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| Church of the Highlands senior pastor Chis Hodges addresses racial injustice and his recent social media activity in his message on May 31, 2020. Video screengrab via Church of the Highlands |
Evangelicals perfected cancel culture.
about a central spiritual idea: What goes around comes around.
(RNS) — Liking a tweet is technically free, but one Alabama megachurch is paying a hefty price.
This month, Chis Hodges, senior pastor of Church of the Highlands, an evangelical congregation with 60,000 members spread across 24 locations, came under fire after screenshots were shared online showing the pastor liking several posts by Charlie Kirk, a controversial pro-Trump activist.
The posts in question were considered racially insensitive and, among other things, questioned whether white privilege actually exists.
These actions sparked outcry from Birmingham residents, including the pastor of at least one black church who was already displeased that Hodges’ church has been planting white congregations in black neighborhoods to which they had no connection.
Hodges attempted to quell the furor by deleting his social media accounts and tearfully apologizing to his congregation, but Birmingham’s Board of Education, which leased two public high schools to the church, was unconvinced.
RELATED: Why American evangelicals are so tempted by the easy assurance of conspiracy theories
The board abruptly canceled Church of the Highlands’ six-year lease, prohibiting the church from continuing to meet in the schools. The city’s housing authority also terminated a partnership under which the church provided various social services to residents.
Hodges had been “canceled” – a term for what happens when people, most often on social media but increasingly in “real life,” band together and employ shaming tactics to block a person from having a platform. It can mean boycotting the target’s businesses, refusing to consume their books or films or pressuring friends, colleagues and activists to denounce them or formally cut ties.
Ironically, evangelical Christians, who now decry what happened to Hodges, are well practiced at this treatment. While “cancel culture” may be a recent phenomenon, public scapegoating, shaming and silencing tactics are not.
Following the cultural upheaval that began in the 1960s, conservative Christians bathed in a sense of loss. By the mid-1970s, traditional American Christian values were on the decline in favor of a new kind of pluralism. To protect themselves, leaders of the newly formed religious right argued a kind of Christian cultural separatism in which all that was deemed evil would be cut off from all that was deemed holy.
Among their enemies were liberal politicians, social justice activists, feminist professors, abortion rights advocates, secularists, pornographers, humanists, atheists, Hollywood moguls, civil rights leaders, working moms and stay-at-home dads.
Paige Patterson closes his eyes during a special meeting of the Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary trustees on May 22, 2018. Photo by Adam Covington/SWBTS via Baptist Press
Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, church youth groups coordinated book burnings and music bonfires to purge their world of evil art. On any given night of the week, televangelists and Christian activists could be found on cable news attacking their enemies by name and blaming them for the “moral decay” of America.
Evangelicals tried their level best to smear and shame any person or organization who didn’t behave or believe appropriately in order to forcibly craft a society according to their Christian values.
When the target of their wrath wasn’t vulnerable to their smears, they used the foremost tool of cancel culture: the boycott. In 1997, the 16 million-member Southern Baptist Convention boycotted the Walt Disney company, which they perceived to be too gay-friendly.
Two years later, Jerry Falwell Sr., founder of the Moral Majority, famously led an effort to boycott “The Teletubbies,” a children’s television program, because he got an inkling that its Tinky-Winky character was covertly gay.
In 2012, the evangelical group “One Million Moms,” part of the American Family Association, led a boycott of JCPenney after comedian Ellen DeGeneres, an out lesbian, was named the department store chain’s spokesperson.
White evangelicals’ “cancel culture” did not just target those outside the camp. If a member of the community dared to deviate from what the majority called “orthodoxy,” that person too risked being run out of town.
Beginning in the 1970s, a group of Southern Baptists, led by now disgraced preacher and seminary president Paige Patterson and other conservative leaders, sought to purge their denomination of any hint of “liberal theology.” Seminary professors, church employees and pastors lost their jobs or were shamed out of the convention during this denominational civil war.
Known as the “Conservative Resurgence” or “the fundamentalist takeover,” depending on your point of view, the coup Patterson led was a massive exercise of cancel culture. Only true believers allowed. Anyone who crossed the masses was expelled quickly and forcefully.
Rob Bell. Photo courtesy of Rob Bell
Beyond the SBC, one of the best-known examples of evangelical cancel culture involved the public shaming of author Rob Bell, a former megachurch pastor who dared to question whether non-Christians went to hell after they died.
Strictly, Bell was not “canceled,” but “farewelled” — the patent online move was simply to bid “Farewell, Rob Bell,” next to a link to his apostasy. Suddenly, anyone who was friends with Bell, owned books by Bell or even dared to quote Bell’s earlier work was at risk of being canceled as well.
Since then, other Christian writers, including Jen Hatmaker and Rachel Held Evans, found their books no longer welcome in Christian bookstores due to their support for same-sex marriage.
Now the tables have turned.
Something shifted in 2016 after the election of Donald Trump. The rapidly proliferating groups evangelicals had been marginalizing and attacking — women, people of color, feminists, immigrants, LGBTQ people — recognized that they had their own pulpits on social media. They began to sermonize back.
This “Great Awokening” has flipped the script on cancel culture, and white evangelicals are calling for a rewrite.
Which is how Alabama pastor Chris Hodges found himself shut out of his high school auditorium rentals, and why conservative Christians and their political allies quickly set up a howl of fury.
The Family Research Council’s Tony Perkins, a longtime friend of Hodges’, claimed that “cancel culture” was tantamount to “mob tactics” and leftist “intolerance.” Former Attorney General and Alabama Sen. Jeff Sessions called it “an attack on both religious liberty and freedom of speech,” while Donald Trump Jr. tweeted that “canceling” an evangelical leader like Hodges was “absolutely insane.”
Ed Stetzer, executive director of the Wheaton College Billy Graham Center, called the shaming of Hodges “weaponized social media,” comparing it to a pitchforks-and-torches scene from “Frankenstein.”
RELATED: More on American evangelicals on Religion News Service
A reasonable argument can be made that, in Hodges’ case, the punishment far exceeded the crime.
But such an argument must also take into account from whence this problem arose. They are not victims of a liberal culture out to obliterate them from acceptable society; they are the collateral damage of a culture they helped create.
They are reaping what they have sowed.
Evangelicals’ “boycott for thee, but not for me” approach is not just drenched in irony. It’s a cautionary tale about a central idea taught in most major religions: What goes around often comes back around.
(Jonathan Merritt is author of “Learning to Speak God From Scratch” and an award-winning contributor to The Atlantic. The views expressed in this commentary do not necessarily reflect those of Religion News Service.)
Rob Bell
Robert Holmes Bell Jr. | |
|---|---|
 Bell in 2011 | |
| Born | August 23, 1970 |
| Alma mater | Wheaton College |
| Known for | Founding Mars Hill Bible Church |
| Parent(s) |
|
| Honours | Time 100 (2011) |
Robert Holmes Bell Jr. (born August 23, 1970) is an American author, speaker and former pastor. Bell founded Mars Hill Bible Church in Grandville, Michigan, and pastored it until 2012. Under his leadership, Mars Hill was one of the fastest-growing churches in America. Bell is also the author of the New York Times bestseller Love Wins and the writer and narrator of a series of spiritual short films called NOOMA. In 2011, Time named Bell on its list of the 100 Most Influential People in the World. He has since become a freelance writer and speaker appearing on various talk shows and national speaking tours on topics related to spirituality and leadership. He also hosts a popular podcast called 'The Robcast'. In 2018, a documentary about Bell called The Heretic was released.
Biography
Education and ministry
Bell is the son of U.S. District Judge Robert Holmes Bell, who was appointed to the federal bench by Ronald Reagan.[1][2]
After graduating from high school, Bell attended Wheaton College in Illinois. While at Wheaton, he roomed with Ian Eskelin of All Star United. With friends Dave Houk, Brian Erickson, Steve Huber and Chris Fall, he formed the indie rock band, "_ton bundle", which was reminiscent of bands such as R.E.M. and Talking Heads. During this time _ton bundle wrote the song "Velvet Elvis", based upon the same Velvet Elvis painting that he used in his first book, Velvet Elvis: Repainting the Christian Faith. Wheaton College was also where Bell met his wife, Kristen. The band _ton bundle started to gain some local fame and was even asked to perform at large events, but when Bell was struck with viral meningitis[3] these plans fell through.[4]
Bell received his bachelor's degree in 1992 from Wheaton and taught water skiing in the summers at the college's Honey Rock Camp, making about thirty dollars a week. During this time, he offered to teach a Christian message to the camp counselors after no pastor could be found. He taught a message about rest and was later approached by several people, each of them telling him that he should pursue teaching as a career.[citation needed]
Bell moved to Pasadena, California to pursue this calling for teaching and received a M.Div. from Fuller Theological Seminary. According to Bell, he never received good grades in preaching class because he always tried innovative ways to communicate his ideas. During his time at Fuller he was a youth intern at Lake Avenue Church. He did, however, occasionally attend Christian Assembly in Eagle Rock, California, which led to him and his wife asking questions in the direction of how a new style of church would appear.[citation needed]
Between 1995 and 1997, Bell formed a band called Big Fil which released two CDs; the first was a self-titled disc and the second was titled Via De La Shekel. When asked what style of music they played, Bell would respond with "Northern Gospel!", which later became the name of a song on the second album. Even after Big Fil stopped performing, Bell continued with two more projects by the name of Uno Dos Tres Communications volume 1 and 2, both of which had a similar musical sound to Big Fil.[citation needed]
Mars Hill Bible Church
Bell and his wife moved from California to Grand Rapids to be close to family and on invitation to study under pastor Ed Dobson. He handled many of the preaching duties for the Saturday Night service at Calvary Church. Bell announced that he would be branching out on his own to start a new kind of community and would name it "Mars Hill" after the Greek site where the apostle Paul said: "For as I walked around and looked carefully at your objects of worship, I even found an altar with this inscription: TO AN UNKNOWN GOD. Now what you worship as something unknown I am going to proclaim to you."[5]
In February 1999, Bell founded Mars Hill Bible Church, with the church originally meeting in a school gym in Wyoming, Michigan. Within a year the church was given a shopping mall in Grandville, Michigan, and purchased the surrounding land. In July 2000 the 3,500 "grey chair" facility opened its doors. As of 2005, an estimated 11,000 people attended the two "gatherings" on Sundays at 9 and 11 AM.[6][full citation needed] As of March 2011, Sunday attendance numbered between 8,000 and 10,000.[7] His teachings at Mars Hill inspired the popular "Love Wins" bumper sticker, and the congregation freely distributed these stickers after services.[8]
In order to maintain balance in his life, Bell maintained his Fridays as a personal sabbath, where he did not allow contact by electronic means, and had all pastoral duties transferred to other Mars Hill pastors.[9][better source needed]
In the January 2007 issue of the magazine TheChurchReport.com, Bell was named No. 10 in its list of "The 50 Most Influential Christians in America" as chosen by their readers and online visitors.[10]
In June 2011, Bell was named by Time Magazine as one of the "2011 Time 100", the magazine's annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world.[11]
On September 22, 2011, Bell announced his resignation from Mars Hill Church to start "a spiritual talk show in Los Angeles.[12] In July 2012, Bell held his first major event since leaving Mars Hill, speaking at the Viper Room night club in Los Angeles.[13] Bell has hosted conferences and workshops in Laguna Beach for "leaders, teachers, preachers, entrepreneurs, artists, pastors—anyone whose work involves creating something and then turning it loose in the world."[14]
Other projects
Bell is the featured speaker in NOOMA, a series of short films. The title of the video series, "NOOMA", is an English variation of the Greek word pneuma which means breath or spirit. All the videos feature the teachings of Bell accompanied by music written and sung by local independent artists with the exception of The Album Leaf's music being licensed for the NOOMA DVD Lump.[citation needed]
In August 2005, Zondervan Publishing published Bell's first book, Velvet Elvis: Repainting the Christian Faith. Velvet Elvis is, according to the official online summary, "for the millions of people who are fascinated by Jesus, but can't do the standard Christian package. In his debut book, Bell explores a new understanding of the Christian faith."[15]
Bell's Everything is Spiritual national speaking tour launched on June 30, 2006, in Chicago, drawing sold-out crowds in cities across North America. The proceeds from ticket sales were used to support WaterAid, an international non-profit organization dedicated to helping people escape the poverty and disease caused by living without safe water and sanitation.[citation needed]
Bell's second book, titled Sex God: Exploring the Endless Connections between Sexuality and Spirituality, was released in March 2007. In February and March 2007 Bell hosted a "Sex God" tour on six university campuses to promote his book. The tour functioned more as a time for engaging questions and conversation. Questions ranged from Old Testament codes to homosexuality to what should Christians do with the word "evangelical". Each night ended with the showing of NOOMA number 15 entitled "YOU".[citation needed]
In June 2007, Bell toured the United Kingdom and Ireland with a series called Calling All Peacemakers.[16][better source needed]
Bell launched another speaking tour on November 5, 2007, in Chicago. "The Gods Aren't Angry" again drew sold-out crowds in cities across North America. The subject matter was a narrative defense of justification through faith and not works (sacrifice). Proceeds from this tour were used to support the Turame Microfinance program supporting the poor in Burundi, a mission supported by Bell's church.[citation needed]
Bell's 2009 project, Drops Like Stars, explores the links between creativity and suffering. Drops Like Stars was an international tour and a book, initially handwritten by Bell, with photographs. The title of the project comes from a young child's view of raindrops on a window at night. Rather than focusing on the conundrum of why an all-powerful God would allow suffering, Bell instead looks at the creativity, empathy, new connections, and growth that can spring from suffering. When asked in an interview how he had become interested in suffering, Bell replied that as a pastor he had been given a front row seat in the most poignant moments of people's lives. At the same time he was doing lectures on creativity and realized, "There was a connection between these two halves of my life – all these connections between suffering and art-making."[17]
In September 2013 Bell was interviewed by Oprah for her Super Soul Sunday television show. Bell's book, What We Talk About When We Talk About God, was also listed as the first recommended book that month in Oprah's "Book of the Month" club.[18]
Television
ABC television announced production of a new television drama, Stronger, co-written by Bell and Carlton Cuse, the executive producer of the television series Lost.[19] The show, based loosely on Bell's life and his unpublished novel-turned-pilot-script, would follow the life of Tom Stronger, a musician on a spiritual journey.[20] Ultimately, Bell and Cuse were unable to get approval to shoot a pilot for Stronger.
Bell and Cuse have moved on to another project described as a "faith-inflected talk show" presented by Bell. Two tapings of the proposed show were filmed in September 2012 in a warehouse in Los Angeles' art district in order to put together a reel for network executives.[21] At the time, they were referenced as either That One Show Rob Bell and Carlton Cuse Have Been Working On, or The September Shows for short.[22][23][24] A trailer has since been produced using The Rob Bell Show as a title card. His first and second guest each night were Cathleen Falsani and James "Jame-o" Primbram, an eco-warrior.[citation needed]
Podcast
Rob Bell hosts a podcast, The Robcast, as the only host, but he is regularly joined by guests.[25] He believes that "churches and denominations are waning" and that the medium of podcasting provides freedom to learn and grow spiritually without the hindrances of institutions.[26] It was called the best religion and spirituality podcast of 2015 on iTunes.[27] Juliana Chan Erikson of the World Magazine, questioned the direction that podcasts like the Robcast steers their audiences.[28]
Beliefs
In his writings, Bell says, "I affirm the truth anywhere in any religious system, in any worldview. If it's true, it belongs to God."[29]
Bell's book Love Wins caused a major controversy within the evangelical community. The controversy was the subject of a Time magazine cover story and a featured article in the New York Times.[30][31][32] In the book, Bell states that "It's been clearly communicated to many that this belief (in hell as eternal, conscious torment) is a central truth of the Christian faith and to reject it is, in essence, to reject Jesus. This is misguided and toxic and ultimately subverts the contagious spread of Jesus' message of love, peace, forgiveness and joy that our world desperately needs to hear." In this book, Bell outlines a number of views of hell, including universal reconciliation. Though he does not choose any one view as his own, he states "Whatever objections a person may have of [the universalist view], and there are many, one has to admit that it is fitting, proper, and Christian to long for it."[citation needed]
The book was criticized by numerous conservative evangelical figures (in particular, some reformed church leaders), such as Albert Mohler, John Piper, and David Platt, with Mohler saying that the book was "theologically disastrous" for not rejecting universalism.[33][34] Other evangelicals, such as Brian McLaren,[35][36] Greg Boyd[37] and Eugene Peterson[38][39][40] defended Bell's views. Bell denies that he is a universalist and says that he does not embrace any particular view but argues that Christians should leave room for uncertainty on the matter. As Jon Meacham stated, Love Wins presents [Bell's] "case for living with mystery rather than demanding certitude."[41][42] Some evangelicals argued that this "uncertainty" is incompatible with Scripture,[43] while others say that the book is simply promoting overdue conversation about some traditional interpretations of Scripture.[44][45] In the book, Bell also questions "evacuation theology" which has Christians focused on getting to heaven, instead of focusing on God's renewal and transformation of this world. Bell argues that Jesus (and the wider Jewish tradition of which he was a part) focused on God's ongoing restoration of this world, not getting individuals to heaven.[46][47]
At his Viper Room appearance in July 2012, Bell took a question from an audience member concerned about the church's acceptance of gay members. Said Bell, "Some people are gay, and you're our brothers and you're our sisters, and we love you. We love you... [Gay people] are passionate disciples of Jesus just like I'm trying to be, so let's all get together and try to do something about the truly big problems in our world."[48] On March 17, 2013, in an interview at Grace Cathedral in San Francisco, Bell said, "I am for marriage. I am for fidelity. I am for love, whether it's a man and a woman, a woman and a woman, a man and a man...And I think the ship has sailed. This is the world we are living in and we need to affirm people wherever they are."[49]
In March 2013, Bell expressed frustration with the state of conservative evangelicalism, calling it "a very narrow, politically intertwined, culturally ghettoized Evangelical subculture." He says that Evangelicals have "turned away lots of people" from the church by talking about God in ways that "don't actually shape people into more loving, compassionate people," adding that Evangelicals "have supported policies and ways of viewing the world that are actually destructive, and we've done it in the name of God and we need to repent."[49]
Documentary
In 2018, a documentary about Bell called The Heretic was released.[50]
Publications
- Velvet Elvis: Repainting the Christian Faith (Zondervan, 2005) ISBN 0-310-26345-X
- Sex God: Exploring the Endless Connections between Sexuality and Spirituality (Zondervan, 2007) ISBN 0-310-26346-8
- Everything is Spiritual (DVD) (Zondervan, 2007) ISBN 0-310-28556-9
- The Gods Aren't Angry (DVD) (Flannel, 2008) ISBN 0-310-29074-0
- Jesus Wants to Save Christians: A Manifesto for the Church in Exile (Zondervan, 2008) ISBN 0-310-27502-4
- Drops Like Stars: A Few Thoughts on Creativity and Suffering (Zondervan, 2009) ISBN 0-310-32704-0
- Love Wins (Harper One, 2011) ISBN 978-0-06-204964-3
- What We Talk About When We Talk About God (HarperOne 2013) ISBN 978-0062049667
- The Zimzum of Love: A New Way of Understanding Marriage co-written with Kristen Bell (HarperOne 2014) ISBN 978-0062194244
- How to be Here (Harper Collins 2016) ISBN 978-0007591329
- NOOMA Videos
- What Is the Bible? (HarperOne 2017) ISBN 978-0062194268
- Everything is Spiritual: Finding Your Way in a Broken World (St. Martin's Essentials, 2020) ISBN 1250620562, 978-1250620569
See also
References
- ^ The judicial branch of federal government: people, process, and politics By Charles L. Zelden ABC-CLIO (July 12, 2007) ISBN 978-1-85109-702-9
- ^ "Profile: U.S. District Court Judge Robert Holmes Bell". Mlive.com. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
- ^ CNN Belief Blog My Faith: Suffering my way to a new tomorrow
- ^ Jimmy Eat World's Blog Interview with Rob Bell
- ^ New International Version Acts 17:23
- ^ The Charleston Post and Courier Michigan pastor takes message to new places
- ^ Courtesy photo. "Rob Bell, Christian rock star, meets Sammy Hagar, real rock star, on Good Morning America set". Mlive.com. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
- ^ "The Emergent Mystique". Christianity Today. November 1, 2004. Retrieved May 30, 2009.
- ^ Grand Rapids Press Profile: Mars Hill Bible Church pastor Rob Bell
- ^ 7 Cultural Mountains, The 50 Most Influential Christians in America
- ^ "The 2011 Time 100". Time. April 21, 2011.
- ^ Gr, Charley Honey | The; Press, Rapids (March 8, 2013). "Rob Bell talks about why he really left Mars Hill". mlive.
- ^ "Rob Bell's 'Love Wins' Out In Paperback, As Pastor Celebrates At The Viper Room (VIDEO)". Huffingtonpost.com. July 26, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
- ^ "2DAYS WITH ROB BELL OCTOBER EVENTS". Archived from the original on October 2, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
- ^ "Review: Velvet Elvis: Repainting the Christian Faith by Rob". barnabasministry.com. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved November 16, 2008.
- ^ Paulson, Michael (September 26, 2009). "Rob Bell on faith, suffering, and Christians". Archived from the original on October 1, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
- ^ "Rob Bell Speaks With Oprah Winfrey on 'Super Soul Sunday'". Christianpost.com. September 17, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
- ^ Andreeva, Nellie. "ABC Buys Spiritual Drama From 'Lost' Exec Producer Carlton Cuse And Pastor Rob Bell". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 15,2013.
- ^ "Rob Bell, TV star? Pastor writing ABC drama based on his life, reports say". MLive.com. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
- ^ Sanneh, Kelefa (November 26, 2012). "The Hell-Raiser: A megachurch pastor's search for a more forgiving faith". The New Yorker: 65.
- ^ Bell, Rob (September 11, 2012). "friends in LA - we are doing another show tonight. we'll have a standby line starting at 7 at 826 E. 3rd St".
- ^ Bell, Rob (September 10, 2012). "show tonight in LA. we will have some spaces reserved for walk ups starting at 7 at 826 E. 3rd St".
- ^ "That Show Rob Bell and Carlton Cuse Have Been Working on". Eventbrite.
- ^ Dibdin, Emma (June 21, 2019). "8 Podcasts for the Spiritual Searcher (Published 2019)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
While he’s generally piloting the podcast solo, Bell is occasionally joined by a celebrity guest (Pete Holmes of HBO’s “Crashing” is a regular)
- ^ "Are podcasts replacing church for some believers?". Baptist News Global. August 12, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ Nicole Anderson Cobb. "When Faith Speaks: An interview with global thought leader Rob Bell : Culture : Smile Politely". smilepolitely.com. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ Erikson, Juliana Chan. "Listen and consider - WORLD". world.wng.org. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ Beliefnet 'Velvet Elvis' Author Encourages Exploration of Doubts
- ^ Meacham, Jon (April 14, 2011). "Cover: No Hell? Pastor Rob Bell Angers Evangelicals". TIME. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
- ^ Eckholm, Eric (March 4, 2011). "Pastor Stirs Wrath With His Views on Old Questions". New York Times.
- ^ "Heaven, Hell, and Rob Bell: Putting the Pastor in Context". Christianity Today. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
- ^ Meacham, Jon (April 14, 2011). "Pastor Rob Bell: What if Hell Doesn't Exist?". Time. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
- ^ "Baptist Press -NEWS BRIEFS: David Platt weighs in on Rob Bell controversy; Colo. civil unions advance – News with a Christian Perspective". Bpnews.net. March 24, 2011. Archived from the originalon May 8, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
- ^ McLaren, Brian. "Rob Bell – Giving Us All A Wonderful Opportunity". Brian McLaren. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
- ^ McLaren, Brian (March 16, 2011). "Will "Love Wins" Win? We're early in the first inning..." Brian McLaren. Archived from the original on March 26, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
- ^ Boyd, Greg (March 4, 2011). "Rob Bell is NOT a Universalist (and I actually read "Love Wins")". ReKnew. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
- ^ Randle, Daniel (March 18, 2011). "Why Eugene Peterson is Wrong on Rob Bell and Love Wins (Among Other Things)". Christ and Culture. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
- ^ Dalrymple, Timothy (March 21, 2011). "Eugene Peterson: Would Jesus Condemn Rob Bell?". ChurchLeaders.com. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
- ^ Stevens, Mark (March 17, 2011). "Eugene Peterson defends Rob Bell and endorses his book…". Near Emmaus. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
- ^ https://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/03/24/general-us-rel-hell-no_8372485.html[dead link]
- ^ Meacham, Jon (April 14, 2011). "Pastor Rob Bell: What if Hell Doesn't Exist?". Time.
- ^ Grand Rapids Press File Photo. "Release date of Rob Bell's new book moved up after online buzz erupts". MLive.com. Retrieved August 15,2013.
- ^ Wilson, John (March 18, 2011). "What Happened to Heaven and Is Gandhi There?". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ Beam, Alex (March 18, 2011). "A heck of a theological debate". The Boston Globe.
- ^ "Rob Bell punches back against claims of heresy – CNN Belief Blog – CNN.com Blogs". Religion.blogs.cnn.com. March 19, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
- ^ "Heaven and Hell: Pastor Rob Bell Extended Interview". YouTube. September 7, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
- ^ Almendrala, Anna (July 26, 2012). "Rob Bell's 'Love Wins' Out In Paperback, As Pastor Celebrates At The Viper Room". The Huffington Post. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
- ^ a b "Hear Rob Bell support same-sex marriage, say Evangelicals need to 'repent'". MLive.com. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
- ^ "Rob Bell returns in 'The Heretic': New film follows former pastor's 'revolution'". Retrieved October 3, 2018.
External links
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