Quotes & Sayings


We, and creation itself, actualize the possibilities of the God who sustains the world, towards becoming in the world in a fuller, more deeper way. - R.E. Slater

There is urgency in coming to see the world as a web of interrelated processes of which we are integral parts, so that all of our choices and actions have [consequential effects upon] the world around us. - Process Metaphysician Alfred North Whitehead

Kurt Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem says (i) all closed systems are unprovable within themselves and, that (ii) all open systems are rightly understood as incomplete. - R.E. Slater

The most true thing about you is what God has said to you in Christ, "You are My Beloved." - Tripp Fuller

The God among us is the God who refuses to be God without us, so great is God's Love. - Tripp Fuller

According to some Christian outlooks we were made for another world. Perhaps, rather, we were made for this world to recreate, reclaim, redeem, and renew unto God's future aspiration by the power of His Spirit. - R.E. Slater

Our eschatological ethos is to love. To stand with those who are oppressed. To stand against those who are oppressing. It is that simple. Love is our only calling and Christian Hope. - R.E. Slater

Secularization theory has been massively falsified. We don't live in an age of secularity. We live in an age of explosive, pervasive religiosity... an age of religious pluralism. - Peter L. Berger

Exploring the edge of life and faith in a post-everything world. - Todd Littleton

I don't need another reason to believe, your love is all around for me to see. – Anon

Thou art our need; and in giving us more of thyself thou givest us all. - Khalil Gibran, Prayer XXIII

Be careful what you pretend to be. You become what you pretend to be. - Kurt Vonnegut

Religious beliefs, far from being primary, are often shaped and adjusted by our social goals. - Jim Forest

We become who we are by what we believe and can justify. - R.E. Slater

People, even more than things, need to be restored, renewed, revived, reclaimed, and redeemed; never throw out anyone. – Anon

Certainly, God's love has made fools of us all. - R.E. Slater

An apocalyptic Christian faith doesn't wait for Jesus to come, but for Jesus to become in our midst. - R.E. Slater

Christian belief in God begins with the cross and resurrection of Jesus, not with rational apologetics. - Eberhard Jüngel, Jürgen Moltmann

Our knowledge of God is through the 'I-Thou' encounter, not in finding God at the end of a syllogism or argument. There is a grave danger in any Christian treatment of God as an object. The God of Jesus Christ and Scripture is irreducibly subject and never made as an object, a force, a power, or a principle that can be manipulated. - Emil Brunner

“Ehyeh Asher Ehyeh” means "I will be that who I have yet to become." - God (Ex 3.14) or, conversely, “I AM who I AM Becoming.”

Our job is to love others without stopping to inquire whether or not they are worthy. - Thomas Merton

The church is God's world-changing social experiment of bringing unlikes and differents to the Eucharist/Communion table to share life with one another as a new kind of family. When this happens, we show to the world what love, justice, peace, reconciliation, and life together is designed by God to be. The church is God's show-and-tell for the world to see how God wants us to live as a blended, global, polypluralistic family united with one will, by one Lord, and baptized by one Spirit. – Anon

The cross that is planted at the heart of the history of the world cannot be uprooted. - Jacques Ellul

The Unity in whose loving presence the universe unfolds is inside each person as a call to welcome the stranger, protect animals and the earth, respect the dignity of each person, think new thoughts, and help bring about ecological civilizations. - John Cobb & Farhan A. Shah

If you board the wrong train it is of no use running along the corridors of the train in the other direction. - Dietrich Bonhoeffer

God's justice is restorative rather than punitive; His discipline is merciful rather than punishing; His power is made perfect in weakness; and His grace is sufficient for all. – Anon

Our little [biblical] systems have their day; they have their day and cease to be. They are but broken lights of Thee, and Thou, O God art more than they. - Alfred Lord Tennyson

We can’t control God; God is uncontrollable. God can’t control us; God’s love is uncontrolling! - Thomas Jay Oord

Life in perspective but always in process... as we are relational beings in process to one another, so life events are in process in relation to each event... as God is to Self, is to world, is to us... like Father, like sons and daughters, like events... life in process yet always in perspective. - R.E. Slater

To promote societal transition to sustainable ways of living and a global society founded on a shared ethical framework which includes respect and care for the community of life, ecological integrity, universal human rights, respect for diversity, economic justice, democracy, and a culture of peace. - The Earth Charter Mission Statement

Christian humanism is the belief that human freedom, individual conscience, and unencumbered rational inquiry are compatible with the practice of Christianity or even intrinsic in its doctrine. It represents a philosophical union of Christian faith and classical humanist principles. - Scott Postma

It is never wise to have a self-appointed religious institution determine a nation's moral code. The opportunities for moral compromise and failure are high; the moral codes and creeds assuredly racist, discriminatory, or subjectively and religiously defined; and the pronouncement of inhumanitarian political objectives quite predictable. - R.E. Slater

God's love must both center and define the Christian faith and all religious or human faiths seeking human and ecological balance in worlds of subtraction, harm, tragedy, and evil. - R.E. Slater

In Whitehead’s process ontology, we can think of the experiential ground of reality as an eternal pulse whereby what is objectively public in one moment becomes subjectively prehended in the next, and whereby the subject that emerges from its feelings then perishes into public expression as an object (or “superject”) aiming for novelty. There is a rhythm of Being between object and subject, not an ontological division. This rhythm powers the creative growth of the universe from one occasion of experience to the next. This is the Whiteheadian mantra: “The many become one and are increased by one.” - Matthew Segall

Without Love there is no Truth. And True Truth is always Loving. There is no dichotomy between these terms but only seamless integration. This is the premier centering focus of a Processual Theology of Love. - R.E. Slater

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Note: Generally I do not respond to commentary. I may read the comments but wish to reserve my time to write (or write off the comments I read). Instead, I'd like to see our community help one another and in the helping encourage and exhort each of us towards Christian love in Christ Jesus our Lord and Savior. - re slater

Sunday, July 23, 2023

Projecting Ourselves Upon God and Society, Part 1/2



John MacArthur: The Wrath of God
Walking in Truth Ministry
April 16, 2021



Sincere Preaching Has Led to Oppressive Dogmas

As I listen to the traditional church preach its dogmas of God I find that my past traditional heritage must require a refocusing upon a divine God of Love rather than one of Wrath and Judgment as shown here in the video above. That the church will not get the Gospel right as long as it involves itself with bad theology which admits God's love but then adds upon God it's own projections of what divinity must mean.

Let me say that hard-core evangelical preachers are speaking from their hearts and their passion to a world they wish to see and against it's practices which they believe are errant and wrong. And that these beliefs of the populist church have been taken into it's dogmas and against human society as projectionary beliefs about who God is and what God wants it to do.

The early 21st century populist church has become a voice for societal revolution but not a revolution which should be recognized. Not unlike other dominionist church voices of the past (the Crusades of medieval Europe, the Spanish inquisitions, the Lutheran acceptance of Nazism, today's Trumpian church of intolerance, oppression, and intolerance of civil rights). Rather, like any past church beliefs leading to autocratic dominionism it should be stood against, preached against, and shown healthier ways of societal correspondence and ministry.

Intolerant, populist or racist, dogmas would have found Jesus standing in the way denouncing the church's bad theologies and its corresponding bad theologians and practices. However, in the church's delusionary projections of an unloving God upon humanity God's people have been led away once again by false truths and messages.

The Problem and it's Restatement

Sunday to Sunday, and through the week on bible radio, we listen to popular evangelical preachers telling us who God is... insisting that God is a God of Wrath as much as a God of Love. That God's holiness, righteousness and perfection are SEPARATE but EQUAL qualities of the divine character. And that God's response to us is always the correct response which we deserve.

Let me just say to all the revered preachers out there that they could not be more wrong. Why? As a matter of principal ALL divine attributes are ALWAYS founded upon God's main quality of LOVE. And if one's theology cannot get this one truth right it will get all other truths wrong.

God is a God of Love first, last, and through and through. All other divine attributes of God's character are measured in God's Love which means that when we speak of God being wrathful, judgmental or full of vengeance, that we are PROJECTING ourselves upon the person and character of God who is not like ourselves.

This kind of projectionary preaching can be a very real and deep problem when reading the bible. The kind of reading which tells us of a very high-and-holy God full of austerity, wrath, jealousy, and judgment. This picture of God, reinforced by a theology which does not question the bible's portrait of God, makes for a very nuanced theology. One which admits to divine love but also teaches divine holiness, wrath, judgment and vengeance. Consequently, to question God's divine personage as read of in the bible is to question the bible and vice versa. It becomes a self-fulfilling dogma. One of projection of ourselves upon God and society around us.

The Evolution of God and Religion

I use the phrase, "The Evolution of God and Religion" hopefully in a healthy way when wishing to reclaim a judgmental theology based upon a wrathful God towards a loving theology based upon a loving God. And when wishing to revisualize God as Loving, first, last, and foremost. That all other divine traits are but deeply and centrally located in God's love. This then does not deny divine judgment, wrath and vengeance but that those character descriptors of God are poorly perceived and too easily admitting to sinful human reactions based upon our projections of ourselves upon the God we worship (and correspondingly have created a religious idol from based upon our own legalisms and sinfulness).

Perhaps then we should read the bible in light of other religious traditions such as that of early Judaism and early Christianity, as projectionary, and impugning, statements upon God's divine character in their narrative forms of collected biblical writings? If so, than it stands to reason we are dealing with an age-old problem of trying to visualize a God we believe in with the kind of God he is, rather than as we think this God is. If so, the Bible is rife with religious projectionary influences upon it's text.

Of course, one can say the Bible is infallible in its text, inerrant in all its speaks to, and  inspirationally transcribed by Holy Spirit influence. And yet, we also know people then, as now, speak to what they believe - and quite innocently believe - when projecting themselves upon truths about God and Gospel. Projectionary truths which are simply that - statements of historic socio-religious cultural beliefs told in simple stories even as I do here in my belief that if I read the bible naively I then read the bible too innocently to fault its influences and construction as the more popular form of reading will not admit nor allow.

So one of our forays into how to rightly describe God's character is to question how we read and interpret the bible from how God was commonly perceived then, as now, by those who believed God to have endowed them with leadership, prophecy, forthrightness, and godly teachings. To discern religious tradition in ancient times and modern times and to determine where God is in those projectionary traditions of culture and belief.

For myself, when I do this, I wish to recenter the Judeo-Christian God in the biblical warrant for divine love UNDILUTED by our own projectionary beliefs of what divine judgment, wrath and vengeance may look like per the bible's imprecations of blessings and curses, prophecy of corruption and exile, or even eschatological warnings describing the "Day of Lord" in terms of hellish upheaval, fallenness, and destruction.

Who Is This God of Love?

What if in our reading and interpretation of the bible as handed down to us by our faith traditions we were able to see a more loving God whose divinity rests solely on Love as the only-and-primary divine attribute which founds, guids, and interprets all other qualities of God's acclaimed personage of holiness, perfection, righteousness?

Which also means God's love does not admit to God's famed judgement and vengeance as interpreted by the church based upon it's unquestioning (literal) reading of the Scriptures except as a projectionary influence by ourselves upon God - as well as - our own forms of retributive faith to that which God isn't. A church tradition which shows itself to be as ancient as the beliefs of ancient religious man about God when rereading the bible's narratives in this light.

More clearly, it seems rather obvious then that the bible speaks more to ourselves and our projections upon God than they do about God's Self. Which is a stunning admission if we were to stop and reconsider our reading of the bible and the kind of God it presents from this legalizing character of man upon God.

My point?

The bible speaks more to man's sociological and psychological evolution within the religious traditions we hold so dear. Rather than make claims to the bible's infallibility and inerrancy we should be reading the bible as a truer religious history of our own religious stories struggling to understand God apart from our own austere theological projections upon God. When done in this way, then as a sociological study of impugning divine character, today's Christian is little different from his Jewish parallel in the Old and New Testaments when refusing a God of Love for a God of conflicted moralities.

More pointedly, rather than using the bible to testify of God I would rather read the bible as a testament to our conflicting ideas of God as we misrepresent God's love for divine actions of wrath, judgment, and vengeance. Even God's incarnation in Christ has been used by the church as vindicating its mixed idea of a loving God as something less than a loving God when solely claiming a divine propitiation which staves off divine retribution and in so doing, wards off hell itself. All well-and-good, but a loving God does not operate in this way... only in our theological logic and beliefs.

Here are my own conclusions then which I would submit for consideration:

  • Many, if not most, of the church's doctrines stem from religious theologies of wrath and judgment when reading the bible as a projectionary influence that I find myself throwing it all out to rewrite of a God of love in balance with a theology of love;
  • That the church's traditional theologies are deeply errant and misleading in its conclusions when reflecting its dogmas upon a God of Love; and,
  • The reading of the bible is wrongly based on a religiously preferred reading of God and God's actions which is based upon a rigid bibilicism of the text (infallible, inerrant, inspired) as versus reading the bible as an evolutionary reading of man's socio-religious development of its idea of God, than who God really is.
  • What if, in differance to traditionalism, we learn to write a theology of love about a God of love sustaining and urging a freewill creation to reclaim itself in deeply relational terms of loving fellowship? I suspect when we do, our Christian theology would look a lot different from our current forms of dogmatisms and beliefs. 

Thus and thus, I find evangelical doctrine misleading in its beliefs of its "Judeo-Christian" God. It rejects all previous statements of God when refusing to admit a God of love as the main element and approach to God's character, personage, plans, and being. And it had been a past theological practice of mine under Reformed Calvinism to lean into the lovingly salvific centers of bible theme and import even as I do now using Process Theology as a broader recapsulation of my ancient Judeo-Christian faith.

Peace,

R.E. Slater
July 23, 2023

ps - Part two I wish to expand on this topic with Chatbot to show how Christianity might explore more loving directions in its faith than what is currently being found in its populist driven "white nationalisms" centered in religious dominionism and trumpian autocracy. 

* * * * * * *



In social psychologysocial projection is the psychological process through which an individual expects behaviors or attitudes of others to be similar to their own. Social projection occurs between individuals as well as across ingroup and outgroup contexts in a variety of domains.[1] Research has shown that aspects of social categorization affect the extent to which social projection occurs. Cognitive and motivational approaches have been used to understand the psychological underpinnings of social projection as a phenomenon.[2] Cognitive approaches emphasize social projection as a heuristic, while motivational approaches contextualize social projection as a means to feel connected to others.[2][3] In contemporary research on social projection, researchers work to further distinguish between the effects of social projection and self-stereotyping on the individual’s perception of others.[4]

History

The term social projection was first coined by Floyd Allport in 1924. The idea refers to the process of creating knowledge about the characteristics of an individual or group of individuals based on the self as a reference point.[5] Building off Leon Festinger’s theory of  social comparisons, researchers became interested in how attitudes about groups or individuals were created in the absence of information about the comparison group.[6] Modern investigation of social projection diverges from Festinger’s conception of social comparison theory by emphasizing that the consensus creation process is an implicit rather than explicit phenomenon. Further, the process can and does occur without clear information about the true consensus of the individual or reference group.[6] The classic study by Ross, Greene, and House(1977)[7] on the false consensus effect sparked further interest in how social projection processes lead individuals to believe that their own behaviors and beliefs are common among other individuals.[6] Research has since shown that this phenomenon has links to the projection of attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs onto others in a wide variety of social contexts.[1] Current lines of research are concerned with three main facets of social projection: the extent to which the projection process is automatic, differentiating the effect of social projection from self-stereotyping, and moderators of the social projection process.[4]

Experimental evidence

At a general level, social projection appears to be robust, as research shows individuals continue to rely on social projection when evaluating others even when they have been made explicitly aware of the phenomenon.[4] Social projection research has also demonstrated that this phenomenon has consistent effects across different social contexts.[1] Early research found that as a prerequisite for social projection to occur, individuals must perceive the other or group as similar to themselves in some capacity.[6] In addition to similarity, the effect of social projection is also determined by an evaluation of valence. Research shows that individuals are more likely to project their own thoughts or beliefs onto others when their perception of the other person or group is more positive.[2] Despite the consistency of these effects across domains of emotion and behavior, differences in the strength of this phenomenon have been shown to depend on whether projections are targeted towards a common ingroup or an outgroup.[1]

Effect

Research has shown that when no information is available for an individual to create a social comparison, individuals tend to believe that others will generally agree with their positions.[6] This concept holds true for several other attitudinal measures. For example, in relationships people tend to project their own attitudes onto their partner. Those who feel positively about themselves also tend to feel more positively about their partners, while those who feel negatively about themselves report less positive evaluations.[8] Social projection is also relevant when predicting the emotions of others. Research investigating the influence of social projection on stock market behavior found that those who were fearful of a crash felt that others were also fearful and were more likely to pull out of the market.[9] Research in political psychology has demonstrated that social projection also occurs in the political process. An American study found that those with more polarized opinions on political issues perceive others to be more polarized as well.[10]

Behavior

Studies have also shown that social projection often informs the way that individuals create information around the behavior and intentions of others in a variety of contexts. Research has shown that after receiving self relevant feedback, individuals tended to either overestimate or underestimate the performance of others depending on how they personally performed, such that successful individuals estimated that others would also be successful and unsuccessful individuals estimated that others would be unsuccessful as well.[11] The over or under estimation in this context was dependent on receiving feedback, but in general situations where feedback was not provided, individuals tended to have more optimistic perceptions of other people’s behavior in general, believing that people were more likely to succeed on average.[11] A similar effect was found in studies assessing social projection and the perception of cooperative behavior. Using a prisoner's dilemma task, research has shown that those who decide to cooperate tend to believe that others will cooperate as well.[12] The same finding has been replicated in evaluations of goal oriented behavior in both learning oriented and competitive situations.[13] Regardless of whether an individual's personal goals are held implicitly or have been explicitly assigned, individuals tended to project their own goals onto others.[13] Psychologists argue that this tendency for individuals to believe others will act in similar ways as themselves has functional impacts on improving group cohesion and cooperative behavior.[4]

Ingroup projection

While social projection may occur and both individual and group level comparisons, a meta-analysis revealed that the effects of ingroup projection are much stronger than outgroup projection.[1] In line with general social projection, ingroup projection research has shown that individuals have a tendency to project features of their own ingroup onto another superordinate group category.[14] For example, Germans may project what they perceive to be German qualities onto the superordinate group category of Europeans. Michael Wenzel and Amélie Mummendey created the ingroup projection model to describe the specific process of group-based social projection which states that individuals compare their ingroup to other similar groups using the frame of a common superordinate group identity.[15] As a process, ingroup projection is thought to have important implications for core intergroup relations processes like ingroup favoritism and ingroup differentiation.[3] Studies of ingroup projection also show that the projection process is sensitive to beliefs about the ingroup. In situations where the ingroup is perceived as positive, ingroup projection has a stronger effect. However when the group is viewed negatively, individual level social projection becomes the dominant effect in ascribing traits to others.[14]

Outgroup projection

Contrary to common sense assumptions that an individual’s outgroup projections would lead to negative or opposite evaluations of an outgroup, one meta-analysis indicates that there seems to be little support for negative projection to outgroups.[1] In this meta-analysis, researchers found a small effect of social projection where individuals projected their own characteristics to a smaller extent on outgroup members as well. Researchers believe the existence of social projection to outgroup members is a function of perceived similarity, such that if the outgroup target is perceived as similar to the individual, social projection processes will occur.[1] Another possible explanation for smaller observed levels of outgroup projection is that the implicit process of projecting may be mitigated or suppressed when the individual realizes they are dissimilar from the outgroup.[4] One study that addresses this similarity claim by asking individuals to imagine having a conversation with a member of the outgroup. Results suggest that imagined contact is able to facilitate social projection processes in outgroup contexts.[16] Experiments have confirmed the presence of counter-projections to out-groups, however.[17]

Effect of social categorization

Research has shown that aspects of social categorization have an effect on the extent to which individuals rely on social projection. An example of the influence of social categorization is the impact of the individual's own group evaluation. One analysis found that the strength of social projection is dependent on group member status and actual consensus.[18] In general, as actual consensus increased, majority group members tended to underestimate and minority group members tended to overestimate their beliefs as being shared by others.[18] Additionally, group membership appears to moderate the effects of social projection and stereotyping, such that both projection and stereotyping only occur when an individual is a member of the group they are evaluating.[19] Some researchers have utilized minimal group paradigms that directly compare the effects of different types of social categories and found that social projection is strongest in clearly defined ingroups, intermediate effects in groups with a mixture of relevant and non-relevant characteristics, and weak effects in clearly defined outgroups.[3] The influence of social categorization appears to be a major determinant of the social projection process. Research has found that changes in an individual’s social categorization(the groups to which they belong) affects an individual’s use of social projection. One study found that when individuals are recategorized into new groups, they will only socially project onto the most recent group and do not project to previous ingroups.[20]

Cognitive versus motivational approach

The two main beliefs regarding the psychological underpinnings of social projection are based in cognitive and motivational approaches. Those who endorse the cognitive approach to understanding social projection believe that this phenomenon is an automatic cognitive heuristic that is built off of a holistic comparison of the self to the projection target.[2] The motivational approach posits that social projection is a result of an individual’s needs to feel connected to others, and that social projection is a means through which these needs are met.[2]

Cognitive perspectives

Cognitive approaches seek to investigate social projection as an underlying psychological heuristic in the evaluation of others.[2] One cognitive approach using reaction times in self-other evaluations has shown that when the reference point is well defined(either the self or the ingroup), evaluating the self onto the ingroup (social projection) was significantly faster than evaluations of the ingroup to the self. Researchers suggest that this is evidence that social projection is a heuristic process that is readily utilized when group based information is ambiguous.[21] Research utilizing implicit association tests have also been used as evidence of social projection as a heuristic process, as researchers claim the tendency for individuals to ascribe self relevant traits to targeted groups in an implicit paradigm suggests a level of automaticity in processing.[22] Familiarity may also have a role in social projection. Researchers found that when an individual gained more personal experience with a behavior, they tended to project their experience more onto others, suggesting that projection is a result of highly salient self-relevant information.[23] Further underscoring this point, priming studies show that reliance on social projection may be the result of salient information. Researchers suggest that primed information is more readily available to an individual and may therefore appear in the appraisal of others.[24]  

Motivational perspectives

Motivational approaches assert that projection happens as a result of a need to be seen in a positive light[3] or to make connections with others.[25] Researchers suggest that the presence of projection in minimal group paradigm studies (where groups hold no prior meaning to an individual) is evidence that projection is motivated by a need to positively differentiate one’s own group from others.[3] In research on the effects of positive ingroup evaluations, social projection shown to predict higher levels of preference for fellow ingroup members.[14] There is also evidence that social projection increases when mortality is made salient, suggesting that social projection is a means through which individuals make interpersonal connections with others.[25] Others have found that the impact of valence on social projection processes points to the need for individuals to drive connection through positive attributions.[2] Moreover, research on attachment styles has demonstrated that an individual’s attachment style determines the type of qualities they project onto others, leading researchers to believe that social connection in part informs social projection processes.[26] Some researchers also argue that the context dependent nature of social projection provides evidence of projection as a motivated phenomenon. In a study on cooperation and social projection, researchers found that an individual’s projection of traits only occurred when the individual believed their traits were beneficial in performing the cooperation task.[27]

Social projection versus self-stereotyping

Meta-analyses of social projection have noted that the effects of social projection in laboratory experiments are higher than those seen in real world group scenarios.[1] Many in turn, believe that self-stereotyping may contribute to the differential effects found between real world and minimal group projection effects.[19] This has led to debate on how and when individuals rely on social projection or self-stereotyping to evaluate others in the absence of information about other individuals or groups.[19] To address these problems, modern research has sought to understand when and how social projection and self-stereotyping contribute to the formation of beliefs about others using self-relevant information.[19][21] In some cognitive approaches, researchers have pointed to shorter reaction times in self to group evaluations as evidence that social projection can be meaningfully distinguished as a more implicit process than self-stereotyping in explaining the process of self-other correspondence.[21] Other researchers focus on the different contextual factors that lead to either social projection or self-stereotyping. One study found that perceived similarity directly affected the use of social projection as a means to gain information about another individual or group of individuals. Greater levels of perceived similarity result in more reliance on social projection and less reliance on stereotyping in making evaluations of other individuals or groups.[28] Others have argued that social projection and self-stereotyping are processes that work in tandem when an individual evaluates similarities between the self and others. In other words, views about the self influence projections made to others and beliefs about others in the ingroup influence views about the self.[19] Some researchers claim that reliance on social projection or self-stereotyping changes as a function of development. A study on attitudes towards deviant behavior found that through adolescence, individuals rely more heavily on self-stereotyping, but as individuals transition from adolescence to adulthood social projection becomes more prominent.[29]

See also

References

  1. Jump up to:a b c d e f g h Robbins, Jordan M.; Krueger, Joachim I. (2005). "Social Projection to Ingroups and Outgroups: A Review and Meta-Analysis"Personality and Social Psychology Review9 (1): 32–47. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.470.8102doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0901_3ISSN 1088-8683PMID 15745863S2CID 10229838.
  2. Jump up to:a b c d e f g Machunsky, Maya; Toma, Claudia; Yzerbyt, Vincent; Corneille, Olivier (2014-07-31). "Social Projection Increases for Positive Targets"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin40 (10): 1373–1388. doi:10.1177/0146167214545039ISSN 0146-1672PMID 25081995S2CID 18474094.
  3. Jump up to:a b c d e DiDonato, Theresa E.; Ullrich, Johannes; Krueger, Joachim I. (2011). "Social perception as induction and inference: An integrative model of intergroup differentiation, ingroup favoritism, and differential accuracy"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology100 (1): 66–83. doi:10.1037/a0021051ISSN 1939-1315PMID 20939650.
  4. Jump up to:a b c d e Krueger, Joachim I. (2007). "From social projection to social behaviour"European Review of Social Psychology18 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1080/10463280701284645ISSN 1046-3283S2CID 145765397.
  5. ^ Allport, Floyd (1924). "Chapter 13: Social Attitudes and Social Consciousness". Social Psychology. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 320–335.
  6. Jump up to:a b c d e Orive, Ruben (1988). "Social projection and social comparison of opinions"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology54 (6): 953–964. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.953ISSN 0022-3514.
  7. ^ Ross, Lee; Greene, David; House, Pamela (1977). "The "false consensus effect": An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology13 (3): 279–301. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(77)90049-xISSN 0022-1031.
  8. ^ Murray, Sandra L.; Holmes, John G.; Griffin, Dale W. (1996). "The benefits of positive illusions: Idealization and the construction of satisfaction in close relationships"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology70 (1): 79–98. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1027.2009doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.1.79ISSN 1939-1315.
  9. ^ Lee, Chan Jean; Andrade, Eduardo B. (2011). "Fear, Social Projection, and Financial Decision Making"Journal of Marketing Research48 (SPL): S121–S129. doi:10.1509/jmkr.48.spl.s121ISSN 0022-2437S2CID 45083903.
  10. ^ Van Boven, Leaf; Judd, Charles M.; Sherman, David K. (2012). "Political polarization projection: Social projection of partisan attitude extremity and attitudinal processes"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology103 (1): 84–100. doi:10.1037/a0028145ISSN 1939-1315PMID 22545744.
  11. Jump up to:a b Alicke, Mark D.; Largo, Edward (1995). "The Role of Self in the False Consensus Effect"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology31 (1): 28–47. doi:10.1006/jesp.1995.1002ISSN 0022-1031.
  12. ^ Krueger, Joachim I.; DiDonato, Theresa E.; Freestone, David (2012-01-01). "Social Projection Can Solve Social Dilemmas"Psychological Inquiry23 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1080/1047840X.2012.641167ISSN 1047-840XS2CID 144390646.
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  21. Jump up to:a b c Otten, Sabine; Epstude, Kai (2006). "Overlapping Mental Representations of Self, Ingroup, and Outgroup: Unraveling Self-Stereotyping and Self-Anchoring"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin32 (7): 957–969. doi:10.1177/0146167206287254hdl:11370/ad253546-2b98-4091-bfe1-60aabcc4b921ISSN 0146-1672PMID 16738028S2CID 11411620.
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  25. Jump up to:a b Arndt, Jamie; Greenberg, Jeff; Solomon, Sheldon; Pyszczynski, Tom; Schimel, Jeff (1999). "Creativity and terror management: Evidence that creative activity increases guilt and social projection following mortality salience"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology77 (1): 19–32. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.19ISSN 1939-1315.
  26. ^ Mikulincer, Mario; Horesh, Netta (1999). "Adult attachment style and the perception of others: The role of projective mechanisms"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology76 (6): 1022–1034. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.1022ISSN 1939-1315PMID 10402684.
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  28. ^ Ames, Daniel R.; Weber, Elke U.; Zou, Xi (2012). "Mind-reading in strategic interaction: The impact of perceived similarity on projection and stereotyping"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes117 (1): 96–110. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.07.007ISSN 0749-5978S2CID 15193395.
  29. ^ Seddig, Daniel (2019-09-16). "Individual Attitudes toward Deviant Behavior and Perceived Attitudes of Friends: Self-stereotyping and Social Projection in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood"Journal of Youth and Adolescence49 (3): 664–677. doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01123-xISSN 0047-2891PMID 31529235S2CID 202672812.

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