love Wins.
Show Notes →
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL3604842265.mp3?updated=1673660706;301" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwjh7qTQ2K2EAxWCMmIAHWPIBaUQzsICegUIARCJBw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">55 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4z9bU2K2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ1wQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/e/episode-1-rob-bell-what-is-the-bible/" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_add</span></span></div></div></div></div></a><div class="GdsSec" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: #dadce0; height: 1px; position: relative; width: 620px;"></div></div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a class="D9uPgd" data-index="299" href="https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlL2ZlZWQueG1s/episode/aHR0cDovL3RoZWJpYmxlZm9ybm9ybWFscGVvcGxlLnBvZGJlYW4uY29tL2UvaW50cm9kdWN0aW9uLTE0ODkzNjk3NTcv?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwi4x6_R2a2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ" jsname="ma59G" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="oD3fme" data-focusid="927" jsname="vuEe0c" role="navigation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; cursor: pointer; flex: 1 1 0%; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0px; text-wrap: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><div class="OTz6ee" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #5f6368; display: flex; letter-spacing: 0.025em; line-height: 1rem;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mar 12, 2017</span></div><div class="LTUrYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; display: flex; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 4px;"><div class="e3ZUqe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; max-height: 22px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Episode 0: Introduction, with Pete Enns and Jared Byas</span></div></div><div class="LrApYe" role="presentation" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; display: -webkit-box; letter-spacing: 0.0142857em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-top: 4px; max-height: 40px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre-line;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This is the introduction to Bible for Normal People: The Only God Ordained Podcast on The Internet. Serious Talk About the Sacred Book with Pete Enns and Jared Byas.
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices</span></div><div class="zlb4lf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-top: 12px;"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:vPK81" jscontroller="lExGmf" jsdata="Kwyn5e;https://pdst.fm/e/chtbl.com/track/95538/traffic.megaphone.fm/ADL8913040061.mp3?updated=1670722251;302" jsmodel="kY0ub" jsname="fvi9Ef" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><div class="Xts7De" jslog="41294;ved:2ahUKEwiDlZ3N2a2EAxWWM1kFHa88CAwQzsICegUIARCMBw;track:click" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex;"><div aria-role="button" class="J0Qtec" jsaction="JIbuQc:Vpcx9b; keydown:iRtwb; click:Vpcx9b(preventDefault=true)" jsname="Vnxkrf" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: flex; height: 32px;"><div class="lhl36d" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: -4px;"><div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Play this episode" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od c6fiEd M9Bg4d" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventMouseEvents=true|preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsname="bnKosc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; fill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); flex-shrink: 0; height: 32px; margin: 4px 4px 4px 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 32px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) 80%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%); background-size: cover; left: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0); transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s, visibility 0s ease 0.2s, transform 0s ease 0.2s, -webkit-transform 0s ease 0.2s; visibility: hidden;"></div><span class="xjKiLb" jsslot="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; position: relative; top: 50%;"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -12px;"><svg height="24px" stroke-width="2" viewbox="-12 -12 24 24" width="24px"><g jsname="KCeZIf"><circle class="iIDD2e" cx="0" cy="0" r="9"></circle><path class="ugRcF" d="M -2,4.5 l6-4.5-6-4.5v9z"></path></g></svg></span></span></span></div></div><span class="gUJ0Wc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; letter-spacing: 0.0178571em; line-height: 1.25rem; margin-right: 12px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">7 min</span></span></div></div></div><div class="fLGGp iFzCp" jsaction="fvTvzd:oVtfY;rcuQ6b:oVtfY;" jscontroller="bjxayc" jslog="103104;ved:0CAAQwKUGahgKEwi4x6_R2a2EAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ2QQ;track:click" jsname="d0QEPc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: flex; margin-left: 10px;"><div aria-label="Add to queue" aria-pressed="false" class="bPsqDc" data-cluster="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/feed/" data-feed="https://feed.podbean.com/thebiblefornormalpeople/feed.xml" data-guid="http://thebiblefornormalpeople.podbean.com/e/introduction-1489369757/" jsaction="keydown:pa341b; click:tziLbf(preventDefault=true)" jsname="yAM6vc" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #1a73e8; display: flex;" tabindex="0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="DPvwYc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-feature-settings: "liga"; line-height: 1; overflow-wrap: normal; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;">playlist_ad</span></span></div></div></div></div></a></div></div>R.E. Slaterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07236791303306154165noreply@blogger.com0